Differences In Body Composition Research Articles

Determining the Fitness Level of People with Down Syndrome Living in Kosovo Based on the ALPHA Protocol

Purpose: This study aimed to establish national norm values for body composition and fitness levels among individuals with Down syndrome. It also aimed to investigate gender differences in body composition features and fitness parameters, analyze the impact of the region where individuals with Down syndrome reside, and compare their fitness levels with international peers. Methods: The sample included 81 participants, 40 females (height: 146.6±4.88 cm, weight: 63.6±16.4 kg) and 41 males (height: 157.4±6.21 cm, weight: 66.8±14.8 kg). To assess the physical fitness levels of the participants with Down syndrome, a modified version of the ALPHA testing protocol was used. Findings: The results demonstrated significant gender differences (p<0.05) in body composition and fitness parameters, with males generally exhibiting better outcomes compared to females. Moreover, significant disparities (p<0.05) in body composition and fitness parameters were observed among individuals with Down syndrome residing in different regions of Kosovo. Noteworthy gender disparities exist in terms of body composition and physical fitness metrics, with male participants achieving superior results compared to their female counterparts. Furthermore, noticeable variations were observed among the regional Down syndrome centers, with participants from older centers displaying improved fitness metrics and body composition features compared to those from newly established facilities. Conclusion: Gender differences in body composition and fitness were evident, with males outperforming females, except in muscle mass. Future studies should explore fitness and health barriers in Kosovo's DS population, with a focus on improving physical activity through tailored strategies.

Relationship Between Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Body Composition Parameters in Older Adults from the Mediterranean Region

In recent decades, the rapid spread of various communication media has led to changes in traditional eating habits. In the Mediterranean region, the classic (Mediterranean) dietary pattern has been lost as a result. This has led to a shift in eating habits towards unhealthy eating patterns, which in turn has resulted in an inadequate distribution of body composition. It is known that, among other things, the number of non-communicable diseases increases with the inadequate distribution of body composition. The aim of our study was to examine the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) of older adults in the Mediterranean region in relation to specific body composition parameters. This study included 521 older adults with a mean age of 69.6 ± 6.3 years. Body composition was measured using the BIA 101 Anniversary device (Akern s.r.l., Florence, Italy) and adherence to the MD was assessed using the MEDLIFE index questionnaire. This study found significant differences in body composition between males and females. The mean adherence to the MD was 17.0 ± 3.3 points among the participants and there was higher adherence in females (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.019). A multiple linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between the body composition parameters and MD. Multiple linear regression models were significant for reactance, fat mass (%), fat-free mass (%), skeletal muscle index, and total body water (%), with specific individual MEDLIFE items such as the consumption of processed meat, meat, white meat, fruit, vegetables, olive oil and limiting snacks between meals. Moreover, promising correlations were found between certain MD characteristics and BIA parameters, but the overall health effects of the MD remain unclear.

Habitual water intake impacted the body composition of young male athletes in free-living conditions: a cross-sectional study

The study aimed to explore the associations between water intake and body composition and differences of body composition in different water itake and hydration statuses among young male athletes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 111 young male athletes in Beijing, China. Total drinking fluids (TDF) and water from food were assessed using a 7-day, 24-h fluid intake record questionnaire and the duplicate portion method, respectively. The osmolality of 24-hour urine and blood samples was tested. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer twice at 5-min intervals. Participants were divided into two groups based on the recommendations of total water intake (TWI) and TDF in China, as well as into three groups based on 24-h urine osmolality. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between water intake and body composition. Chi-square tests and Student's t-tests were used to compare differences. A total of 109 participants completed the study. TDF (r = 0.230, p = 0.016; r = 0.234, p = 0.014; r = 0.242, p = 0.011) and TWI (r = 0.275, p = 0.004; r = 0.243, p = 0.011; r = 0.243, p = 0.011) were positively correlated with total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW). TBW/body weight (BW) was positively associated with TDF percentage of BW (TDF/BW) (r = 0.267, p = 0.005), water from food percentage of BW (r = 0.217, p = 0.024), and TWI percentage of BW (TWI/BW) (r = 0.316, p = 0.001). Participants who met the TDF recommendation of China had 1.3 kg higher skeletal muscle mass (SMM), 0.9 kg higher ICW, and 0.5% higher TBW/BW than those who did not (all p < 0.05), with fat-free mass (FFM) and TBW being higher (p = 0.051; p = 0.050). Those who met the TWI recommendation of China had 1.3 kg higher SMM, 2.4 kg higher FFM, 1.1 kg higher ICW, 0.6 kg higher ECW, and 1.7 kg higher TBW than their counterparts (all p < 0.05). Moderate associations were found between water intake and body composition. No significant differences were observed among participants in three hydration statuses (all p > 0.05). Participants who met the TWI or TDF recommendations had better body composition distribution than their counterparts. Thus, habitual water intake, not hydration status, affects body composition among athletes in free-living conditions.

Weight loss, changes in body composition and inflammatory status after a very low-energy ketogenic therapy (VLEKT): does gender matter?

BackgroundConsidering differences in body composition and inflammatory status between sexes, as well as recent recommendations advocating for personalized dietary approaches, this study aimed to explore how sex influences weight loss, changes in body composition, and inflammatory status in subjects with grade I and II obesity undergoing a 45-day of the Very Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT).MethodsParticipants (21 premenopausal females and 21 males), included in the study adhered to the 45-day of the VLEKT and underwent assessments of anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index—BMI –, and waist circumference), body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and inflammatory status measured by high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsAt baseline, premenopausal females and males did not differ in BMI (p = 0.100) and hs-CRP levels (p = 0.948). Males demonstrated overall larger benefits than premenopausal females from the VLEKT in terms of weight loss (Δ% = − 11.63 ± 1.76 vs − 8.95 ± 1.65 kg, p < 0.001), fat mass (Δ% = − 30.84 ± 12.00 vs -21.36 ± 4.65 kg, p = 0.002), and hs-CRP levels (Δ% = − 41.42 ± 21.35 vs − 22.38 ± 17.30 mg/L, p = 0.003). Of interest, in males phase angle values are statistically improved compared to female (Δ% = 17.11 ± 9.00 vs 7.05 ± 3.30°, p < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings underscore the importance of considering sex-specific responses in personalized obesity treatment strategies, particularly dietary interventions like VLEKTs.Graphical

8026 Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) is Independently Associated with Body Composition and Glycemic Measures in Youth with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Abstract Disclosure: C. Lu: None. D. Wolfs: None. L. El ghormli: None. L.M. Laffel: None. M. Patti: Advisory Board Member; Self; Fractyl Health. Consulting Fee; Self; AstraZeneca, Hamni, MBX Biosciences. Grant Recipient; Self; Dexcom. E. Isganaitis: None. Background: T2D is more severe in youth than in adults, with growth and puberty as potential drivers. Growth hormone (GH) action, which peaks during puberty, also regulates carbohydrate metabolism. We previously showed that higher plasma levels of GHR are associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and decreased insulin secretion in youth with T2D. Plasma GHR is higher in obesity, and reductions in GHR after bariatric surgery may mediate improvements in glycemia. The association of GHR with body composition in youth with T2D has not been previously studied. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the association of GHR with glycemic outcomes in youth with T2D is mediated by differences in body composition, and that associations between GHR and body composition differ by sex. Methods: Utilizing plasma samples from Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study (N=398), we examined association of plasma GHR (ELISA; ng/mL) with a) body composition measures including zBMI, absolute lean mass (kg), percent body fat (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and b) glycemic outcomes including hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting glucose (mg/dL), 1/fasting C-peptide (mL/ng), C-peptide index (ng/mL per mg/dL), and C-peptide oral disposition index (CODI; mL/uU x ng/mL per mg/dL), stratified by sex. Linear regressions were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and Tanner stage in the base models, with additional adjustments for HbA1c, zBMI, lean mass, or percent fat. Results: This subcohort of youth with T2D from the TODAY study included 150 males and 248 females, mean age 13.9 ± 2.0 years. Females had lower zBMI (+2.2 ± 0.4 vs. +2.3 ± 0.5, p=0.005), lower lean mass (51 ± 10 vs. 59 ± 14, p&amp;lt;0.001), and higher percent body fat (39 ± 5 vs. 34 ± 6, p&amp;lt;0.001). Higher log2 GHR was associated with higher zBMI (B=0.44, SE=0.04, p&amp;lt;0.001), higher lean mass (B=4.3, SE=1.2, p&amp;lt;0.001), and higher percent fat (B=4.4, SE=0.7, p&amp;lt;0.001), even after adjustment for HbA1c, and without sex-specific differences. Higher log2 GHR was associated with higher HbA1c (B=0.35, SE=0.08, p&amp;lt;0.001), higher fasting glucose (B=9.0, SE=2.6, p&amp;lt;0.001), lower 1/fasting C-peptide (B=-0.17, SE=0.01, p&amp;lt;0.001), and lower CODI (B=-0.001, SE=0.001, p=0.02). These associations did not change with further adjustments for zBMI, lean mass, or percent fat, suggesting that associations between GHR and glycemia are independent of obesity or body composition. In analyses stratified by sex, the effect of GHR on CODI was attenuated after adjustment for lean mass in males only. Conclusion: Plasma GHR is independently associated with body composition and glycemia in youth with T2D. There were no sex differences in associations of GHR with HbA1c and insulin resistance. However, the association of GHR with beta cell function may be mediated by lean mass in boys but not in girls, although power was more limited in the sex-stratified analyses. Presentation: 6/3/2024

7424 Measurements of Key Regulators of Energy Intake in Young and Midlife Women with Overweight or Obesity

Abstract Disclosure: E. Tama: None. R. Rivera: None. S. Fansa: None. D. Anazco: None. W. Ghusn: None. S. Faubion: None. A. Acosta: Consulting Fee; Self; Amgen Inc. Grant Recipient; Self; Vivus USA, Novo Nordisk. C. Shufelt: None. M.D. Hurtado: None. Introduction: Midlife women (ages 40 to 65) experience age-related weight gain (0.4-0.7 kg/year) due to physiologic and psychosocial changes. Evidence supports that age-related decrease in lean mass and its subsequent effect on energy expenditure are key physiologic factors. To date, the are no data describing if changes in the main regulators of energy intake (i.e., hunger, satiation, and satiety) across women’s lifespan play a role in weight gain during midlife. The aim of this study is to characterize measurements of satiation, satiety, and appetite sensations through early adulthood and midlife in women with obesity. Methods: This is a cross sectional study of women aged 19-65 with overweight or obesity who have undergone measurements of (i) body composition by DXA scan; (ii) resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry; (iii) satiation by calories consumed to satiation (CTS) during an ad libitum meal test; (iv) satiety by time needed to empty 50% of the stomach content (GEt1/2) in a gastric emptying study and plasma satiety hormone levels (PYY, GLP-1, and CCK); and (v) appetite sensations by visual analog scales (VAS) for hunger and fullness. We present data as mean ± standard deviation. We performed simple correlations between these variables and age. We performed multiple regression analyses to adjust for body composition and REE. Results: Our cohort included 552 mostly white (93%) women, with a mean age of 41±11 years and a mean BMI of 37±7 kg/m2. Increased age significantly correlated with higher waist circumference (r=0.1, p=0.006), waist/hip ratio (r=0.1, p=0.01), and total fat mass % (r=0.1, p=0.04); and with lower lean mass % (r=-0.1, p=0.04) and REE (r=-0.3, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Increased age was associated with decreased hunger sensation (i.e., lower preprandial VAShunger after an overnight fast, r=-0.1, p=0.04; and lower postprandial VAShunger 4hr after a standardized 320-kcal breakfast, r=-0.1, p=0.001), stronger satiation (i.e., lower CTS, r=-0.1, p=0.001), and more prolonged satiety (i.e., higher GEt1/2, r=0.1, p=0.02; higher postprandial GLP-1 levels, r=0.1, p=0.03; and higher postprandial VASfullness after and ad libitum meal, p=0.1, p=0.008). After adjusting for lean mass % and REE, the correlations between age and hunger sensations and satiation measurement, but not satiety measurements, were maintained. Conclusion: Our results show that older women have lower lean mass % and REE. After adjusting for these variables, older women experience decreased hunger sensation and achieve satiation with a lower number of calories. As these changes in theory would protect against midlife weight gain, the differences in body composition and REE remain the most likely culprit. Further research is necessary to investigate if there are other key factors that may contribute to weight gain such as the hedonic or emotional components of food intake. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Fetal body composition reference charts and sexual dimorphism using magnetic resonance imaging

BackgroundThe American Academy of Pediatrics advises that the nutrition of preterm infants should target a body composition similar to that of a fetus in utero. Still, reference charts for intrauterine body composition are missing. Moreover, data on sexual differences in intrauterine body composition during pregnancy are limited. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to create reference charts for intrauterine body composition from 30 to 36+6 weeks post-conception and to evaluate the differences between sexes. MethodsIn this single-center retrospective study, data of 197 normal developing fetuses in late gestation was acquired at 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, including True Fast Imaging with Steady State Free Precession and T1-weighted 2-point Dixon sequences covering the entire fetus, were included. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks were utilized to automatically segment the fetal body and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The fetus's body mass (BM), fat signal fraction (FSF), fat mass (FM), FM percentage (FM%), fat-free mass (FFM), and FFM percentage (FFM%) were calculated. Using the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) method, reference charts were created, and sexual dimorphism was examined using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A P-value below 0.05 is deemed significant. ResultsThroughout late gestation, BM, FSF, FM, FM%, and FFM increased, while the FFM% decreased. Reference charts and gestational age and sex-specific percentiles are provided. Males exhibited significantly higher BM (7.2%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9-12.4%), FFM (8.5%; 95% CI, 3.7- 13.4%), and FFM% (1.2%; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7%) and lower FSF (-3.6%; 95% CI, -5.6-[-1.8]%) and FM% (-1.2%; 95% CI, -1.7-[-0.6]%), (P<0.001) compared with females, with no significant difference in FM between sexes (P=0.126). ConclusionsMRI-derived intrauterine body composition growth charts are valuable for tracking growth in preterm infants. This study demonstrated that sexual differences in body composition are already present in the intrauterine phase.

The Cross-Sectional Relation of Body Mass Index to Adiposity among 8- to 19-Year-Olds within Several Races and Ethnicities

To assess the screening ability of a high body mass index (BMI) for high adiposity among 8- to 19-year-olds. This cross-sectional study included 6454 National Health and Nutrition Survey participants from 2011 through 2018. Fat and lean mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We expressed adiposity as fat mass index (FMI, kg ÷ m2) and %fat. Based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 95th percentile, a high BMI correctly classified a high FMI for about 95% of participants in each racial and ethnic group. About 81% (Blacks) to 90% (Hispanics) of participants with a high BMI also had a high FMI. Further, children with a high BMI were 17 (Hispanics) to 46 (Blacks) times more likely to have a high FMI than those with a "normal" BMI. The screening ability of high BMI for high %fat was weaker because levels of %fat are influenced by both fat mass (numerator) and lean mass (denominator). Despite differences in body composition, a high BMI is a very good screening tool for identifying high FMI not only among White 8- to 19-year-olds but also among Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics. Compared with %fat, FMI is likely a better adiposity metric among children and adolescents.

Association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass and myocardial glucose uptake measured by 18F-FDG PET.

Low muscle mass is associated with high insulin resistance and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine whether low muscle mass affects the alterations in myocardial substrate metabolism that are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. The study included 299 individuals (182 men and 117 women) who underwent examination at the Severance Health Check-up Center between January 2018 and February 2019. Myocardial glucose uptake was assessed using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) scanning. Direct segmental bioimpedance analysis was used to measure appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). We analysed men and women separately owing to sex-related body composition differences. ASM/Ht2 was significantly positively correlated with myocardial glucose uptake measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT [ln (SUVheart/liver)] only in men (r=0.154, P=0.038 in men; r=-0.042, P=0.652 in women, respectively). In men, myocardial glucose uptake was significantly associated with ASM/Ht2 even after adjusting for multiple confounders in a multivariable linear regression model (standardized β=0.397, P=0.004, in men; β=-0.051, P=0.698, in women). In women, age (β=-0.424 P=0.029) was independent determinants of myocardial glucose uptake. In men, ASM was strongly associated with myocardial glucose uptake as measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT. In women, age was significantly correlated with myocardial substrate utilization, but not with ASM.

Differences in Diet Assessment and Body Composition among Young Spanish Elite Footballers: Morning Training vs. Evening Training

The training schedule is a factor that influences sports performance optimization. In a sport like soccer, there is often significant disparity in training schedules among different teams within the same club, without considering whether this may affect players’ performance. The aim of this study was to describe differences in nutrient intake and body composition in elite youth soccer players from the Spanish league with different training schedules (morning and evening). A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine differences in anthropometric variables and dietary assessment in a sample of Spanish young soccer players. A total of 41 players participated in this study. After comparing the groups according to their training schedule, no differences were observed in body composition between both groups; the evening-night training group showed higher consumption of lipids and saturated fats. In summary, more experimental studies are needed to determine the effects on various health and performance parameters of different training schedules in young population.

Analyzing the effects of competitive fatigue on body composition and functional capacities of youth elite handball players

Handball demands intense movements like rapid direction changes and physical contact. Consecutive competitions expose player fatigue and weaknesses due to the sport’s exhaustive nature. Therefore, the aims of this study are twofold: (i) to investigate the impact of competitive fatigue on the body composition of youth elite handball players, and (ii) to analyze the impact of concentrated competition on their functional capacity performance. Seventeen young male handball players (age: 16.2 years, height; 177.8 cm, body mass: 73.0 kg) were assessed twenty-four hours before (TM1) and after the competitive period (TM2) in body composition, static strength, lower- and upper-body explosive strength, speed, agility, balance, and flexibility indicators. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was conducted to assess differences in body composition and functional capacities assessment between TM1 and TM2. Regarding results, body mass significantly increased in TM2 (p &lt; 0.01), while increases in waist circumference and body fat percentage were not statistically significant. Functional capacity assessments revealed a significant decline in jumping performance (CMJ and SJ; p ≤ 0.01). Speed and agility assessments showed worse performance in TM2, significantly increasing 30 m sprint time (p ≤ 0.01). Balance indicators showed no significant differences, with mixed results in performance across different conditions. In sum, evaluating vertical jumps and long-distance maximum speed (i.e., 30 meters) could be valid tests for measuring and controlling fatigue in young elite handball players. Future research should regularly monitor young handballers after the competition to analyze the entire fatigue recovery process.

Development and Validation of an Accurate Creatinine-Based Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate for the Adult Indian Population: Design and Methods

Background Existing creatinine-based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), developed primarily in populations of European and African American ancestry, do not accurately reflect the GFR in the Indian population due to differences in body composition, diet, and other factors. This manuscript describes the rationale and methodology for developing a creatinine-based equation for more accurate GFR estimation in Indian subjects. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study will be conducted in India’s two geographically and demographically diverse locations: Chandigarh (north) and Puducherry (south). Participants will include a representative sample from the general population and subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with the latter being recruited from outpatient clinics. A total of 1558 subjects will be enrolled in the discovery and cross-validation cohort and 620 subjects in the external validation cohort. The reference standard for measured GFR (mGFR) will be the plasma clearance of iohexol. Stepwise multiple regression on log-transformed data will determine a set of variables that jointly predict mGFR and identify factors influencing mGFR and estimated (eGFR) in the study population. This study will also explore the performance of mGFR by iohexol measurement from dried blood spots against mGFR from plasma clearance of iohexol. Conclusion Developing a more reliable and accurate creatinine-based GFR estimating equation will improve CKD diagnosis, classification, and management. The findings will have substantial implications for CKD research in India and other regions with similar populations.

Sex and gender differences in health-related quality of life in individuals treated with incremental and conventional hemodialysis.

Women treated with hemodialysis report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with men. Whether this is related to sex-specific (biological) (e.g. under-dialysis due to body composition differences) or gender-specific (sociocultural) factors (e.g. greater domestic/caregiver responsibilities for women) is unknown. We examined the association between sex assigned at birth, gender score and HRQoL in individuals initiating conventional and incremental hemodialysis. In this prospective multi-center cohort study, incident adult hemodialysis patients were recruited between 1 June 2020 and 30 April 2022 in Alberta, Canada. Sex assigned at birth and gender identity were self-reported. Gender-related characteristics were assessed by self-administered questionnaire to derive a composite measure of gender. The primary outcome was change in Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36 physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component scores after 3 months of hemodialysis. Sixty participants were enrolled (conventional hemodialysis: 14 female, 19 male; incremental hemodialysis: 12 female, 15 male). PCS improved from baseline with conventional (P=.01) but not incremental (P=.52) hemodialysis in female participants. No difference in MCS was observed by hemodialysis type in female participants. Gender score was not associated with changes in PCS in female participants, irrespective of hemodialysis type. Higher gender score was associated with increased MCS with incremental (P=.04), but not conventional (P=.14), hemodialysis (P=.03 conventional vs incremental) in female participants. No change in PCS or MCS was seen in male participants, irrespective of hemodialysis type or gender score. In this exploratory study, conventional hemodialysis was associated with improved PCS in female participants, while incremental hemodialysis was associated with improved MCS in female participants with more roles and responsibilities traditionally ascribed to women. Large prospective studies are required to further investigate these relationships.

A Case-Control Study of the Correlation Between Blood Parameters and Obesity.

Obesity has become a global health crisis in adults, and islinked to conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study explored associations between body mass index (BMI) and laboratory parameters in healthy individuals to identify risk factors and guide targeted interventions in Turkey. It was found that screening and lifestyle changes can help prevent and manage obesity-related health issues. This retrospective case-control study analyzed 2153 adult participants using medical records between 2021 and 2024. The study included those with good overall health; those under 18 years of age or had organ failure, chronic metabolic disorders, obesity complications, or were on multiple obesity-related medications were excluded. Data collected included demographic details, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), BMI, and laboratory findings. Statistical analyses, including Pearson and Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney U testand t test, and receiver operating characteristic analysis, were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The study, comprising 1016 men and 1137 women, revealed that 31.8% of adults were obese. Gender disparities were evident, with a higher prevalence of obesity observed in women: 76.5%, 68.8%, and 45.3% for classes 1, 2, and 3, respectively, compared to corresponding rates of 23.5%, 31.2%, and 54.7% in men. BMI significantly correlated with WHR. Despite the disparity between BMI and WHR between men and women, positive correlations were found between BMI and age (r=0.4) and serum uric acid (SUA) levels (r=0.5). The Mann-Whitney U test also demonstrated a significant association between BMI andfasting plasma glucose level, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, platelet count, and lymphocyte count (all p values<0.005).Despite the poor correlation with BMI, SUAlevelsemerged as a potential obesity predictor, with a 4.1 mg/dl cutoff value, exhibiting 50% sensitivity and 34% specificity (p<0.001; area under the curve, or AUC, 0.67; 95% CI 0.65-0.70). There was no significant link between BMIandaspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, vitamin D, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine 4 levels. This study found significant associations between BMI and laboratory parameters, including serum uric acid, fasting glucose, LDL, triglycerides, and ALT. WHRwas also closely linked to BMI, with notable gender differences in body composition. These significant findings underscore the complex nature of obesity and highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations and biomarkers in research and management strategies that are crucial for understanding and addressing this global health crisis.

Sex-Specific Associations of Aldosterone and Renin with Body Composition: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation is closely linked to obesity; however, the sex-specific associations between RAAS activity and body composition among individuals without obesity are not well understood. To investigate the associations of aldosterone and renin with body composition according to sex in the general population. Population-based cohort study. Québec (Canada). Adults aged 40-69 years enrolled to CARTaGENE between 2009 and 2010 (N=3,687). Plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations. Body composition assessed via anthropometrics (waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio), bioelectrical impedance (lean body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (epicardial and pericardial adipose tissue volumes). The mean (SD) age and body mass index were 55 (8) years and 27.3 (4.8) kg/m2, respectively. Among males, higher aldosterone and renin were associated with increased waist circumference, increased waist-to-hip ratio, increased fat mass, decreased lean body mass, and decreased muscle mass (p<0.05). Aldosterone (p=0.02), but not renin (p=0.43), was associated with increased ectopic cardiac adiposity in males. In contrast, higher renin (p<0.05), but not aldosterone (p≥0.05), was associated with increased waist circumference, increased waist-to-hip ratio, and increased cardiac adiposity in females. Among females, higher renin and aldosterone were associated with increased fat mass (p<0.05) but were not associated with lean body mass or muscle mass (p≥0.05). All aforementioned associations were independent of body weight. Independent of body weight, increased RAAS activity is associated with unfavorable differences in body composition; however, the strength and pattern of association varies by sex.

Sex Differences in the Energy System Contribution during Sprint Exercise in Speed-Power and Endurance Athletes.

Background/Objectives: A high level of specific metabolic capacity is essential for maximal sprinting in both male and female athletes. Various factors dictate sex differences in maximal power production and energy utilization. This study aims to compare the contribution of energy systems between male and female athletes with similar sport-specific physiological adaptations during a 15-s sprint exercise. Methods: The endurance group consisted of 17 males (23 ± 7 y) and 17 females (20 ± 2 y). The speed-power group included 14 males (21.1 ± 2.6 y) and 14 females (20 ± 3 y). The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was determined using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results: Significant differences were observed in the energy expenditure for all systems and total energy expenditure between males and females in both groups (p = 0.001-0.013). The energy expenditure in kJ for individual systems (phosphagen-glycolytic-aerobic) was 35:25:7 vs. 20:16:5 in endurance males vs. female athletes, respectively. In the speed-power group, male athletes expended 33:37:6 kJ and female athletes expended 21:25:4 kJ, respectively. The percentage proportions did not differ between males and females in any system. The contribution of the phosphagen-glycolytic-aerobic systems was 52:37:11 vs. 48:39:13 in endurance male and female athletes, respectively. For speed-power males vs. female athletes, the proportions were 42:50:8 vs. 41:50:9, respectively. Conclusions: Despite the differences in body composition, mechanical output, and absolute energy expenditure, the energy system contribution appears to have a similar metabolic effect between male and female athletes engaged in sprint exercises with similar sport-related adaptations. The magnitude and profile of sex differences are related to sports discipline.

Exploring body composition and somatotype profiles among youth professional soccer players

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the body composition and somatotype of professional soccer players, investigating variations across categories and playing positions. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted with 51 male professional soccer players in the U-19 and U-20 categories. Data about sex, age, height, and weight were collected between March and May 2023. Body composition analysis utilized the ISAK protocol for the restricted profile, while somatotype categorization employed the Heath and Carter formula. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.26, which involved the application of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests to discern differences in body composition variables and proportionality based on categories and playing positions. The Dunn test further identified specific positions exhibiting significant differences. RESULTS: The study encompassed 51 players, highlighting meaningful differences in body composition. The average body mass in kg was 75.8 (±6.9) for U-20 players and 70.5 (±6.1) for U-19 players. The somatotype values were 2.6-4.6-2.3 for U-20 players and 2.5-4.3-2.8 for U-19 players, with a predominance of muscle mass in all categories, characterizing them as balanced mesomorphs. CONCLUSIONS: Body composition and somatotype findings underscore distinctions in body mass across categories and playing positions, with notably higher body mass and muscle mass predominance in elevated categories. However, the prevailing skeletal muscle development establishes a significant semblance with the recognized somatotype standard for soccer.

Feasibility of a single-phase portal venous CT protocol using bolus tracking technique and lean body weight-based contrast media dose.

To evaluate the impact of the use of lean body weight (LBW)-based contrast material (CM) dose and bolus tracking technique on portal venous phase abdominal CT image quality. IRB-approved prospective study; informed consent was acquired. In the period July-November 2023, we randomly selected 105 oncologic patients scheduled for a portal venous phase abdominal CT to undergo our experimental protocol (i.e., 0.7 gI/Kg of LBW CM administration and bolus tracking on the liver). Included patients had performed a "standard" portal venous phase abdominal CT (i.e., 0.6 gI/Kg of total body weight (TBW) contrast material administration and 70 s fixed delay) on the same scanner within the previous 12 months. One reader evaluated CT images measuring liver, portal vein, kidney cortex, and spleen attenuation; values were normalized to paraspinal muscles. Median administered contrast dose (350 mgI/mL CM) was 99 mL (IQR: 81-115 mL) using the experimental protocol and 110 mL (IQR: 100-120 mL) using the standard one (p < 0.0001). Median acquisition delay using the experimental protocol was 65" (IQR 59-73"). Median normalized hepatic enhancement was significantly higher using the experimental protocol (1.97, IQR: 1.83-2.47 vs. 1.86, IQR: 1.58-2.11; p < 0.0001). Median normalized portal vein enhancement was significantly higher using the experimental protocol (3.43, IQR: 2.73-4.04 vs. 2.91, IQR: 2.58-3.41; p < 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were found in the kidneys' cortex and aorta normalized enhancement (p > 0.05). The combination of LBW-based CM dose administration and bolus tracking allows a significant CM dose reduction and a significant liver and portal vein enhancement increase. Lean body weight-based contrast material (CM) dose administration and bolus tracking technique in portal venous phase CT scans overcome differences in body composition and hemodynamics, improving reproducibility. It allows a significant CM dose reduction with increased liver and portal vein enhancement. Lean body weight (LBW)-based contrast material (CM) dosing could be superior to total body weight dosing. Portal venous phase CT with a liver bolus tracking technique improved liver and spleen enhancement with a reduced contrast dose. The combination of LBW-based CM dosing and liver bolus tracking technique enables more "customized" CT examinations.

Measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to compare measured and estimated resting metabolic rate (RMR) predicted by selected equations in patients with nonactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on an outpatient university clinic regimen. Research Methods & ProceduresSeventy-two adult (≥20 years) IBD patients (45 with Crohn's disease-CD) had RMR measured (mRMR) by indirect calorimetry and also estimated by predictive equations (Cunningham, Henry, Anjos et al., and Marra et al.). Body composition was assessed by DXA. Absolute Bias (estimated - mRMR) and % Bias (Bias/mRMR) were calculated. Agreement was assessed as the limit of agreement (LoA) in the Bland & Altman approach. ResultsThere was no difference in age, body composition and mRMR between individuals with CD (5414.2 ± 1023.7 kJ/day) and ulcerative colitis (5443.9 ± 1008.9 kJ/day). Among the equations, only the Anjos et al.'s population-specific equation (-52.1 [642.0] kJ/day, P = 0.493; LoA: -1311; 1206 kJ/d) accurately estimated RMR. The equations of Marra et al. produced the highest % Bias (24.1 ± 14.8%). The Bland & Altman plots showed that the range of the LoA was relatively similar for all equations. In the simple regression analysis, the model with FFM resulted in a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.51 for DC 0.74 for UC) compared to the model that included BM (R2 = 0.35 for DC and 0.65 for UC). ConclusionsAmong the equations analyzed, only Anjos et al.'s accurately estimated RMR in outpatients with nonactive IBD. However, caution is advised when applying it at the individual level, due to the wide observed LoA.

The habitual degree of weight loss might be associated with specific fat and protein intakes during a period of weight maintenance in athletes used to weight variations: preliminary results from the WAVE study

Weight variations are common in sporting life, with important inter-individual variability in the degree of an athlete's habitual weight loss. As a part of the WAVE study (NCT04107545), the main objective of this preliminary study was to determine whether the habitual degree of weight loss was associated with anthropometric, body composition, nutritional or psychometric profiles during a period of weight maintenance in athletes accustomed to weight variations. We hypothesized that athletes accustomed to a higher habitual degree of weight loss may have a higher body weight and body fat mass, and may present a more controlled diet regimen and cognitive restriction than athletes with a lower habitual degree of weight loss. During a period of weight maintenance, 62 athletes (24.0 ± 5.3 years; 26 women) completed anthropometry and body composition measurements, a 48-hours food diary and self-reported questionnaires to determine their weight variation practice, nutritional profile and mood state. Athletes were stratified within inter- and intra-quartile groups according to their habitual degree of weight loss. Athletes with a higher habitual degree of weight loss were those who consumed more protein (P < .001) and less fat (P = .01) as a proportion of total energy compared with those losing less weight, without any difference in body composition between the groups. The rapid weight loss score was significantly higher in individuals losing more weight (P < .001) and no difference was observed for the mood state profile. The present results suggest a potential control of nutritional regulation during a period of weight maintenance in order to spare fat-free mass and favor fat mass loss in athletes who are routinely losing more weight. Fat-free mass may be the main nutritional driver due to low body fat mass in athletes, which may limit the “catch-up fat” phenomenon commonly observed in nonathletic population.