Differences In Family Composition Research Articles

Psychosis as a potential mental health consequence of racism

Introduction Evidence shows that racism can have a negative effect on mental health in the lived experiences of Black people and People of Colour. In critical theory discourse including postcolonial and decolonial approaches, racism is suggested to be an everyday phenomenon. Additionally, racism specifically targets the perceived cultural and phenotypic foreignness of Black migrants and migrants Of Colour, as well as the ascribed migrant status attributed to the perceived foreignness of racialized persons who do not actually have any direct migration experiences. Objectives The stigma associated with severe mental disorders such as psychosis has historically been applied to Black people and People of Colour who have been engaged in anti-racist activism as a form of punishment and social control. Higher incidence rates of psychosis in racialized communities have frequently been conceptualized as cultural differences in family composition and levels of expressed emotion in families. The objective of this study is to sensitively investigate psychosis as a potential mental health consequence of racism. Methods The incidence rates of psychosis - positive symptoms, negative symptoms, non-affective psychosis disorders and first episode psychosis - among migrants by country of migration were compiled in an umbrella review, which offers a summary of meta-analyses. Quantitative research has the limitation of enabling the observation of patterns but not allowing an understanding of the reasons behind them to be theorized through the data. Therefore, qualitative methods complement the quantitative data. Twenty people of diverse genders who self-identified as Black people or People of Colour in Berlin were interviewed about their experiences of racism and sexism and about how those experiences affected their mental health. Results The umbrella review found an association between migration and psychosis, with migration from the Caribbean and African countries showing the strongest correlation. A constant comparative analysis of the qualitative data suggests that racism contributes to the emergence of a subclinical psychosis symptomatology profile that consists of a sense of differentness, negative self-awareness, paranoid ideation regarding general persecution, and self-questioning with self-esteem instability. Conclusions The findings are interpreted as a situational diagnosis, as coined by the psychiatrist and political philosopher Frantz Fanon in the seminal book ‘Black Skin, White Masks’ (1975). The findings are also contextualized within a critique of institutional racism, both historically and currently, and within an intersectional discussion of the need for structural competency and the provision of safety for racialized groups in clinical settings. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Disability Considerations for Measuring Poverty in Canada Using the Market Basket Measure

Persons with disability (PWD) in Canada experience disproportionately high poverty rates. Poverty measures are often used to benchmark income assistance levels and social policies across Canada. The Market Basket Measure (MBM) is the official poverty measure in Canada that accounts for differences in family composition and geography. It does not, however, account for cost-incurring factors like disabilities, despite the evidence of differences in daily living costs. PWD experiencing poverty have additional needs to reduce barriers to full participation in society that can translate to higher basic costs for daily living. Given that poverty measures like the MBM may assess eligibility for income support or eligibility for public housing, these measures need to reflect how the cost of living differs for PWD. To critically analyze disability-specific considerations for the Canadian poverty line, we assess the MBM within the context of persons with disabilities. To identify differences in consumption patterns and family composition for PWD, a population based cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability. Analysis assessed for bias within the MBM based on the basket contents, family composition and disability severity. PWD experience two times higher poverty rates, worse housing outcomes and incur higher and additional expenses for basic needs of daily living than persons without disability. The MBM underestimates the true poverty rate for persons with disabilities as it does not account for all their additional costs and does not represent their average family composition.

Migrant Women’s Employment: International Turkish Migrants in Europe, Their Descendants, and Their Non-Migrant Counterparts in Turkey

Abstract When compared with native-born women, migrant women have lower employment likelihoods. However, to reveal the relationship between migration and employment, migrant women need to be compared to those remaining in the origin regions and across generations. This study is the first to fill this gap by employing a dissimilation-from-origins and across-generations perspective. We test the hypothesis that migration to more welfare-state based and liberal contexts increase women’s employment likelihood among migrants and the second generation. The 2000 Families data enable a unique comparison of Turkish international migrants, including Turkish-origin women born in Europe, and their non-migrant counterparts from the same regions in Turkey. Furthermore, we theorize and test whether differences in employment are explained by differences in family composition, education, and culture (religiosity and gender attitudes). We find migration leads to a higher likelihood of paid employment for the second generation and international migrant women, in that order. Education and religiosity are the main explanatory factors for differences between non-migrants and the international migrants, including the second generation. Parenthood, while explaining differences between migrant and destination ‘native’ women, hardly explains differences between migrant women and their non-migrant counterparts. Overall, we find strong support for the hypothesis that migration increases women’s employment.

A Comparative Time-Diary Analysis of UK and US Children’s Screen Time and Device Use

This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the time school-age children 8-17 years in the UK and the US spent using devices such as smartphones and tablets, and their time in screen-based activities such as watching TV and playing videogames in 2014-15. The paper draws on innovative instruments measuring children’s time using technology and engaging with screens in these two countries. We find that in both, children’s time using devices overlaps with time in screen-based activities, non-screen leisure, and non-leisure activities. Children in the UK spend more time using devices than children in the US, but family size and the availability of an internet connection at home largely explain major cross-national differences. Children in the US spend less time using computers than children in the UK, and, on non-school days, more time watching TV and playing videogames. These differences remain significant after controlling for a range of child, parent and family-level characteristics. Divergent cross-national patterns for children’s time using relatively new devices and their time in more established screen-based activities are linked to differences in family composition and to differential access.

The Identification of Family Social Environment Typologies Using Latent Class Analysis: Implications for Future Family-Focused Research.

The family social environment is the first environment that a child experiences and has implications for children's health. However, the majority of family social environment measures do not account for its complexity. There is a need for novel approaches for assessing the family social environment that transcends the traditional way of measuring family composition and interaction. The purpose of this secondary data analysis research was to identify distinct family social environment typologies that consider both family composition and interaction and to describe the characteristics of the identified family social environment typologies. A series of latent class analysis results indicated three distinct typologies of family social environment with significant differences in family composition, family problem-solving skills, and demographic characteristics. The process used to identify the typologies and significant differences between the typologies showcases how the field could advance family-focused research by considering family composition and interaction.

Effects of breeding ecology on parental care and family living in passalid beetles

Family-based societies occur in a variety of animal taxa; yet the selective factors that favor the evolution of family living are poorly understood. Here, I examine four species of log-dwelling passalid beetles to determine whether key habitat differences are associated with differences in family composition, parental care, and cooperative brood care. Specifically, I test the hypothesis that nutritionally poor resources are associated with greater levels of parental care and cooperation. Contrary to predictions, Verres hageni, a species that inhabits the lower-quality heartwood, did not invest more time in parental activities, spend more time in contact with their larvae, or experience more begging calls from larvae than did the three Passalus species that inhabit the higher-quality sapwood. Heartwood families also did not retain more adult offspring nor were they more socially monogamous than sapwood species. Although no direct cooperation in brood care by adult offspring was observed for any species, no aggression between parents and adult offspring occurred even when adult offspring overlapped with their parents’ second brood. Family living and parental behavior, thus, appear generally stable and conserved across species, despite habitat differences. These findings suggest that ecological selective factors might not always yield predicted effects on behavioral traits. In the case of passalids, alternative adaptations to poor-quality resources as well as phylogenetically conserved parental care might explain the lack of observed response of parental care to breeding resources.

Predictors of shell size in long-lived lake gastropods.

AimTo investigate shell size variation among gastropod faunas of fossil and recent long‐lived European lakes and discuss potential underlying processes.LocationTwenty‐three long‐lived lakes of the Miocene to Recent of Europe.MethodsBased on a dataset of 1412 species of both fossil and extant lacustrine gastropods, we assessed differences in shell size in terms of characteristics of the faunas (species richness, degree of endemism, differences in family composition) and the lakes (surface area, latitude and longitude of lake centroid, distance to closest neighbouring lake) using multiple and linear regression models. Because of a strong species–area relationship, we used resampling to determine whether any observed correlation is driven by that relationship.ResultsThe regression models indicated size range expansion rather than unidirectional increase or decrease as the dominant pattern of size evolution. The multiple regression models for size range and maximum and minimum size were statistically significant, while the model with mean size was not. Individual contributions and linear regressions indicated species richness and lake surface area as best predictors for size changes. Resampling analysis revealed no significant effects of species richness on the observed patterns. The correlations are comparable across families of different size classes, suggesting a general pattern.Main conclusionsAmong the chosen variables, species richness and lake surface area are the most robust predictors of shell size in long‐lived lake gastropods. Although the most outstanding and attractive examples for size evolution in lacustrine gastropods come from lakes with extensive durations, shell size appears to be independent of the duration of the lake as well as longevity of a species. The analogue of long‐lived lakes as ‘evolutionary islands’ does not hold for developments of shell size because different sets of parameters predict size changes.

VARIACIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE LA FAUNA MACROBENTÓNICA ASOCIADA A FONDOS BLANDOS Y SU RELACIÓN CON FACTORES AMBIENTALES EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL GORGONA, PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO*

From January to December 1999 (excepting July) the characterization of soft bottom macrobenthic fauna was performed in four different areas of Gorgona Natural National Park: Punta Brava, Yundigua, El Remanso, and La Mancora. Eight samples were taken at depths from 5 to 15 m using a PVC cylinder with an inner diameter of 15 cm and buried 10 cm into the seabed. Abundance, wet biomass, and organism composition were determinated. Organisms were identified up to family level. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques allowed to define and characterize spatially and temporally the community to examine levels of disturbance and to relate the biological pattern to environmental variables of sediment and deep water. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between El Remanso and other sampled areas were found due to the higher value of abundance and richness in El Remanso but with no differences in family composition. Clustering and ordination showed changes in the community between January-June and August-December caused by differences in family composition and reduced richness and organisms abundance in the second semester, when ABC curves showed a polluted community. In the same way, mud and organic matter values in the sediment diminished in August-December, but total carbonates and water transparency increased. Granules and muds were the variable best correlated (rρ = 0.327, p < 0.01) to macrofauna distribution and structure, but other environmental factors may show stronger affinities to the community.

O impacto da reforma da previdência social rural brasileira nos arranjos familiares: uma análise para entender a composição dos domicílios dado o aumento da renda dos idosos

Esta pesquisa explorou o efeito de uma variação exógena na renda, devido à reforma da previdência social brasileira de 1992 para os trabalhadores rurais, nos arranjos domiciliares rurais no Brasil. Realizou-se uma avaliação do impacto do aumento da renda dos idosos sobre a composição dos domicílios, nos termos de mudanças possíveis nos arranjos familiares. Especificamente, esta pesquisa tratou os arranjos familiares (ou a composição dos domicílios) como uma variável endógena em contraste com a literatura sobre o tema, a qual costuma abordar a composição do domicílio como uma variável exógena ao ambiente econômico do domicílio. Os objetivos foram: estimar as diferenças, em termos de arranjos familiares, entre domicílios com presença de idosos aptos a receberem o benefício da reforma e domicílios que não possuem idosos, antes da reforma (1989) e após (1998); estimar em que medida as diferenças em termos de arranjos familiares podem ser explicadas pela mudança causada pela reforma da previdência rural; e verificar se os efeitos da presença de pessoas elegíveis para receberem a aposentadoria nos arranjos domiciliares variam em função do sexo da pessoa que recebe aposentadoria. Quanto à relevância da pesquisa, a mesma está centrada no fato de que os resultados poderão ser úteis para a compreensão dos impactos primários e secundários de uma política que visa incrementar a renda de um segmento da população que vem crescendo aceleradamente no Brasil: os idosos. Quanto aos resultados, é possível afirmar a existência de um impacto estatisticamente significativo da reforma da previdência rural em 1992 nos arranjos domiciliares em termos de diferenças de composição destes entre o grupo dos elegíveis para receberem os benefícios da reforma e aqueles não elegíveis. E mais, tal impacto, em termos do tipo de arranjo mais preponderante, apresenta um componente relacionado com o sexo da pessoa elegível, em que as mulheres que recebem os benefícios da reforma (com características elegíveis) tendem a viver em arranjos mais complexos do que seu oposto (homens ou mulheres fora do critério de elegibilidade).

Insectos acuáticos asociados a los lagos interdunarios de la región central del Estado de Veracruz, México

The aim of this study is to register the presence of aquatic insects during the rainy and dry seasons, in 15 dune lakes of the Gulf of Mexico's coastal zone. These ecosystems lodge a wealth of 62 families, 60 of them present during the rainy season and 46 during the dry period. At both times Coleoptera is the order with a greater number of families, followed by Diptera. The first one is the most diverse, but Chironomidae (Diptera) is the most abundant, representing 40% of the total number of individuals. We used high rank taxa to quantify the biodiversity based on the principle that a high number of families or genus is supposed to include a greater number of species. There were not significant differences in the alpha diversity within the same lake during the two climatic seasons. The trophic structure is dominated by the detritivorous groups (57% of scrapers, collectors, gatherers, shredders), followed by predators (38%) and herbivores (5%). These numbers indicate that dune lakes have a great amount of organic matter. The results obtained contradict our working hypothesis, thus it was rejected, in summary, because there were no important differences in family composition, abundance of individuals and trophic structure of the lakes between the rainy and dry seasons.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Home Ownership and Housing Quality, 1991

This study uses two data sets to examine racial/ethnic differences in three aspects of housing consumption — housing unit inadequacy, proximity to abandoned buildings, and home ownership — in the New York-New Jersey-Long Island metropolitan area and in New York City. In general, the results show that the spatial assimilation model explains the process of home ownership well, but that housing unit quality and neighborhood physical condition respond mainly to indicators of a family's purchasing power. After controlling for group differences in family composition and socioeconomic resources. Black and Hispanic families remained less likely than white families to live in high-quality units and neighborhoods, and all minority families were less likely to own their homes in both locations. These persistent disadvantages may partially reflect preferences for residence apart from whites (see Feagin 1994) but also suggest that the poorer treatment that minority home seekers receive from housing market agents helps to sort Black, Hispanic, and — to a lesser degree — Asian families toward lower-quality housing opportunities than those available to whites.

Measuring Poverty and Differences in Family Composition

The equivalence scales used to adjust for differences in family composition when measuring poverty exhibit considerable variation. This paper suggests an alternative approach that allows for differences in social judgements regarding the treatment of different types of family and examines the relation with the choice of poverty measure. The resulting dominance criteria cannot provide a complete ranking but allow the extent of disagreement to be identified. Their application is illustrated by the example of changes in child benefits. Copyright 1992 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.

Familial clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen among Panamanian Indians.

Several authors have suggested that the host genome determines the occurrence of chronic HBS Ag (hepatitis B surface antigen). In attempts to evaluate this possibility, total infection rate and the combined frequencies of HBS Ag and antibody to HBS Ag and radioimmunoprecipitation to measure antibody to HBS Ag, we tested sera from 255 Panamanian Guaymi Indians. They represented 48 families and 32 living units. Clusters of chronically antigenemic individuals were found in families. Clusters of infection were not found in families or living units. Differences in family composition (age and sex) did not explain the increased occurrence of HGS Ag. These findings support the hypothesis that some humans have an inherited susceptibility to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus after exposure.