Differences In Fungal Structure Research Articles

Response of fungal communities to afforestation and its indication for forest restoration

Soil fungi in forest ecosystems have great potential to enhance host plant growth and systemic ecological functions and services. Reforestation at Saihanba Mechanized Forest Farm, the world's largest artificial plantation, has been integral to global forest ecosystem preservation since the 1950s. To better assess the ecological effects of soil microbiology after afforestation, fungal diversity and community structure (using Illumina sequencing) from forests dominated by Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Picea asperata, and from grassland were surveyed. In total, 4,540 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, with Mortierella and Solicoccozyma being the dominant genera of grassland soil and Inocybe, Cortinarius, Piloderma, Tomentella, Sebacina, Hygrophorus and Saitozyma dominating the plantation soil. Principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) and co-occurrence networks revealed differences in fungal structure after afforestation. Significantly, more symbiotroph guilds were dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi in plantations under the prediction of FUNGuild. The community composition and diversity of soil fungi were significantly influenced by pH via redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Mantel test (p ​< ​0.01). This finding emphasizes that soil pH has a strong effect on the transition of fungal communities and functional taxa from grassland to plantation, providing a novel indicator for forest restoration.

Candida albicans disorder is associated with gastric carcinogenesis.

Background: Bacterial infection is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between nonbacterial components and gastric cancer (GC) has not been fully explored. We aimed to characterize the fungal microbiome in GC.Methods: We performed ITS rDNA gene analysis in cancer lesions and adjacent noncancerous tissues of 45 GC cases from Shenyang, China. Obtaining the OTUs and combining effective grouping, we carried out species identifications, alpha and beta diversity analyses, and FUNGuild functional annotation. Moreover, differences were compared and tested between groups to better investigate the composition and ecology of fungi associated with GC and find fungal indicators.Results: We observed significant gastric fungal imbalance in GC. Principal component analysis revealed separate clusters for the GC and control groups, and Venn diagram analysis indicated that the GC group showed a lower OTU abundance than the control. At the genus level, the abundances of 15 fungal biomarkers distinguished the GC group from the control, of which Candida (p = 0.000246) and Alternaria (p = 0.00341) were enriched in GC, while Saitozyma (p = 0.002324) and Thermomyces (p = 0.009158) were decreased. Combining the results of Welch's t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, Candida albicans (C. albicans) was significantly elevated in GC. The species richness Krona pie chart further revealed that C. albicans occupied 22% and classified GC from the control with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.743. Random forest analysis also confirmed that C. albicans could serve as a biomarker with a certain degree of accuracy. Moreover, compared with that of the control, the alpha diversity index was significantly reduced in the GC group. The Jaccard distance index and the Bray abundance index of the PCoA clarified separate clusters between the GC and control groups at the species level (p = 0.00051). Adonis (PERMANOVA) analysis and ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in fungal structure among groups (p = 0.001). Finally, FUNGuild functional classification predicted that saprotrophs were the most abundant taxa in the GC group.Conclusions: This study revealed GC-associated mycobiome imbalance characterized by an altered fungal composition and ecology and demonstrated that C. albicans can be a fungal biomarker for GC. With the significant increase of C. albicans in GC, the abundance of Fusicolla acetilerea, Arcopilus aureus, Fusicolla aquaeductuum were increased, while Candida glabrata, Aspergillus montevidensis, Saitozyma podzolica and Penicillium arenicola were obviously decreased. In addition, C. albicans may mediate GC by reducing the diversity and richness of fungi in the stomach, contributing to the pathogenesis of GC.