Differences In Cue Utilization Research Articles

Spanish–English bilingual heritage speakers processing of inanimate sentences

This study investigated how heritage Spanish–English bilinguals integrate their cue hierarchies to process simple sentences in both Spanish and English. Sentence interpretation is achieved by weighing the various cues that are present in the sentence against that language's cue hierarchy. The Unified Competition Model (UCM) suggests that bilinguals show a variety of patterns in sentence interpretation strategies depending on language proficiency. Previous research on heritage Spanish–English bilinguals and late bilinguals has demonstrated differences in cue utilization and sentence interpretation compared to monolinguals. However, good-enough processing suggests that when a sentence does not meet certain heuristics, like the first-noun agent heuristic, a semantic representation of the sentence will be processed instead of a syntactic one. Even with reliable sentential-level cues such as word order, a plausible semantic representation of the sentence is favored. This is especially the case with inanimate–inanimate (IA-IA) sentences, like in the present study, in which there is less reversibility of thematic roles without competing with semantic plausibility. For this study, participants (n = 32) read a total of 80 inanimate sentences in English and Spanish with subject–verb–object and object–verb–subject (OVS) word orders, indicated the subject of the sentences, and completed language proficiency and dominance tasks. When reading Spanish sentences, participants read the OVS word order faster. English proficiency was a significant predictor of sentence reading time and choice selection time but did not predict word choice. The results suggest that IA-IA sentences pose challenges for cue utilization and thematic role assignment due to semantic limitations. This study found that participants may prioritize semantic plausibility over syntactic representations in sentence processing, supporting a good-enough processing model.

Evaluating website quality: which decision criteria do consumers use to evaluate website quality?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine which design and operational attributes of e-commerce websites consumers use to assess website quality. Cue utilization theory is used to examine the explanatory power, robustness and relevance of the WebQual model. Results indicate which WebQual dimensions are the most relevant and salient to website users. These dimensions are categorized by their perceived and confidence values. A second study is conducted about how website users evaluate and utilize the WebQual dimensions.Design/methodology/approachSurvey methodology was utilized to provide insight into the nomological validity of the WebQual model by examining it through a cue utilization lens.FindingsThe first study categorizes the WebQual dimensions on their ability to provide a diagnostic measure of website quality, and consumer confidence in their ability to use these cues when judging the website's overall quality. The second study presents results of each dimension in relation to the quality evaluation of an actual e-commerce website. Additional analysis also revealed gender differences in cue utilization.Originality/valueThis study provided insight into WebQual-based research and identified original differences in cue utilization across genders. Results suggest that it may be beneficial for brand managers to focus on a subset of quality dimensions, rather than assume that consumers are comfortable using all website attributes to formulate quality judgments. These, results contribute to multiple literatures by providing a model that developers can utilize to focus on the deterministic characteristics of overall website quality. Further, the cue utilization perspective provides additional avenues for fruitful further research into consumer decision-making in the e-commerce context.

Cue Utilization as an Objective Metric in Naturalistic Decision-Making

The utilization of cues is a process that underpins a wide range of naturalistic models of decision-making, often differentiating the performance of experts and non-experts. However, the domain-specific and idiosyncratic nature of cue utilization means that the existence of cues in memory, together with their application, has been difficult to assess. This paper explains a valid and reliable approach to the assessment of cue utilization that accounts for idiosyncrasy and confirms the role of cues in facilitating performance amongst skilled practitioners. It also enables comparative analyses between operators, thereby facilitating a more robust process for the selection of subject-matter experts, assessments of gaps in performance that might be explained by differences in cue utilization, especially following the introduction of new technologies, the evaluation of training outcomes against baseline performance, and the identification of changes in cue utilization that might be associated with absences or other workplace demands.

Age differences in cue utilization during prospective and retrospective memory monitoring.

Memory monitoring is an inferential process that we use to evaluate and make judgments about the contents of our memory. Prior work has shown age-related similarity in prospective monitoring of ongoing memory processes, but age-related deficits when retrospectively monitoring the source of memories. In the current study, we examined how extrinsic and intrinsic cues influence age differences in these 2 forms of memory monitoring. Two experiments were conducted in which young and older adults made prospective judgments of learning (JOLs) to monitor ongoing memory processes as well as retrospective source judgments during retrieval. The emotional valence of words (positive, negative, and neutral) served as an intrinsic cue across experiments. Extrinsic importance cues were manipulated via item-based directed forgetting cues (to-be-remembered versus to-be-forgotten cues) in Experiment 1 and value-based cues (+10 versus -10 cues) in Experiment 2. Results provide novel evidence for age-related similarity in use of extrinsic and intrinsic cues during prospective memory monitoring via JOLs. By contrast, during retrospective source monitoring, older but not young adults showed a bias to attribute positive items to extrinsic cues with higher importance, even when those attributions were inaccurate. These findings suggest that the age-related tendency to favor positive information may lead to systematic errors in retrospective monitoring, which has implications for the credibility of older adults' source judgments when monitoring memory for emotional events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Age Differences in Cue Utilization During Prospective and Retrospective Memory Monitoring

Supplemental Material for Age Differences in Cue Utilization During Prospective and Retrospective Memory Monitoring

Cue Utilization and Cognitive Load in Novel Task Performance.

This study was designed to examine whether differences in cue utilization were associated with differences in performance during a novel, simulated rail control task, and whether these differences reflected a reduction in cognitive load. Two experiments were conducted, the first of which involved the completion of a 20-min rail control simulation that required participants to re-route trains that periodically required a diversion. Participants with a greater level of cue utilization recorded a consistently greater response latency, consistent with a strategy that maintained accuracy, but reduced the demands on cognitive resources. In the second experiment, participants completed the rail task, during which a concurrent, secondary task was introduced. The results revealed an interaction, whereby participants with lesser levels of cue utilization recorded an increase in response latency that exceeded the response latency recorded for participants with greater levels of cue utilization. The relative consistency of response latencies for participants with greater levels of cue utilization, across all blocks, despite the imposition of a secondary task, suggested that those participants with greater levels of cue utilization had adopted a strategy that was effectively minimizing the impact of additional sources of cognitive load on their performance.

Antipredator responses to invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans: interspecific differences in cue utilization by two coral reef gobies

Understanding prey response to predators and their utilization of sensory cues to assess local predation risk is crucial in determining how predator avoidance strategies affect population demographics. This study examined the antipredator behaviors of two ecologically similar species of Caribbean coral reef fish, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum and Gnatholepis thompsoni, and characterized their responses to different reef predators. In laboratory assays, the two species of gobies were exposed to predator visual cues (native Nassau grouper predator vs. invasive lionfish predator), damage-released chemical cues from gobies, and combinations of these, along with appropriate controls. Behavioral responses indicate that the two prey species differ in their utilization of visual and chemical cues. Visual cues from predators were decisive for both species’ responses, demonstrating their relative importance in the sensory hierarchy, whereas damage-released cues were a source of information only for C. glaucofraenum. Both prey species could distinguish between native and invasive predators and subsequently altered their antipredator responses.

Social Perception and Cue Utilization in Adults With ADHD

This study examines social perception in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to determine if they utilize potential cues to deception differently than controls. Participants consisted of 101 adults who reported a history of ADHD and 112 controls. They viewed videotaped stimuli of truthful and deceptive targets, and rated the perceived degree of deception. Their performance was assessed to determine utilization of numerous potential cues to deception. Differences in cue utilization were found between the ADHD and control groups, between participants in the ADHD group taking or not taking stimulant medications, and in an ADHD × Gender interaction. The results suggest that adults with ADHD focus on too many cues in social interactions, especially invalid ones; that adults with ADHD taking stimulant medications increase use of salient cues, but also of distracting cues; and that compared to controls, women with ADHD pay more attention to social cues, while men with ADHD pay less atten...

Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: relating performance to perception.

This study describes the utilization of acoustic cues in communication of emotions in music performance. Three professional guitarists were asked to perform 3 short melodies to communicate anger, sadness, happiness, and fear to listeners. The resulting performances were analyzed with respect to 5 acoustic cues and judged by 30 listeners on adjective scales. Multiple regression analysis was applied to the relationships between (a) the performer's intention and the cues and (b) the listeners' judgments and the cues. The analyses of performers and listeners were related using C. J. Hursch, K. R. Hammond, and J. L. Hursch's (1964) lens model equation. The results indicated that (a) performers were successful at communicating emotions to listeners, (b) performers' cue utilization was well matched to listeners' cue utilization, and (c) cue utilization was more consistent across different melodies than across different performers. Because of the redundancy of the cues, 2 performers could communicate equally well despite differences in cue utilization.

Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: Relating performance to perception.

This study describes the utilization of acoustic cues in communication of emotions in music performance. Three professional guitarists were asked to perform 3 short melodies to communicate anger, sadness, happiness, and fear to listeners. The resulting performances were analyzed with respect to 5 acoustic cues and judged by 30 listeners on adjective scales. Multiple regression analysis was applied to the relationships between (a) the performer's intention and the cues and (b) the listeners' judgments and the cues. The analyses of performers and listeners were related using C. J. Hursch, K. R. Hammond, and J. L. Hursch's (1964) lens model equation. The results indicated that (a) performers were successful at communicating emotions to listeners, (b) performers' cue utilization was well matched to listeners' cue utilization, and (c) cue utilization was more consistent across different melodies than across different performers. Because of the redundancy of the cues, 2 performers could communicate equally well despite differences in cue utilization.

Distribution of cues across assessed levels of infant pain.

A convenience sample of 24 more experienced, 20 less experienced, and 20 novice nurses assessed videotaped infants in varying degrees of pain (none, mild, moderate, and severe), as determined by an expert panel. Participants identified all information they used in making an assessment (All cues) and that subset they deemed most important (Key cues). Data were analyzed using a two-level analysis of variance (level of assessed pain and pediatric nursing experience). Forty-five of the 62 cues mentioned by participants did not differ across levels of pain. Eleven All cues and 11 Key cues differed between infants in pain and not in pain, suggesting that these cues may be potentially useful as predictors of the presence/absence of pain. Three All cues differed both between pain and no pain as well as between levels of pain, which suggests that participants' awareness of subtle leveling might be used in the discrimination of a wider range of pain levels. Differences in cue utilization among the more experienced, less experienced, and novice participants are discussed.

The Boston Naming Test: Norm data and cue utilization in a sample of normal 6- and 7-year-old children

The object-naming abilities of 83 normal children were examined using the Boston Naming Test developed by E. Kaplan, H. Goodglass, and S. Weintraub (1976, The Boston Naming Test (experimental edition), unpublished test, Veterans Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts). There is currently a lack of available norms for this instrument, especially for populations of younger children. Cue utilization in this sample is explored and attention is focused upon possible gender differences in naming performance and cue strategies. Seven summary scores derived from the test are presented in this report. Results indicate that the Boston Naming Test can discriminate within a normal population sample of young children and provides a relatively normal distribution for six of seven derived scores. Boys were found to have a significantly greater number of items correctly named but no gender differences in cue utilization were evident. A major proportion of the children in this sample of 6- and 7-year-olds used phonological cues almost exclusively, rather than semantic cues also provided. Cue use was not related to age or spontaneously given responses, and none of the children were found to be highly proficient at using both types of cues.

Individual differences in cue utilization on spatial tasks.

Two studies examined individual differences in cue utilization for spatial tasks. Study 1 investigated sex and weight differences in the use of proprioceptive and tactile cues for negotiating a finger maze while blindfolded. The results indicate that females and overweight persons were more likely to use a tactile cue than a proprioceptive one, while the reverse was true for males. Also, the 16 females were more likely to use a tactile cue and less likely to use a proprioceptive cue than the 16 males were. These individual difference reflected an attentional bias on the part of male subjects and a response bias on the part of female and overweight subjects. Study 2 investigated sex differences in congenitally blind subjects' use of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues when giving directions to get from one place to another. The results showed that the 5 males provided more proprioceptive than exteroceptive cues, while a trend in the opposite direction was observed for the 5 females.

The effect of cue size on the utilization of partially valid cues in perceptual identification

A perceptual identification task with partially valid cues was presented to 35 college students. Size of cue was hypothesized to account for differences in cue utilization. Results indicate that size is a factor in the differential use of cues. The effect of stimulus intensity on attention is discussed as a possible underlying explanation. Suggestions for future research are offered.

Effective stimuli for pattern discrimination in monkeys

Rhesus monkeys were trained and tested for pattern equivalence in an operant situation and in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA), In the operant situation, Ss’ utilization of specific stimulus features varied, while in the WGTA cue utilization was more consistent between Ss. These differences in cue utilization were attributed to stimulus-response relationships.