Differences In Nutrient Consumption Research Articles

Estimation of dietary intake of sodium, potassium, phosphorus and protein in healthy Indian population and patients with chronic kidney disease.

Poor nutritious diet is a major risk element for non-communicable diseases (NCD), which are of considerable public health concern. Given the diverse dietary patterns in India, precise determination of nutrient consumption is crucial for disease management. The present study assessed the dietary intake of sodium, potassium, protein, and phosphorus among North Indians. This cross-sectional study included healthy adults and adults with stage 2 to 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analysed sodium, protein, potassium and phosphorus intakes using one-time 24-h urinary excretion. Dietary intake was also analysed in subgroups based on sex, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal obesity. We evaluated the performance of various equations available to estimate sodium intake using a spot urine sample with respect to the sodium excretion measured in a 24-h urine sample. Descriptive statistics was used along with t-test for statistical significance. A total of 404 subjects (182 adult healthy subjects and 222 adults with CKD) with a mean age of 47.01 ± 11.46 years were studied. Mean dietary intakes of sodium, salt, potassium, protein and phosphorus were 2.94 ± 1.68 g/day, 7.42 ± 4.24 g/day, 1.43 ± 0.59 g/day, 47.67 ± 14.73 g/day and 0.86 ± 0.39 g/day, respectively. There were no differences in nutrient consumption between adults who were healthy and those with CKD. Consumption of sodium, salt, protein, potassium, and phosphorus among healthy population vs. those with CKD were 2.81 ± 1.60 vs. 3.05 ± 1.73 g/day (p = 0.152), 7.08 ± 4.04 vs. 7.70 ± 4.37 g/day (p = 0.143), 47.16 ± 14.59 vs. 48.08 ± 14.86 g/day (p = 0.532), 1.38 ± 0.59 vs. 1.48 ± 0.58 g/day (p = 0.087) and 0.86 ± 0.41 vs. 0.87 ± 0.37 g/day (p = 0.738), respectively. Men had higher consumption of these nutrients than women. Compared to non-hypertensives, hypertensive subjects had higher consumption of salt (8.23 ± 4.89 vs. 6.84 ± 3.59 g/day, p = 0.002) and potassium (1.51 ± 0.63 vs. 1.38 ± 0.55 g/day, p = 0.024), however, no difference were found in protein and phosphorus intakes. In terms of performance of equations used to estimate 24-h sodium intake from spot urinary sodium concentration against the measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion, INTERSALT 2 equation exhibited the least bias [1.08 (95% CI, -5.50 to 7.66)]. The study shows higher-than-recommended salt and lower-than-recommended potassium intake in the north Indian population compared to those recommended by guidelines. The dietary protein intake is below the recommended dietary allowance. These findings help the development of targeted policies for dietary modification to reduce the risk of the development and progression of CKD.

Improving the Key Enzyme Activity, Conversion Intensity, and Nitrogen Supply Capacity of Soil through Optimization of Long-Term Oilseed Flax Rotation Planting Patterns in Dry Areas of the Loess Plateau of China

Various crop rotation patterns can result in differences in nutrient consumption and the accumulation of toxic substances in the soil, indirectly impacting the soil environment and its nutrient supply capacity. Implementing optimized crop planting practices is beneficial for maintaining the favorable physical and chemical properties of farmland soil in the arid area of northwestern China. This study aimed to establish a crop rotation pattern to improve key enzyme activities and soil nitrogen conversion efficiency, as well as understand the underlying mechanism for enhancing nitrogen supply capacity. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of four flax planting patterns, which included 13 crop rotation patterns with different crop frequencies: 100% Flax (Cont F), 50% Flax (I) (WFPF, FPFW, PFWF, FWFP), 50% Flax (II) (FWPF, WPFF, PFFW, FFWP), 25% Flax (WPWF, PWFW, WFWP, FWPW), on the key enzyme activities and the rate of soil nitrogen conversion, as well as the nitrogen supply capacity. Here, F, P, and W represent oilseed flax, potato, and wheat, respectively. The results indicated that the wheat stubble significantly increased the intensity of soil ammonification and denitrification before planting. Additionally, the activity levels of soil nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase under wheat stubble were significantly increased by 66.67% to 104.55%, while soil urease activity significantly decreased by 27.27–133.33% under wheat stubble compared to other stubbles. After harvest, the activities of soil nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase under the wheat stubble decreased significantly, and the intensity of soil ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification reduced significantly by 7.83–27.72%. The WFWP and FWFP treatments led to a significant increase in soil nitrogen fixation intensity under various crop rotations after harvest and significantly increased the levels of inorganic nitrogen in the soil before the planting of the next crop. This study suggests that the long-term rotation planting patterns WFWP and FWFP can significantly enhance the key enzyme activities of soil nitrogen conversion and significantly improve soil nitrogen conversion before crop sowing. This may increase the rate of soil nitrogen transfer and raise the available nitrogen content of the soil. These findings are crucial for reducing soil nitrogen loss and improving soil nitrogen nutrient supply capacity in dry areas of the Loess Plateau of China.

Are long-term FAD diets restricting micronutrient intake? A randomized controlled trial.

The micronutrient adequacy of common fad diets is rarely assessed. We compared a high‐fiber diet [HF] with a low‐carbohydrate diet [LC] to assess their effects on body weight and micronutrient adequacy. One hundred and seventy‐three adult males and females with or without diabetes with a mean body mass index of 36 kg/m2 were randomized to either a HF or LC diet. Differences in anthropometrics, blood lipids, glucose, blood pressure, and micronutrient consumption between groups were assessed after 52 weeks. Differences between groups a priori were assessed using independent t tests and chi‐squared tests. Post hoc differences in nutrient consumption between groups while controlling for gender were assessed using factorial analysis of variance. After 52 weeks, LC dieters (n = 24) retained weight loss better than their HF counterparts (n = 30) (p = .06). LC dieters consumed more vitamin K (mcg) [HF = 124.0 ± 15.0; LC = 220.0 ± 39.1; p = .025] and vitamin B12 (mcg) [HF = 3.1 ± 0.3; LC = 4.1 ± 0.4; p = .026]. The HF group consumed more folate (mcg) [HF = 479.9 ± 34.0); LC = 333.8 ± 22.1; p < .001], magnesium (mg) [HF = 353.1 ± 17.4; LC = 281.1 ± 18.0; p < .001], and iron (mg) [HF = 14.6 ± 0.8; LC = 10.7 ± 0.6; p < .001. Both groups consumed less than the respective EAR for vitamins D and E and less than the AI for potassium. While a LC diet may be more effective for long‐term weight loss, both diets were deficient in micronutrients.

Association between dietary intake and postlaparoscopic cholecystectomic symptoms in patients with gallbladder disease.

Background/AimsAfter cholecystectomy, patients have reported postcholecystectomic syndromes such as abdominal symptoms, dyspepsia, and diarrhea, which suggest a relationship between cholecystectomic symptoms and diet, although the details of this association remain unclear. The present study investigated the hypothesis that dietary intake of nutrients and foods was significantly associated with postcholecystectomic syndromes.MethodsGallstone patients (n = 59) who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled, and dietary intake and clinical parameters were assessed immediately postcholecystectomy and 3 months later.ResultsThere were no significant differences in biochemical measurements or characteristics between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Immediately postcholecystectomy, there were no significant differences in consumption of nutrients or foods between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. However, 3 months after cholecystectomy, symptomatic patients consumed more animal protein, cholesterol, and eggs, and fewer vegetables than did asymptomatic patients. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses also indicated that the risk for symptoms was positively associated with intake of animal protein, cholesterol, and eggs, but negatively associated with intake of vegetables after adjusting for confounders. In addition, symptomatic patients consumed more bread-based breakfast foods, while asymptomatic patients consumed more rice.ConclusionsPostcholecystectomic syndromes were positively associated with intake of cholesterol, animal protein, and eggs, and negatively associated with intake of vegetables, suggesting that diet was plays a role in postcholecystectomic syndromes.

The effect of rate of weight reduction on serum myostatin and follistatin concentrations in competitive wrestlers.

To evaluate anthropometric measures and serum markers of myostatin-pathway activity after different weight-reduction protocols in wrestlers. Subjects were randomly assigned to a gradual-weight-reduction (GWR) or rapid-weight-reduction (RWR) group. Food logs were collected for the duration of the study. Anthropometric measurements and serum samples were collected after an 8-h fast at baseline and after the weight-reduction intervention. Subjects reduced body mass by 4%. The GWR group restricted calories over 12 d, while the RWR group restricted calories over 2 d. A series of 2×5 repeated-measures (RM) ANOVAs was conducted to examine differences in nutrient consumption, while separate 2×2 RM ANOVAs were conducted to examine differences in anthropometric measures and serum markers. When applicable, Tukey post hoc comparisons were conducted. Significance for all tests was set at P<.05. There were no between-groups differences for any anthropometric measure (P>.05). Subjects in both groups experienced a significant reduction in body mass, fat mass, lean mass, and percent body fat (P<.05). There were no between-groups differences in serum markers of myostatin-pathway activity (P>.05), but subjects in the RWR condition experienced a significant increase in serum myostatin (P<.01), a decrease in follistatin (P<.01), and an increase in myostatin-to-follistatin ratio (P<.001). Although there were no between-groups differences for any outcome variables, the serum myostatin-to-follistatin ratio was significantly increased in the RWR group, possibly signaling the early stages of skeletal-muscle catabolism.

Voluntary selection of starter feed ingredients offered separately to nursing calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether calves exposed to different ingredients would consume solid feed in a similar manner than those offered the same ingredients mixed in a starter concentrate. Thirty-eight Holstein calves (initial live weight 41.0kg and 7 days of age) were randomly assigned to a control (CTR) treatment consisting of a starter feed composed of ground corn (47.2%), soybean meal (20%), oats meal (11%), barley meal (10.1%), soybean hulls (8%), and full fat soybean (1.2%), or to a choice (CH) treatment consisting of 6 ingredients, that composed the starter of CTR calves, offered in separated buckets to each animal. Intake was recorded daily, and calves were weighed twice a week. Samples of fresh feed were taken every week and pooled for subsequent determination of nutrient composition. No differences were observed between treatments on total dry matter intake (DMI), solid feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio. However, animals in the CH group consumed more crude protein (CP; P<0.01) and fat (P<0.01) than CTR calves. On the other hand, CH calves ingested less non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC; P<0.01) than those in the CTR group. Despite these differences in nutrient intake, there were no differences in total metabolizable energy (ME) intake between CH and CTR animals. However, the CP to ME ratio was greater (P<0.01) in CH (81g of CP/Mcal of ME) than in CTR calves (53g of CP/Mcal of ME). Calves in CH group consumed less (P<0.01) corn and oats meal, and more (P<0.01) full fat soybean than CTR animals. Within the CH group of calves, soybean meal was most (P<0.01) preferred (32.8% of solid feed intake), whereas oats meal (3.5% of solid feed intake) was the least preferred (P<0.01). In terms of total amount consumed, no differences were observed among corn meal, full fat soybean, and barley meal. In conclusion, compared with calves fed a single starter feed, calves that were offered a choice of ingredients selected a diet with greater levels of CP and fat, and lower in NFC. Despite differences in nutrient consumption of the final diet consumed, no differences were observed in total DMI, solid feed intake, ADG, and gain to feed ratio. It is concluded that young calves are unable to select ingredients based on their nutrient requirements.

Modelling acidosis and the cell cycle in multicellular tumour spheroids

A partial differential equation model is developed to understand the effect that nutrient and acidosis have on the distribution of proliferating and quiescent cells and dead cell material (necrotic and apoptotic) within a multicellular tumour spheroid. The rates of cell quiescence and necrosis depend upon the local nutrient and acid concentrations and quiescent cells are assumed to consume less nutrient and produce less acid than proliferating cells. Analysis of the differences in nutrient consumption and acid production by quiescent and proliferating cells shows low nutrient levels do not necessarily lead to increased acid concentration via anaerobic metabolism. Rather, it is the balance between proliferating and quiescent cells within the tumour which is important; decreased nutrient levels lead to more quiescent cells, which produce less acid than proliferating cells. We examine this effect via a sensitivity analysis which also includes a quantification of the effect that nutrient and acid concentrations have on the rates of cell quiescence and necrosis.

Nutrition interacts with parasitism to influence growth and physiology of the insectManduca sextaL.

The influence and interaction of dietary protein:carbohydrate balance and parasitism by Cotesia congregata on nutrient intake and growth were examined over the last two larval stadia of Manduca sexta. Effects of nutritional status on host blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Six fat-free chemically defined diets were tested, each having the same total level of casein and sucrose, but with casein to sucrose ratios varying from low protein/high carbohydrate to equal levels of both nutrients through to high protein/no carbohydrate. Nutrient ratio and parasitism each affected nutrient consumption and growth. Feeding responses differed between normal and parasitized larvae, as illustrated by nutrient arrays, two-dimensional plots of protein and carbohydrate consumption on diets having different nutrient ratios. Normal larvae consumed more nutrients and took longer to develop as dietary nutrient ratio was displaced from equal levels of both nutrients. Except on the diet having the same amount of protein and carbohydrate, parasitized larvae consumed less nutrients than normal larvae, although on all diets parasitized larvae took longer to develop. When the contribution of parasite biomass was excluded, parasitized larvae showed lower mass gain than normal larvae on all diets. Total mass gain by normal and parasitized larvae with parasite biomass included, however, was similar on diets having intermediate nutrient ratios. Differences in mass gain between diets relative to nutrient consumption were evident from multi-dimensional representations of mass gain with protein and carbohydrate consumption. Three-dimensional plots and contour maps of normal and parasitized larvae were different. When differences in nutrient consumption between diets were taken into account, protein consumption had a greater effect on growth than carbohydrate consumption and normal larvae generally displayed greater mass gain than parasitized larvae on the same diets. Utilization efficiency, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, was, therefore, generally reduced in parasitized insects. Concentrations of blood protein, total free amino acids and trehalose were each influenced by dietary nutrient ratio and parasitism. Concentrations of protein and free amino acids generally increased and trehalose concentration decreased as dietary protein increased and carbohydrate decreased. The opposite was the case as dietary carbohydrate increased and protein decreased. Dietary nutrient ratio, however, affected normal and parasitized larvae differently. Parasitized larvae had higher overall trehalose concentrations while normal larvae had higher protein and total free amino acid concentrations. When differences in nutrient consumption between diets were accounted for, protein consumption had a greater effect on blood protein and free amino acid concentrations than did dietary nutrient ratio or parasitism. Protein consumption, however, did not affect trehalose concentration. Carbohydrate consumption had no effect on the concentration of any of the metabolites after differences in nutrient consumption were taken into account. Effects of nutrient consumption on trehalose concentration, therefore, were due to dietary nutrient ratio and parasitism. The potential relevance of the above findings to the biology of parasitized M. sexta larvae is discussed.

Growth rates, half‐saturation constants, and silicate, nitrate, and phosphate depletion in relation to iron availability of four large, open‐ocean diatoms from the Southern Ocean

Four large, open‐ocean diatoms from the Southern Ocean (Actinocyclus sp., Thalassiosira sp., Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, and Corethron pennatum) were grown in natural (low iron) Southern ocean seawater with increasing Fe concentrations. With increasing dissolved iron (Fediss) concentrations, the growth rates increased three‐ to sixfold. The species with the smallest cells had the highest growth rates. The half‐saturation constants (Km) for growth were low (0.19−1.14 nmol L−1 Fediss), and close to the ambient Fediss concentrations of 0.2 nmol L−1. The range in Km with respect to Fediss also varied with the size of the diatoms: the smallest species had the lowest Km and the largest species had the highest Km. As Fediss concentrations decreased, silicate consumption per cell increased, but nitrate consumption per cell decreased. Phosphate consumption per cell varied without clear relation to the dissolved iron concentrations. The differences in nutrient consumption per cell resulted in marked differences in elemental depletion ratios in relation to Fedissconcentrations, with the depletion ratios being most affected by iron limitation in the largest cells. These experimental findings are in agreement with previous laboratory and field studies, showing the relatively high requirements of large diatoms for Fe. The size‐dependent response of the diatoms with respect to nutrient depletion is a good illustration of the effects of Fe on silicate, nitrate, and phosphate metabolism.

Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice

Purified carbohydrates and fats are usually palatable to humans and other animals, and their consumption often induces weight gain and accumulation of fat. In this study, we examined consumption of complex carbohydrates (cornstarch and Polycose) and fats (soybean oil and margarine) in mice from two inbred strains, C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J. At lower concentrations of liquid nutrients tested using two-bottle tests, when the amounts consumed had negligible energy content, the C57BL/6ByJ mice had higher acceptance of Polycose and soybean oil. This was probably due to strain differences in chemosensory perception of Polycose and oil. At higher concentrations, the mice consumed a substantial part of their daily energy from the macronutrient sources, however, there were no or only small strain differences in nutrient consumption. These small differences were probably due to strain variation in body size. The two strains also did not differ in chow intake. Despite similar energy intakes, access to the nutrients resulted in greater body weight (BW) gain in the C57BL/6ByJ mice than in the 129P3/J mice. The diet-induced weight gain was examined in detail in groups of 2-month-old C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice given ether chow, or chow and margarine to eat. Access to margarine did not increase total energy consumption of either strain. It increased BW and adiposity of the C57BL/6ByJ mice, but only after they reached the age of ∼3 months. There were no differences in BW and adiposity between control and margarine-exposed 129P3/J mice. The results suggest that diet-induced adiposity in the B6 mice depends on age and does not depend on hyperphagia.

Relationship of Estimated Nutrient Intakes of Iowa School Children to Physical and Biochemical Measurements

Relationships between levels of nutrient intake of groups of school children and their development as revealed by body measurements, hemoglobin concentrations in blood, and serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, ascorbic acid and carotenoids have been studied. Comparisons were made between 223 children with liberal intakes of food energy and 8 nutrients and 432 children with diets considerably lower in nutritive value. These children were selected from a state-wide sample of public school children. Their nutrient consumption represented the upper and lower extremes found in a fairly well-fed school population. Dietary information was obtained by calculation of 7-day records. The N.R.C. Allowances were used as a basis for the dietary classifications. Children with the liberal diets which conformed fully to the Allowances, tended to be slightly taller, heavier, and larger in leg girth than the children with diets at the other extreme, which on the average were somewhat below the Allowances. No significant differences in hemoglobin or serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations were noted, though certain trends worthy of further study were observed. The mean serum concentrations of ascorbic acid and carotenoids reflected the intakes of these two substances by the two groups of children, but other influences on the serum concentrations were evident. Age-sex differences in the serum concentrations of these two substances were noted among the children with liberal intakes. Commonly used dietary study methods may detect group differences in nutrient consumption which in turn may be reflected in the nutritional status of the children. Larger differences might be expected in a more heterogeneous population than is found in Iowa. The differences in nutritional status of children noted in this study were small, but they are indicative of trends which need to be scrutinized for the large groups of children whose diets are not drastically poor, but may be suboptional in nutrient content. The significance of these differences to the long-time health and well-being of children should be assessed through longitudinal studies.