Differences In Head Posture Research Articles

Face Swapping Method Integrating Multi-Level Attributes and Attention Mechanism

The face swapping methods available only use the posture and expression of the target images to guide the face swapping process, which often ignores other attributes such as background and lighting. Moreover, the swapped faces are poorly fused with the target images. Thus, a face swapping method combining multi-level attributes and attention mechanism is proposed. At the stage of extracting target attributes, a multi-level attribute encoder is designed based on the U-Net structure, using multi-level cascaded convolutional and deconvolutional blocks and inter-layer connections to accurately and comprehensively extract the expression and background attributes of the target images, preserving more detailed information. Meanwhile, in the swapped faces generation stage, a generator is designed that incorporates the attention mechanism to adaptively adjust the effective area of the integration of source face features and target attributes, so that the swapped faces are more consistent with visual mechanism. Experimental results on FaceForensics++ show that compared with the DeepFaceLab method, the structural similarity between the swapped faces and the target images is improved by 6.73%, and the differences in head posture and facial expression are reduced by 1.026 and 0.491, respectively. Proposed method retains the source face features better, preserves a greater degree of fidelity to the target image attributes, and achieves a good swapped effect.

Effect of Craniofacial Growth Pattern on Head Posture

Head posture refers to the upright position of the head of a standing or sitting subject. The literature reports that head posture is affected by many factors. Objective: To evaluate differences in head posture according to craniofacial growth pattern. Methods: A total of 163 individuals (83 females and 80 males) were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to ANB angle as Class I, Class II, and Class III, and each group was divided further into three subgroups according to SN/GoGn angle as hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent. The patients were compared in terms of head posture measurements. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the main and interactive effects of vertical growth pattern and malocclusion type on the head posture of the patients. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: No statistically significant difference between malocclusion and face-type groups was observed in all head posture measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Head posture is similar among subgroups of different malocclusion types separated by vertical growth pattern.

Driver Distraction Detection Method Based on Continuous Head Pose Estimation

In view of the fact that the detection of driver’s distraction is a burning issue, this study chooses the driver’s head pose as the evaluation parameter for driving distraction and proposes a driver distraction method based on the head pose. The effects of single regression and classification combined with regression are compared in terms of accuracy, and four kinds of classical networks are improved and trained using 300W-LP and AFLW datasets. The HPE_Resnet50 with the best accuracy is selected as the head pose estimator and applied to the ten-category distracted driving dataset SF3D to obtain 20,000 sets of head pose data. The differences between classes are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis of variance shows that there is a statistically significant difference in head posture between safe driving and all kinds of distracted driving at 95% and 90% confidence levels, and the postures of all kinds of driving movements are distributed in a specific Euler angle range, which provides a characteristic basis for the design of subsequent recognition methods. In addition, according to the continuity of human movement, this paper also selects 90 drivers’ videos to analyze the difference in head pose between safe driving and distracted driving frame by frame. By calculating the spatial distance and sample statistics, the results provide the reference point, spatial range, and threshold of safe driving under this driving condition. Experimental results show that the average error of HPE_Resnet50 in AFLW2000 is 6.17° and that there is an average difference of 12.4° to 54.9° in the Euler angle between safe driving and nine kinds of distracted driving on SF3D.

The study of correlation between forward head posture and neck pain in Iranian office workers.

Factors such as prolonged sitting at work or improper posture of head during work may have a great role in neck pain occurrence among office employees, particularly among those who work with computers. Although some studies claim a significant difference in head posture between patients and pain-free participants, in literature the forward head posture (FHP) has not always been associated with neck pain. Since head, cervical and thoracic postures and their relation with neck pain has not been studied in Iranian office employees, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between some work-related and individual factors, such as poor posture, with neck pain in the office employees. It was a cross-sectional correlation study carried out to explore the relationship between neck pain and sagittal postures of cervical and thoracic spine among office employees in forward looking position and also in a working position. Forty-six subjects without neck pain and 55 with neck pain were examined using a photographic method. Thoracic and cervical postures were measured using the high thoracic (HT) and craniovertebral (CV) angles, respectively. High thoracic and CV angles were positively correlated with the presence of neck pain only in working position (p < 0.05). In forward looking position, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). Our findings have revealed that office employees had a defective posture while working and that the improper posture was more severe in the office employees who suffered from the neck pain.

Is there a difference in head posture and cervical spine movement in children with and without pediatric headache?

Pediatric headache is an increasingly reported phenomenon. Cervicogenic headache (CGH) is a subgroup of headache, but there is limited information about cervical spine physical examination signs in children with CGH. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was designed to investigate cervical spine physical examination signs including active range of motion (ROM), posture determined by the craniovertebral angle (CVA), and upper cervical ROM determined by the flexion-rotation test (FRT) in children aged between 6 and 12 years. An additional purpose was to determine the degree of pain provoked by the FRT. Thirty children (mean age 120.70 months [SD 15.14]) with features of CGH and 34 (mean age 125.38 months [13.14]) age-matched asymptomatic controls participated in the study. When compared to asymptomatic controls, symptomatic children had a significantly smaller CVA (p < 0.001), significantly less active ROM in all cardinal planes (p < 0.001), and significantly less ROM during the FRT (p < 0.001), especially towards the dominant headache side (p < 0.001). In addition, symptomatic subjects reported more pain during the FRT (p < 0.001) and there was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.758, p < 0.001) between the range recorded during the FRT towards the dominant headache side and FRT pain intensity score. This study found evidence of impaired function of the upper cervical spine in children with CGH and provides evidence of the clinical utility of the FRT when examining children with CGH.

The effect of increased overjet on the magnitude and reproducibility of smiling in adult females

The objective of this study was to determine if increased overjet (greater than 6 mm) influences the magnitude and reproducibility of natural smile and maximal smile in Caucasian adult females. Twenty adult females with an increased overjet (6-10 mm) and 20 control adult females (overjet 2-4 mm) with no history of orthodontic treatment volunteered to participate. The mean age in the control group was 30.1 ± 6.4 years and the mean age in the test group was 31.9 ± 10.8 years. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images were captured of each subject for three expressions: at rest, natural smile, and maximal smile. The images were recorded twice on two separate occasions, 6 weeks apart. Images were landmarked and a partial ordinary Procrustes superimposition was used to adjust for the differences in head posture between the same expressions. The magnitude of movement relative to the rest position, averaged over all the landmarks, was calculated and compared between the groups using analysis of variance (linear mixed-effects model); the intra- and inter-session reproducibility of both expressions was assessed. There was greater mean movement, averaged over all the landmarks, in the control group than in the increased overjet group for both natural smile and maximal smile (P = 0.0068). For these expressions, there were no statistically significant differences in reproducibility within sessions (P = 0.5403) or between sessions (P = 0.3665). Increased overjet had a statistically significant effect on the magnitude of smiling but did not influence the reproducibility of natural or maximal smile relative to controls.

Postura de cabeça nas deformidades dentofaciais classe II e classe III

OBJETIVO: este estudo investiga se existe diferença entre grupos com diferentes deformidades dentofaciais (padrão classe II e classe III) e o grupo sem a deformidade em relação à postura de cabeça. MÉTODO: participaram deste estudo, voluntariamente, 25 pacientes (entre 16 e 40 anos). Dez pacientes com diagnóstico de deformidade dentofacial classe II e 15 pacientes com o diagnóstico de classe III esquelética e 15 voluntários sadios, com equivalência em sexo e idade ao grupo de deformidade, formando o grupo controle. Primeiramente foi realizada a inspeção da postura de cabeça. Logo em seguida foi realizada a avaliação postural de cabeça por meio da fotografia postural (fotogrametria). RESULTADOS: não houve diferença significante (p&gt;0,05) entre os grupos em relação à avaliação postural utilizando-se a fotogrametria. Já em relação à avaliação postural pela inspeção clínica, observou-se uma postura anterior de cabeça nos indivíduos com a deformidade dentofacial padrão classe II, comparados ao padrão classe III (p = 0,001) e ao grupo controle (p = 0,001). Foi visto também que o grupo deformidade classe II apresentou um percentual inferior de indivíduos com posição neutra de cabeça comparado ao grupo deformidade classe III (p = 0,008) e ao grupo controle (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: indivíduos com deformidade dentofacial classe II podem apresentar uma anteriorização de cabeça. Não há influência da deformidade no aumento ou na redução do ângulo cabeça-pescoço, analisado por meio da fotogrametria.

Analysis of head position used by myopes and emmetropes when performing a near-vision reading task

The aim of the study was to compare head posture in young, adult emmetropes and corrected myopes during a reading task. Thirty-two (32) myopes (mean spherical equivalent: −3.46 ± 2.35 D) and 22 emmetropes (mean spherical equivalent: −0.03 ± 0.36 D) participated in the study. Of the myopes, 16 were progressing (rate of progression ⩾−0.5 D over the previous 2 years), 12 were stable (changes of −0.25 D or less over 2 years) and four could not be classified. Seated subjects were asked to read a text binocularly in their habitual posture. To measure head posture, two simultaneous images were recorded from different directions. In a separate study with the same subjects and conditions, a motion monitor was used to track head posture for 1 min. The habitual reading distance was measured in both studies, together with the stereoscopic acuity and fixation disparity for each subject. The results of the photographic study showed no significant differences in head posture or reading distance between the myopic and emmetropic groups ( p > 0.05) but there was some evidence that downward pitch angles were greater in progressing myopes than in non-progressing myopes ( p = 0.03). No correlations were observed between the binocular parameters and head posture. Reading distances were systematically shorter with the helmet-mounted eye tracker and it was concluded that posture was affected by the weight of the equipment. With this reservation, it appeared that the rate of change of downward pitch angle over the 1-min recording session increased with the subject’s rate of myopia progression (correlation between myopia progression and slope of pitch: r 2 = −0.69, p = 0.001), implying a greater reliance on head movements when reading down a page. Overall, while no differences in mean head posture were found between myopes and emmetropes, there was some evidence that head posture and movement during reading may differ in progressing myopes.

Sensitivity of clinical assessments of sagittal head posture

Historically, clinicians visually evaluate posture using anatomical landmarks. Advances in technology made digital photographs now feasible to use in clinical practice. Photogrammetry may increase the reliability of the assessment of postural changes. However, differences between visually estimated and photogrammetric recorded changes in posture need to be tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of visual assessments of changes in head posture in the sagittal plane in relation to photogrammetric recorded data. The head posture of 29 female subjects in a sagittal plane was assessed visually and photogrammetrically. The visual assessment of head posture was conducted using a postural grid with a plumb for checking the alignment. The patients were classified as having forward head posture (FHP), slight FHP or no FHP. Photogrammetry of head posture was performed using the Alcimage software (Alcimar B. Soares, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil). Three reference points were used to measure the head posture angle: mentus, external auditory meatus and manubrium. The visually classified groups were compared in relation to the photogrammetric angles using one-way ANOVA. A significant difference was found between the FHP and no FHP groups (P = 0.001), and between the FHP and slight FHP groups (P = 0.002). However, no significant difference was found between the slight FHP and no FHP groups. Visual assessments of sagittal head posture were sensitive to detect differences between no FHP and FHP groups, but were not sensitive to detect differences between no FHP and slight FHP groups. Head posture photogrammetry is recommended to quantitatively detect less evident differences in head posture.

Head posture in patients with whiplash-associated disorders and the measurement method's reliability – A comparison to healthy subjects

Whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) are a major problem for healthcare providers and sufferers. Neck pain is one of the most common WAD, and forward head posture may contribute to neck pain. Objective methods for assessing head posture are necessary in the evaluation of postural correction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the goniometer and to examine differences in head posture in patients with WAD compared with healthy individuals. Twenty-seven consecutive patients and 40 healthy subjects matched for age and gender were included in the study. Head position relative to shoulders in standing was assessed by three examiners. The inter-rater reliability for the goniometer showed an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.95. The absolute reliability for the three testers was 1.8°. An independent t-test showed that the difference in head posture between the patients and controls was significant. The patient group showed more forward head posture. Patients with WAD ...

Are Facial Expressions Reproducible?

Abstract Objectives: To determine the extent of reproducibility of five facial expressions. Design: Thirty healthy Caucasian volunteers (15 males, 15 females) aged 21 to 30 years had 20 landmarks highlighted on the face with a fine eyeliner pencil. Subjects were asked to perform a sequence of five facial expressions that were captured by a three-dimensional camera system. Each expression was repeated after 15 minutes to investigate intrasession expression reproducibility. To investigate intersession expression reproducibility, each subject returned 2 weeks after the first session. A single operator identified 3-dimensional coordinate values of each landmark. A partial ordinary procrustes analysis was used to adjust for differences in head posture between similar expressions. Statistical analysis was undertaken using analysis of variance (linear mixed effects model). Results: Intrasession expression reproducibility was least between cheek puffs (1.12 mm) and greatest between rest positions (0.74 mm). The r...

Are facial expressions reproducible?

To determine the extent of reproducibility of five facial expressions. Thirty healthy Caucasian volunteers (15 males, 15 females) aged 21 to 30 years had 20 landmarks highlighted on the face with a fine eyeliner pencil. Subjects were asked to perform a sequence of five facial expressions that were captured by a three-dimensional camera system. Each expression was repeated after 15 minutes to investigate intrasession expression reproducibility. To investigate intersession expression reproducibility, each subject returned 2 weeks after the first session. A single operator identified 3-dimensional coordinate values of each landmark. A partial ordinary procrustes analysis was used to adjust for differences in head posture between similar expressions. Statistical analysis was undertaken using analysis of variance (linear mixed effects model). Intrasession expression reproducibility was least between cheek puffs (1.12 mm) and greatest between rest positions (0.74 mm). The reproducibility of individual landmarks was expression specific. Except for the lip purse, the reproducibility of facial expressions was not statistically different within each of the two sessions. Rest position was most reproducible, followed by lip purse, maximal smile, natural smile, and cheek puff. Subjects did not perform expressions with the same degree of symmetry on each occasion. Female subjects demonstrated significantly better reproducibility with regard to the maximal smile than males (p =.036). Under standardized conditions, intrasession expression reproducibility was high. Variation in expression reproducibility between sessions was minimal. The extent of reproducibility is expression specific. Differences in expression reproducibility exist between males and females.