Differences In Heart Rate Recovery Research Articles

Heart rate recovery after orthostatic challenge and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in older individuals: prospective multicentre observational cohort study

Impaired vagal function in older individuals, quantified by the 'gold standard' delayed heart rate recovery after maximal exercise (HRRexercise), is an independent predictor of cardiorespiratory capacity and mortality (particularly when HRR ≤12 beats min-1). Heart rate also often declines after orthostatic challenge (HRRorthostatic), but the mechanism remains unclear. We tested whether HRRorthostatic reflects similar vagal autonomic characteristics as HRRexercise. Prospective multicentre cohort study of subjects scheduled for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) as part of routine care. Before undergoing CPET, heart rate was measured with participants seated for 3 min, before standing for 3 min (HRRorthostatic). HRRexercise 1 min after the end of CPET was recorded. The primary outcome was the correlation between mean heart rate change every 10 s for 1 min after peak heart rate was attained on standing and after exercise for each participant. Secondary outcomes were HRRorthostatic and peak VO2 compared between individuals with HRRexercise <12 beats min-1. A total of 87 participants (mean age: 64 yr [95%CI: 61-66]; 48 (55%) females) completed both tests. Mean heart rate change every 10 s for 1 min after peak heart rate after standing and exercise was significantly correlated (R2=0.81; P<0.0001). HRRorthostatic was unchanged in individuals with HRRexercise ≤12 beats min-1 (n=27), but was lower when HRRexercise >12 beats min-1 (n=60; mean difference: 3 beats min-1 [95% confidence interval 1-5 beats min-1]; P<0.0001). Slower HRRorthostatic was associated with lower peak VO2 (mean difference: 3.7 ml kg-1 min-1 [95% confidence interval 0.7-6.8 ml kg-1 min-1]; P=0.039). Prognostically significant heart rate recovery after exhaustive exercise is characterised by quantitative differences in heart rate recovery after orthostatic challenge. These data suggest that orthostatic challenge is a valid, simple test indicating vagal impairment. researchregistry6550.

운동 종료 후 호흡보조 도수기법 적용이 심장박동회복에 미치는 즉각적인 효과

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effects of the application of the manual assistive breathing technique on heart rate recovery.&#x0D; Methods: In this study, 20 subjects were randomly assigned and divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received manual breathing assistance by a therapist immediately upon completion of exercise. In contrast, the control group rested without intervention after exercise. In this study, the heart recovery rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and oxygen saturation were measured.&#x0D; Results: The experimental group who used the manual assistive breathing technique showed a significant difference in heart rate recovery and RPE at 30 s compared with the control group. However, no significant difference in oxygen saturation was observed between the two groups. Therefore, the manual assistive breathing technique was effective in heart rate recovery within a short time.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the manual assistive breathing technique is recommended for subjects who must recover their heart rates quickly.

PROFIL HEART RATE RECOVERY SETELAH EXERCISE MAXIMAL ATLET PELAJAR SIDOARJO PADA CABANG OLAHRAGA DINAMIS

The main objective of this study was to determine the profile of Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) after conducting Exercise Maximal (EM) using speed tests, namely sprints, quantitative research methods while the research sample was 86 male student athletes consisting of 5 athletic athletes, 17 volleyball athletes, 22 hockey athletes, 15 roller skating athletes, 15 beach volleyball athletes and 3 court tennis athletes. the first data collection participants performed a sprint speed test of 30m. Furthermore, HRR is measured using the Polar type H10 tool using the Polar Team monitor system. Furthermore, HRR is recorded at minutes 1,2,3,4, and 5 shortly after doing maximum exercise. Furthermore, by using the paired t-test and friedman's test to see the significance of the difference in values every minute. Furthermore, to get a poor heart rate recovery profile, a calculation of ΔHRR with a maximum heart rate (HR) is carried out. the results showed a significant difference in HRR values of 1, 2, and 3 χ2F (2) = 170.02, p&lt;0.001 using friedman's test. significant differences were also found in hrr values 4 and 5 using paired sample t-test HRR 4 (Mean=104.07, SD=8.838) and HRR 5 (Mean=95.35, SD=7.232) under conditions; t(85)=15.618, p=0.000. furthermore, in order for the difference in HRR to be meaningful, further tests were carried out by looking for Δ HRR1,2,3,4, and 5 with HRmaximal and obtained the values of ΔHRR 1 19.18±6.6, then in order Δ HRR 2: 29.45±7.10, Δ HRR 3: 38.06±6.88, Δ HRR 4:43.72±5.54, and ΔHRR 5:48.44±4.67. In this study, it can be proven that the HRR profile in student athletes can be used as an indicator of athletes' readiness to receive and participate in training programs.

Heart Rate Recovery in Sedentary and Physically Active Individuals

Introduction: Slow heart recovery after an exercise test is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. An abnormal value for the recovery of heart rate (HR) was defined as a reduction of 12 beats per minute or less from the HR at peak exercise. The following study was taken up to assess the HR and blood pressure of the individuals with physically active lifestyle versus sedentary lifestyle. This research study was aimed to study the difference in HR recovery in response to 3-min step test between sedentary group and physically active group within age group of 18–24 years. Methodology: Forty-five healthy subjects were divided into two groups sedentary and physically active. Each participant was subjected to YMCA 3-min step test, and their pre- and post-readings for HR were noted. Heart rate recovery in 1 min (HRR1) and in 2 min (HRR2) after step test was noted. These parameters were, thus, compared in two groups statistically. Results: Significant difference in HRR1 and HRR2 was found in between physically active group and sedentary group. It was also found that time taken for the HR to recover to resting HR was delayed in sedentary group than physically active group. Conclusion: On the basis of the results found in present study, there is a significant difference between physically active and sedentary individuals, for HR recovery.

Heart rate recovery is improved after locomotor training in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury: implications for health and prevention

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction Heart rate recovery after exercise provides meaningful information about physical fitness and prognosis in both health and disease. A more rapid decrease in heart rate after exercise has been associated with higher levels of fitness as well as better health and survival. In fact, heart rate recovery (HRR) ≤ 12 beats at one minute after maximal and sub-maximal exercise is a significant prognostic index of poorer health and survival. However, little research has examined HRR in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) despite the need for a responsive measure of fitness and health in this population. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine HRR before and after locomotor training (LT) in persons with SCI. Methods Twenty-nine subjects with incomplete SCI performed LT 5 days per week for 12 weeks using one of four training approaches: treadmill-based training with manual assistance (TMM), treadmill-based training with stimulation (TMS), over-ground training with stimulation (OGS), and treadmill-based training with robotic assistance (TMR). Before and after 12 weeks of LT the HRR was measured one minute after 2-3 minutes of walking at each subject’s maximal capacity. Heart rate data was captured via a recording band placed on each subjects’ chest that transmitted wireless signals to a data collection system which recorded heart rate data continuously. Results The peak HR during maximal walking of the cohort before and after LT was 75 ±15% and 71 ±14% of the age-predicted maximal HR, respectively. Fifteen of the 29 subjects (52%) had an abnormal HRR (≤ 12 beats) at baseline; following LT, HRR was improved in 11/15 (73%) of these subjects. In addition, 50% of subjects with a normal baseline HRR improved HRR after LT. There was no significant difference in HRR among training approaches at baseline or after LT. Conclusions Twelve weeks of LT was associated with an improvement in HRR in almost three-quarters of the subjects with an abnormal HRR at baseline, and HRR improved in one-half of the subjects with a normal HRR at baseline. These findings suggest that HRR may be of value for tracking fitness and prognosis in persons with SCI. Further investigation of HRR in subjects with SCI is warranted.

Heart rate recovery and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Purpose An attenuated decrease of heart rate recovery (HRR) immediately after exercise is an indicator of autonomic dysfunction and has been linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in both healthy and clinical population. However, the evidence regarding its potential prognostic value varies across studies making its implementation in clinical practice for risk assessment difficult. The purpose of the present systematic review is therefore, to investigate the predictive value of heart rate recovery in CVD disease and all-cause mortality, in an evidenced-based manner to encourage its incorporation in clinical practice Methods and Results A systematic review was performed through a comprehensive search on PubMed that focused only on prospective cohort studies. Of the studies retrieved, a total of 13 eligible articles were included in this systematic review with nine of them enrolling 37 457 participants and 709 CVD cases for cardiovascular events, and 12 comprising 45 905 participants and 4 301 deaths for all-cause mortality.The study quality of the included studies was rated moderate to high (4-8) with high heterogeneity (I² = 0.0001). Results revealed no statistically significant difference in HRR for patients with and without cardiovascular events M=-2672.16, at 95% CI [-7341.6,1997.32] ; P-value = .234 as well as for people who died and those who did not M= -3141.667, at 95% CI [-7627.448,1344.144], P-value = .151. Also, the association between CVD and mortality was presented statistically significant, Chi-Square = p&amp;lt;0.0001 while a further analyses of heart rate recovery revealed that when distinguished between low and high, it was found to have a strong positive association with all-cause mortality, Chi-Square = p&amp;lt;0.0001. Conclusion The current systematic review findings indicated that a low HRR is directly linked with greater all-cause mortality risk. Also, given the strong association found between CVD and mortality, the study further supported that even though indirectly, a low HRR is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, supporting the notion that HRR has a prognostic value and could be used in clinical practice.

Rapid Weight Loss Coupled with Sport-Specific Training Impairs Heart Rate Recovery in Greco-Roman Wrestlers

Wrestling is a sport that can be classified with the use of alternating aerobic–anaerobic metabolism with moderate but high-impact energy expenditure. Heart rate recovery (HRR) is the difference between heart rate during exercise and a certain amount of time after the start of recovery. The goal of this study was to determine the difference in HRR between two phases: high-intensity sport-specific training (HISST) combined with rapid weight loss (RWL)—phase 1 (P1) and HISST only—phase 2 (P2). Ten national-level wrestlers were included in this study. All participants underwent HISST along with RWL procedures for P1. Seven days later, during P2, an identical training session was performed with no RWL included. We found a statistically significant difference in the values obtained after the first and second minutes of recovery in the second set for both cases (p = 0.034 and p = 0.037, respectively), with higher HR values recorded in P1. It can be concluded that there is undoubtedly a difference in HRR during training and RWL compared to HISST alone. Additionally, HISST along with RWL could compromise the aerobic component of recovery.

No Difference In Heart Rate Recovery During Graded Treadmill Testing In Patients With And Without Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Cardiac Mortality is the most common cause of death for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is linked to physical inactivity and obesity. PURPOSE: To determine whether individuals with NAFLD show heart rate recovery impairment (iHRR is≤12 beats per minute at 1 minute post-exercise, an independent predictor of mortality) compared to non-NAFLD participants following graded treadmill testing (GTT) to volitional exhaustion. METHODS: Non-pharmacological clinical research participants with and without NAFLD were included. All performed symptom-limited, Modified Bruce GTT. Gas exchange captured cardiorespiratory variables and impedance cardiometry assessed heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output (CO) continuously during rest, testing, and recovery. Participants completed nutrition, activity, and fatigue questionnaires. Linear regression assessed effects of covariates on HRR. RESULTS: 86 participants (48.8% Male, 62.8% Caucasian, 65.8% NAFLD/NASH, Age 48 ± 13.6 years) were included for analysis. T-test comparisons showed individuals with NAFLD to be older (52 vs 41.4 years, p=.001), have higher body mass index (31.2 vs 28.4 kg/m 2 , p=.007), and increased body fat percentage, (34.1% vs 28.6%, p=.006) but showed no differences for resting pulse, blood pressure, gender, or ethnicity. Per GTT, individuals with NAFLD had reduced oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold (AT) (12.3 vs 15.6 mL/kg/min) and peak exertion (23.1 vs 31.2 mL/kg/min, p<.001) compared to non-NAFLD. The NAFLD cohort also reported reduced maximal and average activity scores compared to the non-NAFLD group (MAS 89.8 vs 81.4, p=.001; AAS 88.1 vs 77.6, p<.001). No group differences were found for iHRR presence or continuous HRR measure. Stepwise linear regression showed peak CO (B=0.317, p=.041) and MAS (B=.348, p=.025) to be significant predictors of HRR for all participants (R 2 =.261). CONCLUSIONS: No HRR post exercise differences were found between NAFLD and non-NAFLD individuals. Increased CO and self-reported exercise capacity may indicate lower probability of impaired HRR. AAS and MAS were reduced in the NAFLD group, which may reflect reduced aerobic capacity at peak performance and AT. NAFLD individuals may benefit from exercise participation encouragement to improve tolerance of physical activity.

Comparison of heart rate recovery between normotensive young adults with and without a parental history of hypertension

Introduction: Studies have reported that off springs of hypertensive parents are more likely to develop hypertension. Affection of target organ starts even before the diagnosis of hypertension. Autonomic dysfunction may be the initial cardiac effects in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Till now very few studies have been done to find the early outcomes in the cardiac autonomic functions in the normotensive siblings of hypertensive patients. Heart rate recovery after exercise is a useful marker for cardiac autonomic function. Since the etio-pathogenesis of hypertension is expected to affect the autonomic cardiovascular parameters even before the prehypertensive stage, the following study was carried out to analyze the heart rate recovery, in the descendent non- hypertensive young adults with and without parental history of hypertension.&#x0D; Aim and objective: This research study was aimed to study the quantify and compare the difference (if any) of heart rate recovery in response to 3minute step test between non hypertensive children of non- hypertensive and hypertensive parents within an age group of 18-22 years.&#x0D; Material &amp;Methods: A total of 63 normotensive students were divided into one hypertensive parents(HP) group containing students with parental history of hypertension) and one non hypertensive parents group (NHP) having students without parental history of hypertension). Each student was subjected to 3 minute Master step test. Recordings of heart rate were made before and after exercise. Heart rate recovery index (HRRI) of 1minute (HRRI1), as well as in 2, 3 and 4 minute (HRRI2, HRRI3, HRRI4) were calculated and analyzed.&#x0D; Results: The resting (basal) heart rate as well as 1st minute heart rate recovery index (HRRI1) was not significantly different in the two groups. Likewise, the 2nd minute (HRRI2), 3rd minute (HRRI3), and 4th minute HRRI (HRR4) respectively were also not significantly different between the two groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no significant difference in heart rate recovery among non-hypertensive young adults, with and without parental history of hypertension.

A Comparison of Creatine and Thiamine Supplementation on Heart Rate Recovery and Blood Lactate Levels

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of creatine and thiamine supplementation on heart rate recovery (HRR) and blood lactate levels. Twelve male students comprised the two experimental (creatine and thiamine) groups of the study. The creatine group was supplemented with 0,3 g per weight, with 30 ml of water per dose of creatine four times a day, at regular intervals during the day, for 6 consecutive days. The thiamine group received 10 mg per weight just one time 30 minutes after a meal with 150 ml of water at the last supplementation days. After the supplementation period, subjects completed the incremental treadmill after a dynamic warm-up that consisted of walking at 6 km/h for 3 minutes. An initial treadmill speed started with 8,64 km/h for two minutes at 0% gradient followed by an increase of 1,44 km/h every 30 s until subjects reached their volitional exhaustion. After exercise cessation subjects continued with an active recovery of 10.08 km/h for approximately 5 minutes. Heart rate (HR) was regularly assessed from the first 5 min of passive recovery. Blood lactate levels were measured in the 9th min of passive recovery. There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate recovery and blood lactate levels after supplementation, respectively (P &gt; 0.05). Based on these results, it appears that creatine supplementation did not provide a different effect with thiamine on the recovery of heart rate and blood lactate levels.

Usefulness of heart rate recovery parameters to monitor cardiovascular adaptation in elite athletes: The impact of the type of sport.

The purpose of this study is to determine heart rate (HR) recovery after maximal test in elite athletes who compete in high dynamic, high static, and in mixed sport disciplines; to assess differences in HR recovery between these groups of athletes; and to measure the association of HR index (HRI) with heart adaptation variables to determine whether these values were correlated with the type of exercise. One hundred and ninety-four elite athletes were divided into three groups according to the predominant type of exercise performed: endurance (n = 40), strength-sprinter (n = 36), and ball-game players (n = 118). They performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill and were subjected to echocardiography. The rate of decline (HR recovery) was calculated as the difference between maximum and recovery HRs (HRrec1 and HRrec3). The HRI was calculated as HRmax - 1-min post-exercise HR (HRrec1). The most significant correlation of HRI was with posterior wall diameter and left ventricular (LV) mass index (r = 0.43 and r = 0.51; p = 0.012 and p = 0.003, respectively). LV mass index [Beta (B) = 0.354, p = 0.001] was an independent predictor of HRI and HRrec1. HRI may be an effective tool for discrimination of physiological and "gray zone" LV hypertrophy, with area under the curve of 0.545 (95% CI = 0.421-0.669, p = 0.0432). HRI displayed a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 52.2% at the optimal cut-off value of 23.5. HR recovery pattern, especially HRI, may offer a timely and efficient tool to identify athletes with autonomous nervous system adaptive changes.

Differences in Physiological Influences on Heart Rate Recovery between Trained and Untrained Adults

The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in heart rate recovery (HRr) in trained and untrained adults, while assessing the role of physiological and emotional factors. Eighteen untrained and 21 trained participants completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min treadmill exercise at 55–70% heart rate reserve, and emotional state was assessed prior to exercise. Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between heart rate recovery and physiological and emotional assessments. The trained group had a higher relative maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.001), lower resting heart rate (p < 0.001), and faster short- and long-term heart rate recovery (p < 0.05) than the untrained group. Resting heart rate was the most predictive measure with HRr for the trained group (R = 0.551–0.818), whereas resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, and fitness were predictors of recovery in the untrained group (R = 0.764–0.977). The results show the predominant parasympathetic influence on HRr in the trained group, but indicates influence of fitness and exercise intensity on recovery in the untrained group. Thus, fitness appears to influence HRr in those only with low fitness. This notion may help influence the behavior of untrained individuals to improve fitness to reduce risk of mortality and morbidity.

Recovery Responses to Maximal Exercise in Healthy-Weight Children and Children With Obesity

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in heart rate recovery (HRRec) and oxygen consumption recovery (VO2 recovery) between young healthy-weight children and children with obesity following a maximal volitional graded exercise test (GXTmax). Method: Twenty healthy-weight children and 13 children with obesity completed body composition testing and performed a GXTmax. Immediately after the GXTmax, HRRec and VO2 recovery were measured each minute for 5 consecutive minutes. Results: There were no statistically significant group differences in HRRec for the 5 min following maximal exercise, Wilks’s Lambda = .885, F(4, 28) = 0.911, p = .471, between the healthy-weight children and children with obesity despite statistically significant differences in body fat percentage (BF%; healthy-weight children, 18.5 ± 6.1%; children with obesity, 41.1 ± 6.9%, p < .001) and aerobic capacity relative to body mass (VO2 peak; healthy-weight children, 46.8 ± 8.2 mL/kg/min; children with obesity, 31.9 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min, p < .001). There were statistically significant differences in VO2 recovery for the 5 min following exercise, Wilks’s Lambda = .676, F(4, 26) = 3.117, p = .032. There were no statistically significant correlations between HRRec and body mass index (BMI), BF%, VO2peak, or physical activity. Conclusions: In a healthy pediatric population, obesity alone does not seem to significantly impact HRRec, and because HRRec was not related to obesity status, BMI, or BF%, it should not be used as the sole indicator of aerobic capacity or health status in children. Using more than one recovery variable (i.e., HRRec and VO2 recovery) may provide greater insight into cardiorespiratory fitness in this population.

Heritability of heart rate recovery and vagal rebound after exercise

PurposeThe prognostic power of heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise has been well established but the exact origin of individual differences in HRR remains unclear. This study aims to estimate the heritability of HRR and vagal rebound after maximal exercise in adolescents. Furthermore, the role of voluntary regular exercise behavior (EB) in HRR and vagal rebound is tested.Methods491 healthy adolescent twins and their siblings were recruited for maximal exercise testing, followed by a standardized cooldown with measurement of the electrocardiogram and respiratory frequency. Immediate and long-term HRR (HRR60 and HRR180) and vagal rebound (heart rate variability in the respiratory frequency range) were assessed 1 and 3 min after exercise. Multivariate twin modeling was used to estimate heritability of all measured variables and to compute the genetic contribution to their covariance.ResultsHeritability of HRR60, HRR180 and immediate and long-term vagal rebound is 60 % (95 % CI: 48–67), 65 % (95 % CI: 54–73), 23 % (95 % CI: 11–35) and 3 % (95 % CI: 0–11), respectively. We find evidence for two separate genetic factors with one factor influencing overall cardiac vagal control, including resting heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and a specific factor for cardiac vagal exercise recovery. EB was only modestly associated with resting heart rate (r = −0.27) and HRR (rHRR60 = 0.10; rHRR180 = 0.19) with very high genetic contribution to these associations (88–91 %).ConclusionsIndividual differences in HRR and immediate vagal rebound can to a large extent be explained by genetic factors. These innate cardiac vagal exercise recovery factors partly reflect the effects of heritable differences in EB.

Influence of different characteristics of sport on heart rate recovery in elite athletes

Introduction: One of the benefits of regular physical activity is lower resting heart rate and its faster recovery after maximal exercise test, as a result of a stronger parasympatic (vagal) tone. Heart rate recovery is used as reliable parameter for prescription of the training program and also in prognostic purposes as a parameter of risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The purpose of this study is to show significant differences in heart rate recovery after maximal exercise test and resting heart rate among different groups of elite athletes. Material and Methods: This study subjected 575 adult (23.1 ± 4.3 years), male athletes divided into four sport groups: skill, power, mixed and endurance. Every subject performed progressive, maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill. Heart rate recovery in first (ΔHRR1) and third (ΔHRR3) minute was calculated as a difference of maximal heart rate and heart rate in the first and the third minute after cessation of exercise, respectively. Results: Compared to skill, power and mixed group (62.9 ± 11.4; 61.5 ± 10.0; 59.9 ± 10.4 min-1 respectively), significantly lower values od resting heart rate are recorded in the endurance group (56.2 ± 10.6 min-1) (p = 0,05). Also, ΔHRR1 was significantly higher in the endurance group (33.5 ±14.3 min-1) compared to skill, power and mixed group (24.3 ± 10.9; 25.5 ± 11.2; 27.8 ± 15.6 min-1 respectively) (p = 0,05). Values od ΔHRR3 were significantly higher in power, mixed and endurance groups (74.8 ± 14.3; 79.5 ± 12.7; 79.4 ± 12.6 min-1 respectively) compared to skill group (67.3±16.1 min-1) (p = 0,05). Conclusion: Training endurance group of sports has the most contribution to lower resting heart rate and faster recovery of heart rate in the first minute after exercising, due to dominant parasympatic tone.

Heart rate recovery and parasympathetic modulation in boys and girls following maximal and submaximal exercise.

This study examined heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) following submaximal and maximal exercise in boys (n=13; 10.1±0.8 years) and girls (n=12; 10.1±0.7 years). Participants completed 10min of supine rest followed by a graded exercise test to maximal effort. On a separate day, participants performed submaximal exercise at ventilatory threshold. Immediately following both exercise bouts, 1-min HRR was assessed in the supine position. HRV variables were analyzed under controlled breathing in the time and frequency domains over the final 5min of rest and recovery. There were no significant differences in HRR following maximal and submaximal exercise between boys (58±8 and 59±8 beatsmin(-1), respectively) and girls (54±6 and 52±19 beatsmin(-1), respectively). There also were no significant interactions between groups from rest to recovery from maximal exercise for any HRV variables. However, there was a difference in the response between sexes from rest to recovery from submaximal exercise for log transformed standard deviation of NN intervals (lnSDNN) and log transformed total power (lnTP). No differences were observed for lnSDNN at rest (boys=4.61±0.28 vs. girls=4.28±0.52ms) or during recovery (lnSDNN: boys 3.78±0.46 vs. girls 3.87±0.64ms and lnTP: boys 7.33±1.09 vs. girls; 7.44±1.24ms(2)). Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed a significant difference between boys and girls for lnTP at rest (boys=9.14±0.42 vs. girls=8.30±1.05ms(2)). Parasympathetic modulation was similar between boys and girls at rest and during recovery from exercise, which could explain similarities observed in HRR.

Heart Rate Recovery Varies by Sport and Position, but Not Gender, Among Collegiate Athletes

Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been suggested as a useful tool to monitor fitness in athletes. Minimal data exists, however, regarding differences in HRR between sports, genders or positions, and there is currently no consensus regarding how to calculate HRR. PURPOSE: To determine whether HRR differs between sports, genders and position among collegiate athletes, and if these differences depend on the HRR calculation method employed. METHODS: 47 female (soccer=18, basketball=9, hockey=20) and 22 male (all soccer) NCAA Division 1 athletes completed exercise testing prior to the start of their respective seasons. Heart rate was monitored continuously during a 5-minute period of supine rest and maximal treadmill testing, followed immediately by 5 minutes of walking at 1.7mph with 0% incline to determine resting heart rate (HRrest), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and heart rate reserve (HRres). HRR was calculated at 10 seconds, 30 seconds, and then each minute during recovery as both a percentage of HRmax (HRR%max) and HRres (HRR%res). All participants obtained at least 2 out of 3 objective criteria during treadmill testing: 1) RER ≥ 1.1, 2) plateau in VO2, and 3) attainment of ≥90% of age-predicted HRmax. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare average HRR over time among female athletes by sport (hockey, basketball, soccer), and by gender and position [goalkeeper (GK), defender (D), midfielder (M), forward (F)] among soccer players. RESULTS: Using HR%max, basketball demonstrated slower HRR than hockey (78.2 v. 75.8%, p=0.017), but no other differences were noted. When expressed as HRR%res, basketball demonstrated slower HRR than soccer (67.4 v. 65.3%, p=0.49) and hockey (67.4 v 64.6%, p=0.013). No differences in HRR were noted between positions using HRR%max. When expressed as HRR%res, GK and D demonstrated faster recovery than F (63.5 v. 66.1%, p=0.013; 64.7 v 66.1%, p=0.005, respectively). No differences were identified between females and males using HRR%max (75.8 v. 75.8%, p=0.95) or HRR%res (65.4 v 65.3%, p=0.40). CONCLUSION: Among collegiate athletes, HRR differs by sport and position, but not by gender. Differences in HRR may be better identified when expressed in terms of HRres than HRmax. This has potential implications for the proper use and interpretation of HRR as a monitoring tool among athletes.

The exercise heart rate profile in master athletes compared to healthy controls.

Endurance exercise protects the heart via effects on autonomic control of heart rate (HR); however, its effects on HR indices in healthy middle-aged men are unclear. This study compared HR profiles, including resting HR, increase in HR during exercise and HR recovery after exercise, in middle-aged athletes and controls. Fifty endurance-trained athletes and 50 controls (all male; mean age, 48·7±5·8years) performed an incremental symptom-limited exercise treadmill test. The electrocardiographic findings and HR profiles were evaluated. Maximal O2 uptake (52·6±7·0 versus 34·8±4·5mlkg(-1) min(-1) ; P<0·001) and the metabolic equivalent of task (15·4±1·6 versus 12·2±1·5; P<0·001) were significantly higher in athletes than in controls. Resting HR was significantly lower in athletes than in controls (62·8±6·7 versus 74·0±10·4 beats per minute (bpm), respectively; P<0·001). Athletes showed a greater increase in HR during exercise than controls (110·1±11·0 versus 88·1±15·4bpm; P<0·001); however, there was no significant between-group difference in HR recovery at 1min after cessation of exercise (22·9±5·6 versus 21·3±6·7bpm; P=0·20). Additionally, athletes showed a lower incidence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) during exercise (0·0% versus 24·0%; P<0·001). Healthy middle-aged men participating in regular endurance exercise showed more favourable exercise HR profiles and a lower incidence of PVCs during exercise than sedentary men. These results reflect the beneficial effect of endurance training on autonomic control of the heart.

Frecuencia cardíaca postejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico en niños con y sin riesgo cardiovascular

IntroductionObesity and overweight constitute a growing national and worldwide health problem. This problem is progressively developing at younger ages, and has become an important cardiovascular risk factor (CVR). Immediate alterations include deregulations in the cardiovascular system controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Nevertheless, evidence is limited and most studies do not use exercise as a method to assess the autonomic response, which can be measured by heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise. ObjectiveTo analyze HRR after submaximal aerobic and anaerobic exercise in children with and without CVR. MethodologyThis observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study included 49 boys and girls from public schools between the ages of 10 and 12 years. Diverse anthropometric variables were measured in each group. Two tests were applied, the 30-second Sit-to-Stand test (anaerobic) and the Course Navette test (aerobic). ResultsNo statistical significances at the first, second or third minute after aerobic or anaerobic exercise were found in HRR among participants with and without CVR. Children and teenagers without CVR performed better in the aerobic test. ConclusionsNo differences in HRR were found among children and teenagers with or without CVR after aerobic or anaerobic exercise; however, the children without CVR performed better in the aerobic test than children with CVR.

Comparison of cardiac vagal activity between pre and postmenopausal women using heart rate recovery

Background: Ageing is associated with an increase in Heart Rate Recovery (HRR). HRR is a property of vagal activity. But there is little evidence regarding the extent to which age-related changes in HRR depend on simultaneous transition from pre-menopausal state to postmenopausal state. The purpose of this study was (i) to compare HRR between pre and postmenopausal women, (ii) to compare heart rate recovery between men of age group 40-45 years and 45-50years respectively (iii) and to determine whether difference in age, gender and body composition could account for the difference in HRR between pre- and post-menopausal groups. Methods: HRR was assessed using modified Bruce exercise protocol. The body mass index was assessed by measuring weight and height of the subject. Data was analyzed after adjusting for age and body composition. Results: It was found that the HRR were significantly higher (P &lt;0.001) in postmenopausal women compared to that of premenopausal women. Analysis after adjusting for age and gender revealed that men of same age group didn’t undergo much change in HRR as compared to women. Conclusions: The study concludes that both ageing and declined oestrogen levels are associated with the increased Hear Rate Recovery (HRR) seen among postmenopausal women.