Differences In Conscientiousness Research Articles

How Far Are NEET Youth Falling Behind in Their Non-Cognitive Skills? An Econometric Analysis of Disparities

Youth not in education, employment, or training (NEET) refers to the most vulnerable group in the transition from school to work. While much research focuses on institutional factors behind the NEET incidence, the current study approaches the problem of the NEET youth from the perspective of non-cognitive skills. For measuring non-cognitive skills, the Big Five personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) as well as grit were analyzed. The analysis was carried out using propensity score matching based on the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS HSE) for 2016. This study shows that the majority of young people in the NEET group come from the poorest families. Nearly half of the NEET youth are not only not working, but they are also not looking for a job either. The analysis revealed that NEET youth fall behind in different non-cognitive abilities, with statistically significant differences in conscientiousness, extraversion, and grit, as well as a greater severity of neuroticism.

Psychological characteristics of young adults with temporomandibular disorders, somatization and combined conditions: A multidimensional evaluation.

Temporomandibular disorders and somatization have shown interrelation in many studies. The physical and psychological factors which contributed to the occurrence and relation of both conditions are yet to be determined. The personality traits, coping styles and psychological distress of young adults with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and somatic symptoms were characterized together with the determination of psychological risk factors for TMDs, somatization and combined conditions. Participants were recruited from university-attending young adults. TMD and somatic symptoms were appraised with the short-form Fonseca Anamnestic Index and Patient Health Questionnaire-15. Psychological variables were assessed with the Big Five Personality Inventory-10, Brief-COPE Inventory and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21. Data were evaluated using chi-squared/non-parametric tests and logistic regression analyses (α = .05). Among the 507 participants (mean age 22.2 ± 1.5 years), 46.4% reported no TMD/somatic symptoms (NS) while 7.5%, 34.5% and 11.6% had TMDs only (TS), somatization only (SS) and combined TMDs-somatization (CS), respectively. Significant differences in conscientiousness (NS > SS), agreeableness (NS, TS > CS; NS > SS), dysfunctional coping, general distress, depression, anxiety and stress (CS ≥ SS > NS) were discerned. Multivariate analyses indicated that the odds of TS were increased by anxiety (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01-1.21), while the odds of SS/CS were affected by anxiety (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.06-1.25/OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.19-1.52) and problem-focused coping (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.56-0.89/OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.39-0.78). Though individuals with TMDs and somatization have dissimilar psychological profiles, anxiety constantly increased their likelihood. Problem-focused coping strategies may help alleviate psychosocial and physical stressors associated with TMDs and somatization.

Extraversion and Introversion Personality Type of Mature Students in Private Higher Education

The study's primary purpose was to explore the differences between mature male and female students based on extroversion and introversion personality types studying an undergraduate business programme in a private higher education institution in the UK. The Big Five Inventory-BFI (a short form with 10 items), BFI-10, was used to collect data from adult participants (N=131). The sample data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The researchers used descriptive statistics and graphical representation to describe the data and gain meaningful insights. The results revealed no significant differences between males and females based on the mean extroversion score. The detailed results for all five-personality dimensions for both genders showed that female participants were higher on neuroticism/emotional stability and agreeableness than males. Also, male participants' mean scores of Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were almost similar. Previous research has shown females to be high on some facets of conscientiousness. However, these results are inconsistent across cultures, and no significant gender differences in conscientiousness have been found. Keywords: Big Five Inventory-BFI-10, Extraversion, Introversion, Mature Students, Private Higher Education.

Minor and inconsistent differences in Big Five personality traits between vegetarians and vegans.

Most research examining individuals who follow different diets has combined vegetarians and vegans into a single group. To investigate whether this consolidation is justified, we analyzed possible differences between vegetarians and vegans for the Big Five personality traits in two studies. In our pre-study, we used data from a German convenience sample of 400 vegetarians and 749 vegans and found that vegans reported slightly higher scores in Openness compared to vegetarians (d = 0.22). In the preregistered main study, we used data provided by 1203 vegetarians and 128 vegans from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study; we found that vegetarians reported slightly higher scores in Neuroticism compared to vegans (d = 0.18) but did not differ in Openness. We found no differences in Conscientiousness, Extraversion, or Agreeableness in either study. Controlling for the socio-demographic variables of age, gender, and socio-economic status did not alter the pattern of results. Overall, these results suggest that there are no or only small differences in Openness or Neuroticism between vegetarians and vegans. Further studies utilizing very large, representative samples are needed to better understand the relationship between personality and diet groups.

An Italian adaptation of the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Testing measurement invariance across grade levels and exploring associations with academic achievement.

This study aims to examine the properties of an Italian version of the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), one of the most widely used instrument for the assessment of self-oriented (SOP) and socially-prescribed (SPP) perfectionism in young people. The study was conducted on two large samples of middle (n = 379, Mage = 11.31) and high school (n = 451, Mage = 15.21) students. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the expected three-factor structure, comprising SOP-Striving, SOP-Critical, and SPP. Multigroup analyses provided evidence of configural, metric, and (partial) scalar measurement invariance across grade levels. Structural invariance (i.e., the invariance of factor variances and covariances) was also established. The scale scores exhibited a differentiated pattern of relations with personality traits and academic achievement, as measured by school grades: SOP-Critical and SPP were positively related to neuroticism and have adverse effects on grades of middle and high school students, respectively. SOP-Striving, by contrast, was positively related to conscientiousness and predicted higher grades. The SOP-Striving-achievement relation was consistent across grade levels and held even after controlling for individual differences in conscientiousness and neuroticism. In sum, results from this study establish sound psychometric properties for an Italian version of the CAPS, providing support for the dual nature of self-oriented perfectionism among adolescents of different ages.

Stereotypes, Stereotype (In-)accuracy, and Hiring Discrimination: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

Discrimination in firms’ hiring decisions is an important problem from a managerial and societal perspective. Previous evidence suggests that stereotypes about unobserved personality characteristics predict hiring discrimination based on ethnic background, but knowledge on the extent, statistical (in-)accuracy, and implications of these stereotypes is limited. In this preregistered study, I used a survey experiment to analyze (a) stereotypes about ethnic differences in personality traits, attitudes, and values, (b) the statistical (in-)accuracy of these stereotypes, (c) the relationship of these stereotypes with (hypothetical) hiring discrimination, and (d) whether the provision of accurate statistical information affects hiring discrimination. On average, participants perceived ethnic minority (vs. majority) individuals to score lower in feeling of connectedness to the majority population and substantially lower in gender equality values. Participants underestimated the group difference in conscientiousness and substantially overestimated the group difference in gender equality values between ethnic majority vs. minority individuals, compared to representative empirical data. Only the stereotype about lower gender equality values lowered ethnic minority applicants’ relative hiring chances. The provision of statistical information had no significant effect on relative hiring chances. Overall, the results indicate the prevalence of statistically inaccurate ethnic stereotypes and suggest that these are partly linked to hiring decisions.

Conscientiousness, Activity Engagement, and Momentary Affect in Oldest-Old Adulthood.

Remaining engaged with life is a hallmark of aging well and pursuing personally meaningful activities is presumably important for late-life affect. We examined how moment-to-moment variability in meaning and degree of challenge ascribed to daily activities relate to positive and negative affect in very old adults. Possible moderating effects of between-person differences in conscientiousness on meaning-affect associations were also examined. Participants were 73 adults aged 89 years on average from the Australian Daily Life Time-Sampling module of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants provided self-report data on activity engagement (meaning and challenge associated with activities) and affect, on 5 occasions per day for a period of 7 consecutive days. Within-person associations of activity meaning with affect varied as a function of within-person challenge ratings. Specifically, gains in positive affect associated with meaningful activity were more strongly evident when activities were regarded as more challenging. In contrast, meaningful activity was associated with higher negative affect when activities were regarded as more challenging and lower negative affect when activities were regarded as less challenging. Conscientiousness did not moderate associations of activity meaning with affect. Our findings shed light on the intricate interplay between maintaining meaningful engagement and daily emotional experiences in very old age. We discuss theoretical and practical implications and consider the role of late-life conscientiousness for self- and emotion regulation.

One Social Media Company to Rule Them All: Associations Between Use of Facebook-Owned Social Media Platforms, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and the Big Five Personality Traits.

Currently, 2.7 billion people use at least one of the Facebook-owned social media platforms – Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. Previous research investigating individual differences between users and non-users of these platforms has typically focused on one platform. However, individuals typically use a combination of Facebook-owned platforms. Therefore, we aim (1) to identify the relative prevalence of different patterns of social media use, and (2) to evaluate potential between-group differences in the distributions of age, gender, education, and Big Five personality traits. Data collection was performed using a cross-sectional design. Specifically, we administered a survey assessing participants’ demographic variables, current use of Facebook-owned platforms, and Big Five personality traits. In N = 3003 participants from the general population (60.67% females; mean age = 35.53 years, SD = 13.53), WhatsApp emerged as the most widely used application in the sample, and hence, has the strongest reach. A pattern consisting of a combined use of WhatsApp and Instagram appeared to be most prevalent among the youngest participants. Further, individuals using at least one social media platform were generally younger, more often female, and more extraverted than non-users. Small differences in Conscientiousness and Neuroticism also emerged across groups reporting different combinations of social media use. Interestingly, when examined as control variables, we found demographic characteristics partially accounted for differences in broad personality factors and facets across different patterns of social media use. Our findings are relevant to researchers carrying out their studies via social media platforms, as sample characteristics appear to be different depending on the platform used.

Evidence for skin-deep resilience using a co-twin control design: Effects on low-grade inflammation in a longitudinal study of youth

This study tested the skin-deep resilience hypothesis – that low socioeconomic status (SES) youth who are working hard to succeed in life experience good psychological and educational outcomes but at a cost to their physical health – in a sample of monozygotic (MZ) twins. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) contained a sample of 226 MZ twin pairs at Wave 1 (M age = 16 years), of whom 141 pairs completed the Wave 4 assessment 13 years later (M age = 29 years). Family SES was measured at Wave 1 via income, education, and occupation. Conscientiousness was measured at Wave 4 as an indicator of those who were working hard to succeed in life. Outcomes measured at Wave 4 included low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP), mental health (depression, problematic alcohol use), and academic success (educational attainment). A co-twin control design was utilized which directly compared within-twin differences in the association between conscientiousness and life outcomes. Main effects of between-twin conscientiousness were found such that higher levels of conscientiousness were associated with higher educational attainment, fewer symptoms of depression, and less problematic alcohol use, across all SES groups. An interaction between family SES and within-twin difference in conscientiousness was found for CRP, such that, among twins growing up in lower SES households, the twin with higher levels of conscientiousness had higher levels of CRP. These patterns provide support for the phenomenon of skin-deep resilience using a twin methodology that reduces the possibility of confounding by shared genetic and environmental factors.

CORRELATION BETWEEN CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT

Conscientiousness is one of the personality traits that defined as an individual tendency to be organized, thorough, controlled, decisive and dependable. This study was done to find out (1) the correlation between conscientiousness and reading comprehension achievement, (2) the significant difference in conscientiousness and reading comprehension achievement between male and female students, (3) the significant difference in conscientiousness and reading comprehension achievement between social science students and natural science students, and (4) the contribution of conscientiousness to reading comprehension achievement. The population of the study was the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 20 Palembang. One hundred students were purposively taken as sample on the basis of equal numbers of gender and major. To collect the data, reading comprehension achievement test and conscientiousness questionnaire were distributed to students and analyzed statistically. The findings showed conscientiousness and reading comprehension achievement significantly correlated (p value = 0.460) and the contribution of conscientiousness to reading comprehension achievement was 20.4%. The significant difference in reading comprehension achievement in gender and major was found; female and natural science students were better. The different result was obtained in conscientiousness. It implied that students tend to had similar perception toward conscientiousness regardless their gender and major.

A Person-Oriented Approach to Multidimensional Perfectionism: Perfectionism Profiles in Health and Well-Being

Advances in understanding of the perfectionism construct have been limited by an almost exclusive reliance on a variable-centered approach. This study utilized a person-oriented approach to examine Hewitt and Flett’s conceptualization of multidimensional perfectionism in relation to health and well-being. Levels of conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism were also assessed. Cluster analyses were employed to examine within-person configurations of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) in university students ( n = 538) and adults with chronic illness ( n = 773). Five unique configurations were found in both samples and three clusters replicated across samples. “Extreme perfectionists” with high scores across all perfectionism dimensions reported relatively poor physical health, psychological health, psychosocial resources, and well-being along with elevated neuroticism and conscientiousness. A group distinguished by elevated SPP also reported relatively poorer outcomes along with elevated neuroticism and lower conscientiousness. In contrast, “nonperfectionists” reported relatively elevated levels of health and well-being. These profiles differed in their links with health and well-being even after taking into account key differences in conscientiousness and neuroticism. Our results illustrate the importance of employing a person-oriented approach to the study of multidimensional perfectionism, especially as it relates to physical health, mental health, and subjective well-being.

Linking interactional injustice to EVLN outcomes

PurposeThe study aims to examine a moderated mediation model of effects of conscientiousness on the mediating role of psychological contract violation (PCV) on interactional injustice and employees EVLN (exit, voice, loyalty and neglect) outcomes relationships.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 422 full-time managerial employees working across different service sector-based Indian organizations was used to test the proposed moderated mediation. The analysis was performed using Hayes’ Process Macro.FindingsResults revealed that (i) the effect of interactional injustice on employee EVLN outcomes is mediated through PCV and (ii) the strength of this indirect effect is dependent on individual differences in conscientiousness. As such, the overall pattern of relationships supported moderated mediation, in that, the indirect effect of interactional injustice on voice and loyalty through PCV was stronger for employees high (as compared with those low) in conscientiousness.Research limitations/implicationsA cross-sectional design and use of self-reported questionnaire data in the sample are a few limitations of the study.Originality/valueThis study advances the existing literature on interactional injustice by extending its range of outcomes as well as by examining the underlying and intervening conditions in the interactional injustice-outcomes relationship.

Planning for the future: The relationship between conscientiousness, temporal focus and implicit space-time mappings

In a broad range of cultures, people implicitly associate the past and future with the back and front in their minds. According to the Temporal Focus Hypothesis (TFH), the metaphoric associations between front-back space and time are shaped by their attentional focus on temporal events. Recent research demonstrates that people's temporal focus and their resulting implicit space-time mappings are malleable and result from a complex of factor. Based on the findings about the interplay between personality trait and temporal reasoning, we investigated whether individual differences in conscientiousness exert additional influences on implicit spatializations of time. Across three studies in laboratory and field settings, we measured students' and non-student adults' conscientiousness based on their self-reports and naturally occurring punctual behavior. Results from these studies showed that participants who conceptualized the future as in front of them evidenced a higher level of conscientiousness trait than those who conceptualized the past as in front of them. These findings shed new light on the TFH by extending the range of individual differences that may influence people's spatial conceptions of time.

An Investigation of the Connection between Parenting Styles, Birth Order, Personality, and Sibling Relationships

An Investigation of the Connection between Parenting Styles, Birth Order, Personality, and Sibling Relationships Michele Van Volkom1, Danielle Dirmeitis, Samantha Cappitelli Abstract The purpose of the current study was to examine the potential effects of parenting styles and birth order on personality and sibling relationships. Two hundred forty-seven participants completed a demographics questionnaire as well as the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale (LSRS) to measure affect, behavior, and cognitions associated with the sibling relationship in both childhood and adulthood. They also completed the Big Five Inventory (BFI) as well as reported on which parenting style their mother and father engaged in while they were growing up. Birth order had no significant effect on any of the aspects of the sibling relationship, but did show differences in conscientiousness and neuroticism. Other significant results were the finding that father’s parenting style impact all six areas assessed by the LSRS. Authoritative fathers led to more positivity in assessing the relationship with the sibling the participants felt closest to in their lives. Mother’s parenting style affected participants’ view of the sibling relationship similarly, but only for adult and child cognitions. Implications of these findings will be discussed, including support for the notion that authoritative parenting results in the most positive outcomes for offspring. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jpbs.v7n1a7

Interruptions, Unreasonable Tasks, and Quality-Threatening Time Pressure in Home Care: Linked to Attention Deficits and Slips, Trips, and Falls.

BackgroundIn industrial countries, home care of community dwelling elderly people is rapidly growing. Frequent injuries in home caregivers result from slips, trips, and falls (STFs). The current study tests attentional cognitive failure to mediate the association between work stressors and STFs.MethodsA sample of 125 home caregivers participated in a questionnaire study and reported work interruptions, unreasonable tasks, quality-threatening time pressure, conscientiousness, attentional cognitive failures, and STFs.ResultsIn structural equation modeling, the mediation model was shown to fit empirical data. Indirect paths with attentional cognitive failures as the link between work stressors and STF were all significant in bootstrapping tests. An alternative accident-prone person model, that suggests individual differences in conscientiousness to predict attentional cognitive failures that predict more frequent work stressors and STFs, showed no significant paths between work conditions and STFs.ConclusionTo prevent occupational injury, work should be redesigned to reduce work interruptions, unreasonable tasks, and quality-threatening time pressure in home care.

THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON WAGE GROWTH AND THE GENDER WAGE GAP

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the impact of personality traits on the change of the gender wage gap. Using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP), we first explore how personality traits affect wage growth rates. Then, a decomposition analysis is performed to analyse the dynamic effects of personality traits on the change of the gender wage gap over time. Our empirical results indicate that gender differences in conscientiousness and emotional stability lead to a widening of the wage gap over time. By contrast, gender differences in extraversion lead to a narrowing of the wage gap over time.

Intra-individual Response Variability as an Indicator of Insufficient Effort Responding: Comparison to Other Indicators and Relationships with Individual Differences

Surveys are one of the most popular ways to collect employee information. Because of their widespread use, data quality is an increasingly important concern. The purpose of this paper is to (1) introduce the intra-individual response variability (IRV) index as an easily calculated and flexible way to detect insufficient effort responding (IER); (2) examine the extent to which various IER indices detect the same or different respondents engaging in IER behavior; and (3) investigate relationships between individual differences and commonly used IER indices to better understand systematic and theoretically relevant IER behavior. In a two-part study, 199 undergraduates responded to questionnaires online, and various IER indices were calculated. The IRV index identifies different respondents than other IER indices. Values on the IRV index (as well as other IER indices) are related to scores on theoretically meaningful individual differences in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and boredom proneness. This study provides researchers with a robust, easily calculated, and flexible means for screening questionnaire data for IER behavior. Practical recommendations for finding and making decisions about IER behavior patterns are provided. This study introduces the IRV index, an extension of the long string, used to identify survey research participants who likely engaged in one type of IER behavior. It is also one of the first studies to evaluate the extent to which IER indices identify different respondents as having engaged in IER and provides additional evidence that values on these indices are related to individual differences.

Why women perform better in college than admission scores would predict: Exploring the roles of conscientiousness and course-taking patterns.

Women typically obtain higher subsequent college GPAs than men with the same admissions test score. A common reaction is to attribute this to a flaw in the admissions test. We explore the possibility that this underprediction of women's performance reflects gender differences in conscientiousness and college course-taking patterns. In Study 1, we focus on using the ACT to predict performance in a single, large course where performance is decomposed into cognitive (exam and quiz scores) and less cognitive, discretionary components (discussion and extra credit points). The ACT does not underpredict female's cognitive performance, but it does underpredict female performance on the less cognitive, discretionary components of academic performance, because it fails to measure and account for the personality trait of conscientiousness. In Study 2, we create 2 course-difficulty indices (Course Challenge and Mean Aptitude in Course) and add them to an HLM regression model to see if they reduce the degree to which SAT scores underpredict female performance. Including Course Challenge does result in a modest reduction of the gender coefficient; however, including Mean Aptitude in Course does not. Thus, differences in course-taking patterns is a partial (albeit small) explanation for the common finding of differential prediction by gender.

Age differences in conscientiousness facets in the second half of life: Divergent associations with changes in physical health

The development of personality across the lifespan has captivated researchers for several years. However, lower order facets may show different developmental trends and divergent associations with outcomes compared to their higher order traits. In a sample of 12,762 older adults, age differences in conscientiousness and its facets were examined. Further, the degree to which conscientiousness and its facets differentially predicted physical health over a four-year period was also examined. Broader conscientiousness, orderliness, and industriousness were lowest in late life. Traditionalism and virtue were highest in late life. Responsibility was highest around age 70. Self-control did not show any significant age-related differences. Conscientiousness, orderliness, industriousness, and responsibility were most consistently related to physical health over time. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that give rise to personality development and divergent associations in outcomes among seemingly related facets.

Evidence of Big-Five personality changes following acquired brain injury from a prospective longitudinal investigation

ObjectiveMany studies using different assessment methods have reported personality changes after acquired brain injury (ABI). However, to our knowledge, no prospective study has yet been conducted to examine whether previous cross-sectional and retrospective results can be replicated in a longitudinal prospective design. Further, because clinical control groups were only rarely used, it remains debatable if the personality changes found are unique to patients with ABI or if they also affect patients with other disabilities. MethodsThis study examined personality change in 114 participants with different kinds of ABI, 1321 matched controls (general control, GC), and 746 matched participants with restrictive impairments other than brain injury (clinical control, CC) in a prospective longitudinal design using data from the panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). ResultsParticipants with ABI showed significantly larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness compared with the GC group. When the ABI participants were compared with the CC group, only the difference in Conscientiousness remained significant. ConclusionOur prospective data corroborate evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that patients with ABI experience larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness than the general population. Whereas the effect on Conscientiousness was unique to patients with ABI, the decline in Extraversion was also observed in participants with other impairments.