Differences In Government Policies Research Articles

What is meant by the term tertiary education? Past developments and recent activity

ABSTRACT The term tertiary education has gained prominence in recent policy debates in the UK [Morgan (2023). “Labour ‘would review whole landscape’ of tertiary education.” Times Higher Education, 28 November. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/labour-would-review-whole-landscape-tertiary-education]. This paper presents findings from a review of the use of the term in academic and policy papers in the UK over the last 80 years. The analysis reveals the role of international organisations in defining this term initially as a synonym for post-compulsory education before using it as a statistical measure which became a normative guide for many member states. More recently, the term tertiary education has been used as a descriptor of systems of educational governance and by the World Bank for specific systems of organisation. Using these definitions as a guide, the review demonstrates differences in government policy in the four nations of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Here there is evidence of periodic and partial policy change, but little sustained full engagement with this agenda. The review suggests that if future tertiary education policy initiatives are introduced they should cover all potential learners once they have left the compulsory phase of education and should be advanced by regional bodies with involvement from learners, employers and community representatives allocating funds from a single tertiary education budget.

A Cross-Cultural Study on the Effects of Government Control Policies on Mobility in COVID-19

This study sought to explore the impact of government policies aimed at reducing the spread of COVID-19, such as social distancing and quarantine, on the reduction in the mobility of people and the role of national culture in moderating this effect. To test this hypothesis, this study collected 21,150 sets of data from 57 countries worldwide and analyzed them using a multilevel growth model. In addition, the number of COVID-19-infected people, the number of people vaccinated, number of days since the first COVID-19, median age by country, population density, total population, and GDP per capita, which can affect mobility, were added as control variables in the study model. Notably, the results of our analysis revealed that the stringency of government policies had a negative effect on mobility and that this effect differed according to cultural characteristics. The findings of the current study have the following implications. First, differences between countries were explained by exploring the effectiveness of government policies in preventing the increase in infectious diseases based on a cultural perspective. Second, the results of this study provide policy implications that international policy makers can refer to apart from the context of the COVID-19 epidemic by presenting country-specific differences in government policies.

G20 Economic Growth Analysis Using VECM

This study analyzes the effect of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), Imports, Exports, and Government Expenditure of selected G20 member countries on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using historical data from 1981 to 2021. The detailed analysis aims to explore the relationship between short-term and long-term causality that begins with examining and testing the degree of integration, Unit Root Test, Johansen cointegration test, and causality test. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) test results with a 95% confidence interval show that Gross Fixed Capital Formation causes Australia’s and South Africa’s long-term GDPs to have reached a balance point. In addition, Government Spending also causes the European Union’s Gross Domestic Product to achieve a balance point. Imports affect the GDP of the United States, China, and South Africa towards a balance point, and exports affect the GDP of Australia, China, and South Africa. The test results using VECM also conclude that GDP, GFCF, exports, and imports affect GDP growth in the short term. However, on the contrary, on the Australian continent, only GDP, GFCF, and imports which in the previous year had an impact on Australia’s GDP in the short term—concluded that differences in government policies in each country in regulating the economy could affect the causal relationship between the independent variable and GDP in the short and long term.

The Impact of Economic Systems and Financial Systems on New Energy Vehicle Industry

In the contemporary world, energy security and environmental protection are issues of significant concern for governments and citizens alike. New energy vehicles (NEVs) offer solutions to both of these pressing challenges. Hence, their development and innovation status are particularly noteworthy. The purpose of this paper is to compare the impacts of different economic systems and financial systems in the United States and China on the innovation and improvement of the NEV industry. Furthermore, the conclusions will be extended to a broader range of industries to delve to the relevance between institutions and technological innovation. This paper mainly compares the influence of economic systems on business activities, the differences in government policies under different systems, and the impact of financial systems on corporate financing and listing. It finds that the most suitable environment for the development of technology innovation industries is an open market economy and a sound economic system.

JOB SATISFACTION DURING COVID-19: INDUSTRY 5.0 AS A DRIVER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER EQUALITY

Employee job satisfaction is essential for organizations because it influences motivation as well as productivity, and consequently the overall performance of an organization. As the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many work-related processes and practices, the Industry 5.0 framework formulated new approaches for a sustainable and resilient European industry. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on job satisfaction in terms of gender differences and firm size in the context of the Industry 5.0 paradigm. Job Satisfaction Surveys (JSS) from the year 2013 to 2021 were analyzed. Our results indicate that in the Czech Republic, overall job satisfaction did not decline during the pandemic, and women were slightly more satisfied than men. Moreover, overall job satisfaction was slightly higher in small firms. These are surprising results, given the negative impacts on employment reported by many countries. We explore the differences in government policies and programs enacted during the pandemic to assist employers and employees to mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic. In general, Czech and EU policies appeared to be better in mitigating unemployment rates than US policies. The findings are valuable for crafting best practices for organizations and future policy and program planning for governments.

Komparasi Kualitas Informasi Akuntansi dan Strategi Bertahan UMKM di Masa Pandemi

This article aims to explore the impact of the global epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Indonesia and Malaysia using social dynamic theory, in order to add insight into the handling carried out by each of them. Each of these countries is facing a crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic and seeing how Covid-19 affects accounting practices which have implications for the quality of accounting information. SME are one of the sectors with a major contribution to a developing country such as Indonesia and Malaysia. This research is a literature review study, which uses data from previous research articles in the Mendeley database. A total of 13 articles were reviewed using the keywords, “survival strategy”, “quality of accounting information”, “SME”, “covid-19”, “Indonesia”, “Malaysia”. From the articles reviewed, 13 articles show that there are similarities regarding SME survival strategies with digitalization and differences in government policies in funding support for SME in the two countries, as well as the impact on the quality of accounting information during the pandemic.
 Keywords: Survival strategy; Quality of accounting information; SME; covid-19; Indonesi; Malaysia.

Istilah Baru Era Pandemi COVID-19 di Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Korea: Kajian Neologisme Pendekatan Linguistik Korpus

This study tries to identify the use of new word (neologisms) during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Indonesian and Korean online newspapers with a corpus linguistic approach. The corpus data collected from online newspaper articles with the theme of COVID-19, both in Korean and Indonesian online newspapers. A total of 2,515,019 words scale of corpus data were used in the study collected from September 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021. Based on the analysis, it was found that in both Indonesian and Korean, neologisms related to the COVID-19 pandemic can be categorized into 4 categories, namely 1) health registers, 2) government policy registers, 3) people's habits, and 4) other categories. The health register occupies the first position with the highest frequency of neologisms both in the Indonesian language, by placing words that refer to COVID-19, namely Covid-19 (Indonesian) and 코로나 19 (khorona ilgu / Korean language) as the most used neologisms. Meanwhile, there are differences in the use of neologisms in the categories of government policies, people's habits, and others. The differences are correlated with the differences in government policies in handling the COVID-19 pandemic and the conditions of the society of both countries.

Drama Education Differences Between China and Western Countries

There are overall differences between the education policies and system between the Chinese and western education systems. These differences are brought up by the differences in government policies, the existing student's and orientation system, the country's population and school size, and community attitudes towards the country’s education system. By contrast, the education policies in western cultures are designed to prepare students to be more successful people in society by gaining enough educational skills and developing a strong friendship. There are several ways in which the Chinese education system completely varies with the western education system. Western countries focus on adopting varieties of learning methods in achieving a democratic government. For the Chinese, there is the management of the massive population, which is managed by a different mode of government. This paper tries to explain the differences between drama education in China and the Western cultures.

Assessing the Impacts of Best Management Practices on Nonpoint Source Pollution Considering Cost-Effectiveness in the Source Area of the Liao River, China

Agricultural nonpoint source pollution has been a major influential factor on the deterioration of water quality in the Liao River source area. Best management practices (BMPs), as a comprehensive pollution prevention system designed to reduce the impacts of agricultural activities and improve water quality, has been considered one of the most effective solutions for nonpoint source pollution control. However, economic cost has been an important element for screening the implementation of BMPs. Both pollution reduction and capital expenditure need to be resolved with the actual situation. A water quality model such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and empirical cost algorithm are important tools to assess the cost-effectiveness of the effects of BMPs on nonpoint source pollution. In this study, BMP scenarios including buffer strips (BSs), fertilizer reduction (FR), forest land increase (FLI), grassland increase (GLI), and their combination were implemented using the SWAT model; furthermore, the efficiency of their pollutants reduction and costs benefit were estimated in the watershed. The results showed that combined BMPs have better control effects than a single BMP, with “BS20 (widths 20 m) + FR15 (fertilization reduction 15%) + FLI (forest land increase)” arriving at the greatest loads reduction in the critical periods. From environmental and economic perspectives, the cost-effectiveness of interception measures is higher than that of the source control measures. The results indicated that BS was the most environmentally friendly practice, and FR was the most economically efficient out of all the BMPs. Regarding land-use changes, FLI was more environmentally friendly, and GLI was more economically efficient. The most economical and effective BMPs can be designated as follows: BS1.5 (widths 1.5 m) and FR15 (fertilization reduction 15%). Therefore, due to possible differences in government policies, it is important to consider an integrated approach for all the relevant actors and seek sustainable environmental and economic development.

Dynamics of Trade in Value-Added in “Factory Asia”

ABSTRACTTrade patterns in East Asia are termed the “Factory Asia” model, whereby Asia functions as a “global factory” that imports intermediate goods from its regional networks and then assembles and exports them as finished goods to higher-income developed countries. In 2001, China’s accession into the World Trade Organisation consolidated this pattern by becoming the core economy in this model. However, is this pattern still valid after more than a decade of rapid development in East Asian countries? The main objective of this article is to examine the evolution of this pattern of trade in East Asian countries. Although the key findings of this study show that the Factory Asia model continues, it is changing as different East Asian countries capture more value in global value chains. The gaps in the rate of upgrading are identified and mainly attributed to differences in government policies and competition. However, the dependence on foreign inputs still remains an important part of high-technology production in East Asian countries. Hence, the idea that East Asia is evolving from a “factory” into a “Research & Development hub” remains far-fetched.

A Framework for Realizing Universal Standardization for Internet of Things

Internet of Things is a paradigm referring to the pervasive presence of a network of things and objects that are able to interact, and cooperate with each other. This paradigm also suggests that in the future these objects can produce large amount of data to the Internet, and other network applications. It was predicted that the amount of data produced by things can exceed data produced by human in the near future due to rapid advancements in technology. At present, realizing truly Internet of Things is hindered by differences in government policies. In order to eliminate the limitation hindering the actualization of the Internet of Things, we proposed a framework that might lead to the universal standardization of the Internet of Things. With little additional information, our proposal has the potentials of being use to totally circumvent the current limitations.

Divergent Trends in Abortion and Birth Control Practices in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine

ContextThe last decade witnessed growing differences in abortion dynamics in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine despite demographic, social, and historical similarities of these nations. This paper investigates changes in birth control practices in the three countries and searches for an explanation of the diverging trends in abortion.MethodsOfficial abortion and contraceptive use statistics, provided by national statistical agencies, were analysed. Respective laws and other legal documents were examined and compared between the three countries. To disclose inter-country differences in prevalence of the modern methods of contraception and its association with major demographic and social factors, an analysis of data from national sample surveys was performed, including binary logistic regression.ResultsThe growing gap in abortion rate in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine is a genuine phenomenon, not a statistical artefact. The examination of abortion and prevalence of contraception based on official statistics and three national sample surveys did not reveal any unambiguous factors that could explain differences in abortion dynamics in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. However, it is very likely that the cause of the inter-country discrepancies lies in contraceptive behavior itself, in adequacies of contraceptive knowledge and practices. Additionally, large differences in government policies, which are very important in shaping contraceptive practices of the population, were detected.ConclusionSince the end of the 1990s, the Russian government switched to archaic ideology in the area of reproductive health and family planning and neglects evidence-based arguments. Such an extreme turn in the governmental position is not observed in Belarus or Ukraine. This is an important factor contributing to the slowdown in the decrease of abortion rates in Russia.

Comparing the Certification Criteria for CCHIT-Certified Ambulatory EHR with the SNUBH's EHR Functionalities.

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the suitability of electronic health record (EHR) systems in Korea for global certification and to propose functions for future global systems by comparing and analyzing the certification criteria for Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT) Certified Ambulatory EHR with BESTCare, which is the EHR system at Seoul National University Bundang hospital.MethodsDomain expert groups were formed to analyze the inclusion of BESTCare functions and the types of differences for each of the CCHIT Certified 2011 Ambulatory EHR Certification Criteria. The types of differences were divided into differences in functions (F), differences in business processes (B), and differences in government policies (P).ResultsGenerally, the criteria that showed differences in functions pertained to the connection between the diagnosis/problem list and order, the alert and warning functions for medication-diagnosis interactions, and the reminder/instruction/notification messages related to the patient's immunization status; these absent functions were enhanced clinical decision support system (CDSS) functions related to patient safety and healthcare quality. Differences in government policies were found in the pharmacy's electronic prescription functions, while differences in business processes were found in the functions constrained by the local workflow or internal policy, which require some customization.ConclusionsFunctions that differed between the CCHIT certification criteria and the BESTCare system in this study should be considered when developing a global EHR system. Such a system will need to be easily customizable to adapt to various government policies and local business processes. These functions should be considered when developing a global EHR system certified by CCHIT in the future.

Increased Women's Labour Force Participation in Europe: Progress in the Work-Life Balance or Polarization of Behaviours?

Although the increase in female labour force participation is a fairly widespread trend, there is still a considerable diversity of situations across Europe from north to south. To identify the factors that may explain these differences, Olivier Thevenon uses data from the European Labour Force Surveys (EU-LFS) carried out in 14 countries between 1992 and 2005. For comparable educational levels and family situations (e.g. number of children, age of youngest child, single-parent status), the labour market behaviours of European women (inactive, short or long part-time work, full-time work) are very diverse. This diversity reflects differences in government policies targeting working mothers (help with reconciling work and childcare, encouragement to leave the labour market or to work part-time, etc.). In some contexts, women choose to postpone childbirth or to remain childless in order to pursue a working career. The increase in women's labour force participation may thus entail a certain polarization of behaviours.

Gasoline Price Differences: Taxes, Pollution Regulations, Mergers, Market Power, and Market Conditions

Abstract Retail and wholesale gasoline prices vary over time and across geographic locations due to differences in government policies and other factors that affect demand, costs, and market power. We use a two-equation, reduced-form model to determine the relative importance of these various factors using panel data for 48 states over nine years. We find that the variation in the price of crude oil has been virtually the only major factor contributing to gasoline price variations during the 1990s. Tax variations and mergers contribute substantially more to geographic price differentials than do price discrimination, cost factors, or pollution controls.

Sustaining Myths, Necessary Illusions, and National Literacy Policies: Some U.S. and U.K. Comparisons

This article discusses similarities and differences in government policies on literacy in the United Kingdom and the United States and the culture of mistrust that has contributed to governments taking increasing control of education. Transatlantic trends in the areas of national literacy standards, curriculum, and assessment are discussed in relation to two themes: “sustaining myths” and “necessary illusions.” Transatlantic similarities are noted in the cases of two sustaining myths: that education is getting better and that literacy attainment is steadily rising. Five necessary illusions that portray a more negative picture are also presented. These suggest that reading standards are low; that parents are not to blame for low reading standards; that teachers are not to blame, and therefore those who trained them must be culpable; that teacher educators have failed to understand key research findings on literacy and have carried out flawed research themselves.

Three simple models of social capital and economic growth

This paper proposes three models of social capital and growth that incorporate different perspectives on the concept of social capital and the empirical evidence gathered to date. In these models, social capital impacts growth by assisting in the accumulation of human capital, by affecting financial development through its effects on collective trust and social norms, and by facilitating networking between firms that result in the creation and diffusion of business and technological innovations. We solve for the optimal allocation of resources channelled into the building of social capital, examine the models’ comparative statics and dynamics, and demonstrate how a tax and subsidy scheme may correct the resource under-allocation that results from the public good aspect of social capital creation. Observed differences in social capital across countries are explained by differences in government policies and the possibility of multiple equilibria and social capital poverty traps.

American Exceptionalism? Similarities and Differences in National Attitudes Toward Energy Policy and Global Warming

Despite sharp differences in government policy, the views of the U.S. public on energy and global warming are remarkably similar to those in Sweden, Britain, and Japan. Americans do exhibit some differences, placing lower priority on the environment and global warming, and with fewer believing that "global warming has been established as a serious problem and immediate action is necessary". There also remains a small hard core of skeptics (< 10%) who do not believe in the science of climate change and the need for action, a group that is much smaller in the other countries surveyed. The similarities are, however, pervasive. Similar preferences are manifest across a wide range of technology and fuel choices, in support of renewables, in research priorities, in a basic understanding of which technologies produce or reduce carbon dioxide (or misunderstandings in the case of nuclear power), and in willingness to pay for solving global warming.

Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa

1. The coral reefs across the international border between Kenya and Tanzania, where historical differences in government policy and socio-economic conditions created two different management systems, were examined: a large permanent closed area and a collaborative fisheries management project that used gear management and small voluntarily and temporary closed areas, respectively. The diversity and ecology of the reefs in these two management systems were compared spanning a seven-year period to evaluate the effectiveness of the management and to assess the ecological response to a large-scale water-temperature anomaly in 1998. 2. Comparisons of rates of predation on sea urchins and of herbivory, using a seagrass assay, were made along with measures of benthic cover and fish abundance and diversity. 3. The collaborative fisheries management system was successful in increasing fish stocks, reducing erect algae, and maintaining ecological diversity and stability across the thermal anomaly. This management system, however, was not successful in protecting the expected full biodiversity of fish, predation rates on sea urchins, or the sensitive, branching coral species. Management of the fishery also increased fish stocks in the adjacent, large, permanently closed area, compared to Kenyan parks without this management. 4. The large, permanently closed area in the other system maintained high diversity, high predation rates on sea urchins and high herbivory rates, which maintained erect algae abundance and diversity at low levels. The temperature anomaly was destructive to a number of the dominant delicate branching coral species, but overall coral cover and diversity were maintained, although dominance switched from branching Porites spp. to Seriatopora spp. over this period. The large closed area system protected the undisturbed ecology of these reefs and associated ecological processes, and the full diversity of fish and coral, including sensitive species such as branching corals and slow-growing fish. 5. Collaborative fisheries and large permanent closed area management have different attributes that, when combined, should achieve the multiple purposes of sustainable fisheries, ecosystem functions and protection of fishing-sensitive species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pharmacopolitics: drug regulation in the United States and Germany

Advocates of rapid access to medicines and critics fearful of inadequate testing both argue that globalization will supersede national medical practices and result in the easy transfer of pharmaceuticals around the world. In Pharmacopolitics, Arthur Daemmrich challenges their assumptions by comparing drug laws, clinical trials, and systems for monitoring adverse reactions in the United States and Germany, two countries with similarly advanced systems for medical research, testing, and patient care. Daemmrich proposes that divergent therapeutic cultures - the interrelationships among governments, patients, the medical profession, and the pharmaceutical industry - underlie national differences and explain variations in pharmaceutical markets and medical care. Daemmrich carries the United States-Germany comparison from 1950 to the present through case studies of Terramycin (an antibiotic), thalidomide (a sedative), propranolol (a heart medication), interleukin-2 (a cancer therapy), and indinavir (an AIDS drug). He points to important differences in government policies and in the distribution of power among key social actors. Daemmrich advises that international regulatory harmonization and globalization in medicine must retain flexibility for social and political variation between countries, even as they achieve technical standardization.