Differences In Coping Behaviors Research Articles

Gender Features of Coping Strategies in Men and Women

The effectiveness of coping behavior depends not only on a successful strategy but also on the individual characteristics of a person. Age, sex, intelligence, social status, gender identity - all these influence the coping ability and resilience of an individual. In mo- dern psychological research, there is some confusion between the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender.’ Despite numerous studies on male and female coping strategies, gender differences in coping behavior are still poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to analyze gender-specific coping strategies of middle-aged men and women. Russian men and women (N = 286) were divided by gender (masculine, androgynous, feminine). The research was made using The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BPRT) and Lazarus Folkman’s Test Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). This study employed a cross-sectional design. Differences among the groups were assessed using the Kruskal - Wallis H test, Mann - Whitney U test and Student t-test. The specificity of coping behavior was found to be determined by the gender identity of the study participants. The results of the present study support the gender differences hypothesis, since people with differences in biological sexual identity (male and female) use gender-specific coping strategies (masculine, feminine, or androgynous) if their gender orientations are the same. The research of masculinity, androgyny and femininity can become an important step in the long-term study of coping behavior and the basis for a better understanding of the dynamics of human behavior in a stressful situation.

Profiles in persistence: A latent profile analysis of multilevel coping strategies enacted among women in the sciences

SummaryThis study examines the different ways women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) occupations cope with systemic stereotype threat. Although it is theorized that women in STEM engage multiple and simultaneous strategies in response to stereotype threat, rarely are coping strategies studied in combination. This leaves us with an incomplete picture of coping behavior. To address this gap, we adopt a person‐centered approach to examine nine multilevel stereotype threat management strategies. Drawing from a sample of 515 women in male‐dominated STEM occupations, we use latent profile analysis (LPA) to uncover three distinct profiles (Preservationists, Protectors, and Protagonists) which differ by degree of strategy engagement and preferred location of response (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional). Our findings also show that profile membership is differently associated with person‐related (gender centrality, science identity, and stigma consciousness) and work‐related factors (perceived organizational support, negative emotions at work, and exit due to gender‐based bias) relevant to persistence. This work demonstrates the value of a person‐centered approach in distinguishing coping profiles within and between STEM women in a naturalistic context. It also suggests that organizations can better support STEM women by tailoring interventions that account for differences in coping behavior.

Generational differences in coping behavior against occupational deprivation during COVID-19 pandemic

Generational differences in coping behavior against occupational deprivation during COVID-19 pandemic

Attachment avoidance and health-related quality of life: Mediating effects of avoidant coping and health self-efficacy in a rehabilitation sample.

The onset of chronic illness or disability (CID) can be conceptualized as a threat that activates the attachment system. Moreover, the waxing-and-waning nature of CID-related symptoms and management of acute and chronic illness stressors means that the attachment system may be repeatedly activated. Contending with repeated threats to health (i.e., security) can complicate psychosocial adjustment to CID and can negatively impact health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Adjustment to CID requires intrapersonal resources, such as adaptive coping and self-efficacy. In spite of attachment theory's relevance to conceptualizing adaptation to CID, no models of psychosocial adaptation to CID account for individual differences in coping behaviors and health self-efficacy through an attachment lens. This limits future theory-driven research. Thus, the present study proposes and tests an integrated model of psychosocial adaptation to CID using an attachment framework. Research Method/Design: Participants in this study included adults referred for psychological services at a tertiary care physical rehabilitation center between 2016 and 2020. Ninety adults completed measures of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, coping, health self-efficacy, and HRQoL at one time point. Path analysis indicated that the proposed model fits the data well. Higher attachment avoidance was significantly related to lower HRQoL, as mediated by higher avoidant coping and lower health self-efficacy. Results suggest that individuals high on attachment avoidance may require additional support to move toward psychosocial adaptation. Further research examining the role of attachment insecurity dimensions in adaptation to CID is warranted and should include longitudinal designs to replicate these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Pharmacy student stress with transition to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionPharmacy student-perceived stress may impact academic experiences. This research aimed to investigate whether there was an increase in student-perceived stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsCurrent pharmacy students were surveyed in May 2020 at a public pharmacy school that utilizes an active learning design and follows a flipped classroom approach. In addition to measuring perceived stress, the survey measured coping behaviors, self-efficacy, and emotional status. The collected data were compared with archived data that were collected for internal use in 2018. Student's t-test analyses were used to compare 2020 with 2018 data. ResultsA total of 66 students completed the 2020 survey (response rate 26.2%) and 192 students completed the 2018 survey (response rate 63.2%). On a scale from 0 (never or not applicable) to 5 (multiple times each day), average student-perceived stress was 1.75 (SD = 0.93) in 2020. This value of perceived stress presented a slight, but not statistically significant, reduction from 1.85 (SD = 1.04) in 2018. Comparing 2018 and 2020 datasets showed no significant differences in coping behavior, self-efficacy, or emotional status. ConclusionsBased on the sample with the lower response rate that completed the survey in 2020, student-perceived stress did not increase during online, remote learning associated with the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to the sample with a higher response rate prior to the pandemic. Perhaps the COVID-19 related changes were seamless to students due to their aptitude for remote, online learning.

MENTAL HEALTH OF PSYCHIATRISTS AND PHYSICIANS OF OTHER SPECIALTIES IN EARLY COVID-19 PANDEMIC: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Background: Many research has indicated that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers are under greatly increased pressure and at increased risk for the development of mental health problems. Furthermore, previous research has indicated that psychiatrists are exposed to a number of unique stressors that may increase their risk for poor mental health. The aims of the present study were to assess the level of COVID-19 related concerns, psychological distress and life satisfaction among psychiatrists and other physicians during the first period of the pandemic and to examine whether individual differences in COVID-19 concerns, psychological flexibility, psychological resilience and coping behaviors account for differences in mental health indicators. Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of N=725 physicians, among whom 22.8% were psychiatrists. This study was conducted online during the first lockdown in Croatia and collected data regarding COVID-19 related concerns, coping behaviors and mental health indicators (Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction). Results: Physicians of other specialties had higher scores on a measure of COVID-19 anxiety than psychiatrists (p=0.012). In addition, a number of differences in coping behaviors are evident. Specifically, psychiatrists were less likely than physicians of other specializations to believe that being informed about COVID-19 is an effective coping strategy (p=0.013), but more prone to using sedatives and drugs as a coping strategy (p=0.002;p=0.037). Conclusions: Psychiatrists are at special risk for substance abuse. Younger age, psychological inflexibility, low resilience and greater COVID-19 concerns might act as specific risk factors for distress. Our findings highlight the need for promoting a healthy lifestyle and psychological flexibility as universal protective factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Coping strategies and perceived productivity in open-plan offices with noise problems

PurposeTo study effects of different sources of noise in office environments on perceived productivity, how different types of employees cope with different noise sources, and the perceived effect of different coping strategies on individual productivity.Design/methodology/approachData on coping behavior and noise perception was collected through a survey among 150 employees of 3 organizations with an office in the Netherlands. These were analyzed with X2-tests and the lift-ratio.FindingsWhen coping with noise, people are most inclined to either “Make even a greater effort” or “Discuss the noise problem with colleagues,” despite the expectation that this does not have a major positive effect on their productivity. Overall, approach coping strategies were chosen less often than the avoidance coping strategies. There are clear preferences for specific coping strategies when exposed to specific noise sources. Personal differences did not appear to relate to the perception of noise sources but did show differences in coping behavior as well.Originality/valueThis study adds insights about preferred coping strategies for specific noise sources, differences in these preferences related to specific personal characteristics, and how successful these strategies are perceived to be with regard to support of individual productivity.

COPING BEHAVIOR AS MANIFSTAION OF THE NEED: CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

Purpose of the study . In the intention of greater generalization of coping behavior research, this work aimed at cross-cultural exploration of coping strategies as a manifestation of need during self-fulfillment of a person. Methods . In order to achieve this goal, an analysis of the perceived stress using «PSS-14» and measurement of coping strategies using «SACS» / «SPSS» were carried out. In total, N = 216 Egyptians (139 women and 76 men; 147 Muslims and 68 Coptic Christians) and N = 109 Ukrainians (multiconfessional group of Christians; 63 girls and 46 boys) participated in the study. Results. Statistically significant group differences were found in the assessment of perceived stress in Muslims and Christians: Muslims feel subjectively less stressed compared to Christians in the situation of academic stress . However, there were no statistically significant differences in the perceived stress between different ethnic groups. Besides , no statistically significant correlations were found between the perceived stress and the coping strategies. Statistical analysis of coping strategies determined by the “ SACS ” questionnaire did not reveal statistically significant differences in coping behavior between (1) Muslims and (2) Christians in the Egyptian sample. On the other hand, the sample showed differences depending on the ethnic component of ethno-religious identity. Egyptians used the following coping strategies (1) assertive actions, (2) seeking social support, and (3) impulsive actions; while Ukrainians preferred coping strategies of (1) seeking social support, (2) social joining , and (3) cautious actions . Conclusions. It is concluded that the ethnic component of ethn ic -religious identity influences coping behavior. It can also be argued that on the one hand, coping is a manifestation of need, and on the one hand, is the result of subjective appraisal of macro-social resources and the ability of a particular culture to provide and convey adequate resources to overcome , on the other. Key words: coping; coping behavior ; need; self-fulfillment ; self-actualization; cross-cultural context . Accepted: 14.02.2020 Reviewed: 28.03.2020 Published: 03.04.2020 DOI: http://doi.org/10.31108/3.2020.4.1.7

Cross-cultural features of coping behaviour of men and women

The article reveals cross-cultural features of coping behaviour. The results of the study of socio-psychological characteristics of coping behaviour in men and women, depending on their ethnicity. A comparative analysis of socio-psychological differences in coping behaviour was carried out. The study sample consisted of 160 people aged 25 to 55 years, the average age of 33.5 living in the autonomy of North Ossetia – Alania, Russia. Significant differences in preferred coping strategies between men and women are described. The results may be used as a starting point in the organisation of socio-psychological services in multicultural regions, as well as in the development of training programmes on stress psychology, personality psychology, ethnic psychology, age psychology and developmental psychology.

Reality Shock and Public Service Motivation: A Longitudinal, Qualitative Study Among Dutch Veterinary Inspectors

ABSTRACT To this day little is known about the mechanisms that help explain the mixed findings of longitudinal public service motivation (PSM) research. This study aims to deepen our understanding of post-entry PSM dynamics by focusing on the role of the often cited “reality shock” as a potential explanation for the decrease in PSM also found here. The results of this longitudinal, small-scale qualitative study of a specific cohort of newcomers who just started work as veterinary inspectors at the Dutch food safety authority suggest that a loss of PSM is not due to a generic shock effect, but is linked to having unclear job expectations and individual differences in coping behaviour.

Coping with multiple sclerosis-the role of social support.

The aim of this study was to get insights in mechanisms of coping and social support in multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in young adults. MS strains the patient through its unpredictable course and increasing disability. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Two hundred and forty-three patients with MS were consecutively examined at two neurological hospitals. Besides sociodemographic variables, the level of impairment, depression, social support, and coping behavior was assessed. Researched patients were on average 44.0years old (SD=11.6), were diagnosed for 8.2years (SD=7.1), and had a mean EDSS of 4.0 (SD=2.2). Patients with MS with an EDSS of 3.0-6.0 are using more intensively cognitive or behavioral coping techniques than less (EDSS≤2.5) or stronger impaired patients (EDSS≥6.5). The level of impairment was further correlated with the amount of reported social support. Differences in coping behavior could be observed for different levels of impairment through MS. Patients tackle more intensively and more actively with their disease when trying to adapt to increasing disability with an EDSS range between 3.0 and 6.0. In addition, the coping behavior of patients with MS was connected to social support, especially support by family, friends, or other patients with MS. Results refer to the importance of special trainings to enhance coping abilities of patients with MS.

The protective effects of resveratrol on social stress-induced cytokine release and depressive-like behavior

Social stress is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, however only a subset of the population is susceptible while others remain resilient. Inflammation has been linked to the pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders in humans and may underlie these individual differences. Using a resident-intruder paradigm capable of revealing individual differences in coping behavior and inflammatory responses, the present study determined if resveratrol (RSV; 0, 10, 30mg/kg/day) protected against persistent stress-induced inflammation in socially defeated rats. Furthermore, the antidepressant efficacy of RSV was evaluated using the sucrose preference test. Active coping rats were characterized by more time spent in upright postures and increased defeat latencies versus passive coping rats. Five days after defeat, flow cytometry revealed enhanced stimulation of proinflammatory proteins (IL-β, TNF-α) in spleen cells of passive rats as compared to active coping and controls, an effect that was blocked by both doses of RSV. Furthermore, only passive coping rats exhibited increased proinflammatory proteins (IL-1β, TNF-α, GM-CSF) in the locus coeruleus (LC), a noradrenergic brain region implicated in depression. Notably, only 30mg/kg RSV blocked LC neuroinflammation and importantly, was the only dose that blocked anhedonia. Alternatively, while stress had minimal impact on resting cytokines in the dorsal raphe (DR), RSV dose-dependently reduced DR cytokine expression. However, this did not result in changes in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity or serotonin levels. Taken together, these data suggest that social stress-induced depressive-like behavior evident in passive coping rats may be driven by stress-induced neuroinflammation and highlight natural anti-inflammatory agents to protect against social stress-related consequences.

Sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses

IntroductionSex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses have often been described but treatment approaches so far have hardly taken them into account.ObjectivesTo describe the most important sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses with clinical implications.MethodsReview.ResultsSchizophrenic disorders show a later age of onset in women and a slightly better course, especially in young women. As to pathogenesis, there is some evidence that the age difference might be at least partly due to the female sex hormone estradiol being a protective factor. Differences in course might also have to do with this biological factor, but at the same time with the psychosocial advantages of a higher age of onset and other psychosocial factors.These gender differences have important implications for assessment and therapy. Thus, we have to consider gender differences in coping behaviour as well as psychosocial burdens and needs deriving from differing roles in partnership, family, household and profession, from dependent relationships, potential abuse and violence. Furthermore, there are specific biological risks such as gonadal dysfunction we have to deal with in both sexes differently. Thus, e.g. women with psychosis can also have very special needs regarding fertility, pregnancy and motherhood. Also, around menopause we have to consider special measures such as replacement of physiological 17-b-estradiol.ConclusionsWomen, but also men, with schizophrenic psychoses should get a gender-sensitive assessment and treatment.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Nursing students’ perceived stress and coping behaviors in clinical training in Saudi Arabia

Background: Clinical training has been recognized as a stressful experience for nursing students.Aims: The aims of this study were to identify levels and types of stressors among nursing students during their clinical training and their coping behaviors.Methods: Data were collected using a purposive sampling method from 100 nursing students using a self-reported questionnaire composed of Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Behavior Inventory.Results: Results showed that “assignments and workload” as well as “teachers and nursing staff” were the highest sources of stress in clinical training. The most common coping behaviors used were “problem-solving” and “staying optimistic”. There was a significant difference in perceived stress among students in regard to the way of choosing nursing. There were significant differences in coping behaviors in regard to the presence of relatives in nursing, living status and mothers’ educational level. The predictors of perceived stress were self-choosing for nursing and the presence of relatives in nursing, while the predictors for coping behaviors were stress from peers and daily life as well as mothers’ educational level.Conclusions: Nursing teachers and staff are encouraged to develop strategies that decrease level of stress and promote adaptive coping behaviors among nursing students during their clinical training.

Validation of Chinese and English versions of the Holistic Well-being Scale in patients with cancer.

The study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Holistic Well-Being Scale (HWS), a new instrument developed on the Eastern concepts of affliction, and equanimity in a new sample involving patients with cancer. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 300 patients with cancer in Singapore. The patients completed the HWS, WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale (HADS). Thirty-two patients participated in the 2-week retest. Mixed findings were obtained from the original seven-factor model in our sample: six factors had acceptable internal reliabilities (Cronbach's α; range, 0.657-0.809), and construct validities were partially supported. Factor analysis suggested three factors: Blissful-self (α = 0.874), Disturbed-self (α = 0.885) and Embittered-others (α = 0.709). The novel factors demonstrated good test-retest reliability (ICC; range, 0.894-0.930) and construct validities, which were shown by significant correlations with HADS and WHO-5 in the predicted directions. The present study is the first step taken to validate a scale that is essential in the development of culturally appropriate psychosocial interventions to support and promote personal well-being of cancer patients. The findings suggest that the three-factor model may be more applicable to the Singapore context, but it does not necessarily invalidate the original HWS. The results were discussed in terms of the meaning of the original HWS factors and cultural differences in coping behaviors between Singapore and Hong Kong, though both are Asian countries. The HWS could be further tested in other Asian populations as achieving holistic well-being is a common goal for patients in many cultures.

A Comparison of Coping Responses Among High School and College Athletes With Concussion, Orthopedic Injuries, and Healthy Controls

This study compared the coping responses of concussed athletes with those with an orthopedic injury and healthy controls and explored sex differences in coping behaviors following sport injury. Sixty-eight athletes with a concussion (CONCUSS), 42 with an orthopedic injury (ORTHO), and 33 healthy controls (CONTROL) completed the Brief COPE approximately 1 week following sport injury. The CONCUSS group reported lower active, planning, acceptance, religion, self-distraction, venting, and self-blame coping than the ORTHO group. The ORTHO group reported lower acceptance, venting, and substance use coping than CONTROLS. Females reported higher levels of planning, humor, instrumental support, and venting than males. Females reported more venting than males in the ORTHO and CONTROL groups, but not in the CONCUSS group. In conclusion, concussed athletes may not engage in coping to the same extent as athletes with other injuries.

Multidimensional Perceptual Unfolding of Coping Behaviors: A Developmental Perspective on Preference Assessment

ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to study grade level and gender differences in coping behaviors among Chinese students using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) single-ideal point model. In contrast to approaches that utilize the aggregated scores such as average scores, the MDS single-ideal point model makes use of individual items in a well-constructed coping instrument to examine typical coping behaviors preferred by adolescents of different grade levels and gender. The results revealed that college students developed a set of more specific coping responses than the middle school students. Moreover, college male students used more coping responses than the college female students. The article discusses the processes and issues in analyzing developmental differences via MDS single-ideal point models from the developmental perspective.

Assessment of Grade-Level Differences in Coping Behavior Among Adolescents Using Multidimensional Scaling Single-Ideal-Point Model

The purpose of the study was to examine grade-level differences in coping behaviors among adolescents using a probabilistic multidimensional scaling (MDS) single-ideal-point model. Using data from students in middle school and at college, this article illustrated the MDS single-ideal-point model as an alternative to examine students’ typical coping behaviors.

Most Important Outcomes Research Papers on Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women has been historically understudied. For many years, heart disease had been thought to be primarily a “man’s disease.” Consequently, women have been significantly under-represented in longitudinal studies of disease history and in clinical trials. High-quality data from women at the extremes of age, with multiple co-morbidities, and from racial and ethnic minorities have been particularly rare. In order to increase awareness of cardiovascular prevention among women, in 1999 the American Heart Association (AHA) published its first women-specific clinical recommendations for the prevention of CVD.1 In 2004, the AHA and multiple other collaborating organizations subsequently sponsored “Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women,” which underwent updates in 2007 and 2011. As a result of these and other related initiatives, the rate of public awareness of CVD as the leading cause of death among US women has increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009.2 CVD-associated death among US women has declined significantly over this time period.3,4 Yet substantial work still needs to be done to improve women’s cardiovascular health. CVD remains the number one killer among women.4 As the obesity epidemic continues, we are actually finding increases in coronary heart disease (CHD) death among young women 35 to 54 years of age.2 Morbidity and mortality from stroke and hypertension remain high.4 In addition, substantial outcomes disparities continue for women from racial and ethnic minorities.4 We have therefore dedicated our topic summaries in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes to CVD in women. We have included only those studies where authors provided a convincing a priori reason to study a particular disease process or clinical intervention in women and reported primary endpoints that were sex-specific. We have included articles on the representation of women …

Coping with job stress by hospital doctors: a comparative study

Currently only few studies exists focusing on cross-cultural differences in job stress and stress management. The present study aimed to examine and compare job stress and coping behaviour of Australian and German physicians. The present study was designed as a cross-sectional comparison using questionnaire data of 310 German and 256 Australian hospital doctors. The questionnaires contained items on demography and self-rated subjective coping strategies. The Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Brief COPE Questionnaire were used to analyze national differences in coping behaviour. According to the comparison, German physicians perceived higher values of job stress. Coping behaviour differed significantly between the two doctor samples. This study demonstrated a number of similarities, but also some unexpected differences in Australian and German doctors' job stress and coping strategies. These findings may help direct further research on cross-cultural investigations and health promotion interventions in both countries.