Different Patterns Of Behavior Research Articles

Money demand behavior of Korean households and corporations in a flow-of-funds financial model

Over the last 20 years, the Korean financial environment has changed drastically, and it continues to change. Three broad categories of empirical facts are responsible for the fundamental transformation in the financial environment. The first is the phenomenal growth in the organized capital market (especially nonbank financial institutions, or NBFI), which was launched by government initiative in the 1970s. This initiative partially deregulated interest rates and authorized the creation of new financial institutions, leading in turn to significantly higher real returns and the creation of new financial instruments. This suggests that interest rates in the regulated capital market better reflect financial market conditions. 1 Such changes have had profound effects on, for example, the transmission channel between monetary policy and money demand behavior. The second fact is the development of new categories of financial assets and new means of payment such as credit cards, checking accounts, and automatic transfer systems. This change in the financial environment has brought about a generalized substitution phenomenon among the various financial assets. Finally, the two aforementioned circumstances have contributed to the growth trends of the various monetary aggregates, namely, Ml, M2, and M3, which have shown diverse patterns since the latter part of the 1970s. For example, Ml growth has shown marked volatility but with a recent downward trend, while M3 has shown stable and steady growth. Moreover, households and corporations have exhibited different patterns of behavior in their demands for monetary aggregates. The predictability of money demand behavior is essential in making sound monetary policy. The purpose of this article is to derive and compare first the money demand behavior of households and corporations and, second, the effects of changes in monetary instruments on money demand behavior. The adopted approach is to set

Dinoflagellate flagella adopt various conformations in response to different needs

Summary— The two flagella of Dinoflagellates have, up to now, been poorly described. They display different structures and different patterns of behaviour compared with other organisms. In addition, the two flagella are different from each other: the transverse flagellum is ribbon‐shaped and beats with a spiral undulation inside a furrow located around the cell body while the longitudinal flagellum has a larger diameter than simple flagella because it contains structures in addition to the axoneme and propagates essentially sinusoidal waves to push the cell. Ceratium flagella are particularly interesting to study because they both show different types of movements and have complex structures in addition to the axoneme. We propose that the additional structures are responsible for the particular movements of Dinoflagellate flagella. The presence of food particles in vacuoles in the vicinity of the flagella pocket suggests that their flagellar apparatus may not only be a propulsive organelle but could also be involved in prey capture.

Lattice gas models for multilayer adsorption: variation of phase diagrams with the strength of the substrate potential

The simple cubic lattice gas model with nearest-neighbor attractive interaction is considered for the case where the potential V( z), that an adatom at a distance z from the surface experiences due to the substrate, is V( z) = − A/ z 3. Exact ground state phase diagrams are obtained for different A, while the behavior at nonzero temperatures is studied both by Monte Carlo simulations and the molecular field approximation. We show that the detailed sequence of the layering transitions in the first few layers depends very strongly on the strength of the substrate potential: for strong potentials individual first-order layering transitions in layers 1, 2, 3, …, while for intermediate potential strength the transition of layers 1 and 2 coincide whereas the remaining transitions are still distinct. For yet weaker substrate potentials the separate layering of the third layer occurs only for temperatures exceeding a triple point which disappears for still weaker substrate potentials where the layering of the first three layers coincide. These different patterns of behavior lead to remarkedly different adsorption isotherms. We discuss these findings in the context of recent theoretical predictions.

To Delinquency and Back

This article describes and analyzes the movement from cotiventional to delinquent behavior of very young boys, which was followed by their movement from delitnquent to conventional behavior. Forty-eight boys livitng in a Jerusalem slum were longitudinally followed for three years. The article describes how boys from highly problematic families, with delinquent older brothers, were attracted to delinquent gatherings atnd subsequently indulged in delinqueticy. After a local rabbi created a group devoted to Jewish religious studies, however, about hialf of them quit the delinquent gatherings, joined the rabbi s group, and ceased delinquent behavior. The boys 'movement to deliniquency is explained in terms of an integration of the control theory and the differential-association theory of delitiquency, and so is their movement back to conventionial behavior. Boys from non-highly problematic families were foutid to exhibit different patterns of behavior, which are explained withlin the same theoretical framework The practical implicatiotns of the rabbi s treatment of delinquency are discussed.

Growth and overall transformation kinetics above the bay temperature in Fe-C-Mo alloys

The kinetics and morphology of isothermal transformation in the vicinity of the time-temperaturetransformation (TTT) diagram bay have been investigated with optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in 19 Fe-C-Mo alloys at three levels of carbon concentration (approximately 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 wt pct) and at Mo concentrations from 2.3 to 4.3 wt pct, essentially always at temperatures above or at that of the bay,Tb. Quantitative metallography yielded no evidence for incomplete transformation (stasis) in any of these alloys atT > Tb. Measurements of the thickening kinetics of grain boundary ferrite allotriomorphs (invariably containing either interphase boundary or fibrous Mo2C) demonstrated four different patterns of behavior. The customary parabolic time law for allotriomorph thickening in Fe-C and in many Fe-C-X systems was obtained only at higher temperatures and in the more dilute Fe-C-Mo alloys studied. With decreasing temperature and increasing solute concentrations, a two-stage and then two successive variants of a three-stage thickening process are found. In the most concentrated alloys and at temperatures nearest the bay, the second stage of the three-stage thickening process corresponds to “growth stasis”—the cessation of allotriomorph thickening. Sufficient prolongation of growth stasis presumably leads to “transformation stasis.” A number of models for growth of the carbide-containing allotriomorphs were investigated during attempts to explain the observed kinetics. It was concluded that their growth is controlled by carbon diffusion in austenite but with a driving force drastically reduced by a very strong solute drag-like effect (SDLE) induced by Mo segregation at disordered-type austenite: ferrite boundaries. Carbide growth in the fibrous structure appears to be fed by diffusion of Mo along austenite: ferrite boundaries, whereas carbides in the interphase boundary structure grow primarily by volume diffusion of Mo through austenite.

Areal influences on complex cells in cat striate cortex: stimulus-specificity of width and length summation

In single neurones recorded from the striate cortex of cats anaesthetized with N2O/O2/halothane, receptive field dimensions, length specificity and areal extent of drive were assessed for different classes of visual stimuli. Receptive fields were mapped as rectangular minimum response fields (MRFs). Spatial summation along the axis of preferred orientation was assessed: for moving bars whose length was varied (length summation); and for height variation of a square-wave grating patch against a uniform grey background, or a patch of moving texture against a stationary background of similar texture. In complementary tests a moving square-wave grating background was progressively occluded by a uniform grey foreground mask of variable height; or a mask of stationary texture of variable height progressively occluded a background of moving texture. In parallel measurements, the width of grating or textured patches or masks was varied whilst maintaining height constant. Broadly speaking, the areal influence of each class of stimulus was comparable, and distinct from extra-receptive field phenomena in evoking responses from within the receptive field, but not from surrounding areas. The masking paradigm provided the most sensitive measure of receptive field height and width. However, in some neurones length summation, the degree of end-stopping, and the directional bias depended critically on the stimulus configuration used. Length summation tended to be more dramatic for short bars than for gratings. Length summation for texture was significantly more pronounced than for an oriented bar in special and in intermediate complex neurones. By contrast, endstopping was typically less intense for gratings than for bars, and least pronounced for texture. Because of stimulus specificity, complex neurones assigned to particular functional subgroups on the basis of their response to oriented bars may exhibit quite different patterns of behaviour for other classes of stimuli.

Comparative Fine Structure of Action: Rules of Form and Sequence in the Grooming Patterns of Six Rodent Species

AbstractThe phylogenetic constancy of a set of syntactic patterning rules for grooming was examined in six rodent species: guinea pig, Belding's ground squirrel, gerbil, hamster, rat, mouse. Species were chosen to allow comparisons of separate suborders of Rodentia (Hystricomorpha, Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha) and of separate families within suborders (Cricetidae and Muridae). Each species was examined for possession of the syntactic patterns of chaining, transition reciprocity, sequential stereotypy, and hierarchical clustering. These syntactic patterns were detected and quantified using videoanalysis, graphic notation, and a variety of computer-assisted action coding and analysis techniques. Each syntactic pattern or sequencing rule mentioned above was found to obtain in all six of the species tested. The wide applicability of these rules suggests that they reflect a fundamental feature of neurobehavioral organization, which was established relatively early in rodent evolution. Syntactic organization appears to be a basic property of action production by mammalian brains. The techniques used in this study also allowed a quantitative comparison to be made across species of syntactic pattern strength, form, stereotypy, and timing parameters. This comparison showed that many differences in behavioral patterns among species could be explained by one of two principles. The first explanatory principle was phylogenetic relationship: the behavioral traits of species from within a single family tended to be more similar than were traits of species from separate families, and species from a single suborder tended to be more similar than species from separate suborders. The second principle, which applied especially to temporal parameters, was programmed allometric control by physical size. The timing of patterns (for example, the cycle duration of certain highly stereotyped forepaw strokes performed on the face) was related to the average size of the species by an allometric power function. The nature of these syntactic patterns and of the rules that generate them, the nature of their neural substrates, and the origin of parameters differences between species, is discussed.

A new asymmetrical near-bottom calanoid copepod, Paramisophria platysoma, with observations of its integumental organs, behavior and in-situ feeding habit : Ohtsuka, Susumu and Chikanobu Mitsuzumi, 1990. Bull. Plankt. Soc. Japan, 36(2):87–101. Fac. of Appl. Biol. Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Saijo-cho, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan

A new hyperbenthic calanoid copepod, Paramisophria platysoma collected from the littoral and sublittoral zones on the Pacific coast of Japan is described. The new species has a remarkably asymmetrical body with the left lateral side compressed. However, a SEM examination revealed that the integumental organs of the female cephalothorax are nearly symmetrically distributed. Three different patterns of behavior of living copepodswere observed using a VHS tape recorder sytem: (1)usual, continuous swimming with the compressed left lateral side parallel to the bottom, using antennae 2, mandibular palps and maxillae 1; (2)fast jumping possibly with flaps of swimming legs; and(3)resting with the left lateral side just on the bottom. The gut content analysis of adult females showed that they fed carnivorously on benthic harpacticoid nauplii and copepodids.Their asymmetrical bodies, peculiar swimming behavior and feeding habit dependent on benthic organisms seem to be adaptations to a hyperbenthic life in shallow waters.

Diel variation and seasonal consistency in the fish assemblage of the non-estuarine Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait

In the period between September 1986 and August 1988, using an otter trawl, a total of 50 species from 30 families were captured in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. The dominant species were Liza carinata (Valenciennes), Pomadasys stridens (Forrskal) and Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes). Although the total number of fishes captured in 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 differed by an order of magnitude, the seasonal changes in numbers, biomass and number of species in the intertidal and subtidal zones were consistent. Unbalanced three-way analysis of variance showed that significantly larger numbers of fishes and number of species, but not biomass, were captured in the intertidal at night compared to the intertidal during the day. This difference may be due to both increased net efficiency and movement of fishes into the intertidal zone at night to avoid piscivorous fishes that move from deep water into shallower water. During the day few fish are present in the intertidal zone and this may be to avoid predation by piscivorous birds. Several species of fishes were shown to have different patterns of behaviour during the diel period.

Open field behavior and cardiovascular responses to stress in normal rats

Experiments were conducted in normal Wistar rats with different patterns of behavior to assess the effects of stress on cardiovascular reactivity. One week after weaning and one month later rats were tested in an open field. Animals that did not cross any square in both open fields were classified as HYPOACTIVE. Those crossing more than 43 squares in the first and any in the second open field were classified as HYPERACTIVE. No difference was found in the basal mean blood pressure (BP) or heart rate (HR) between both groups. After a stress (change of cage, electric shock or immobilization) BP and HR increased. The increase in BP was higher in HYPOACTIVE rats. The HR increase was similar in both groups. Therefore, the ambulatory activity in the open field allowed us to separate groups of rats with different cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

Facial Expression as a Behavioral Indicator of Emotional States

This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment of facial behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36 depressed patients and nine controls as well as of ten schizophrenic patients and their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others, consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the differential behavioral patterns observed cast doubt on the assumption of a homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a differential indicator for pathologic affective states and their changes. Given the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in the following.

A Bounding Surface for Granular Materials

A laboratory investigation has been carried out into initial anisotropy and into the effects of continuous principal stress rotation on the undrained behaviour of two granular materials : a natural angular to sub-angular sand and glass ballotini, which comprises spherical grains. Pluviated samples of loose Ham river sand and of ballotini, having the same grading, were isotropically consolidated, then subject to undrained shear in a hollow cylinder apparatus, using a constant b ( = (σ 2 — σ 3 )/(σ 1 —σ 3 )) = 0.5. Despite the marked contrast in their grain shapes, both materials displayed stress-strain, strength and pore pressure responses which were strongly dependent on α, the direction of the major principal stress to the vertical during shear. For both materials a surface may be defined in q ((σ 1 — σ 3 )/2) — p '((σ 1 ' + σ 2 ' + σ 3 ')/3) — α space which portrays their undrained initial anisotropy. The surface is shown to be a bounding surface in that it separates possible from impossible states. The bounding surface is capable of anticipating the response of the materials to stress paths involving principal stress rotation, both monotonically and cyclically applied. It distinguishes different patterns of behaviour on the basis of the direction in which principal stresses are rotated and whether effective stress paths travel on or below the surface. The bounding surface is restricted to the stage of undrained shear during which positive pore pressures are generated and levels of octahedral shear strain are, by observation, less than 0.5% .

On paleomagnetic data and dynamo theory.

Sufficient paleomagnetic data of wide distribution now exist for their use in the determination of terms of higher degree than dipole in the past geomagnetic field. For times older than 5Myr it is necessary to carry out global reconstructions based upon information from sea-floor spreading. Best fits of second and third degree zonal terms (quadrupole and octupole), normalised by the dipole term, may then be obtained for spherical harmonic descriptions of the past geomagnetic field.Such paleomagnetic results are examined for their significance for dynamo theory, using the analysis developed in terms of spherical harmonics by BULLARD and GELLMAN (1954), and applied to mean field electrodynamics by ROBERTS and STIX (1972). The paleomagnetic results provide data for ratios of the values at the coremantle boundary of the radial functions which describe the tonal dipole, quadrupole and octupole geomagnetic components. The variations with time of these ratios over the last 200Myr indicate an evolution of the geodynamo, and show that the octupole geomagnetic component may be linked to the dipole geomagnetic component in a more steady manner than is the quadrupole geomagnetic component. One possible interpretation of such an observation is that it indicates different patterns of behaviour between quadrupole and dipole-octupole fluid flow components in the earth's core.

The epidemiology of adolescent behaviour problems.

Adolescents challenge family and social influences and peer group influences become important. They adopt different patterns of behaviour and lifestyles, some of which are not conducive to their present or future health. In this paper the major environmental and socio-economic influences encountered during adolescence are described. Accidents are a major cause of death. The problems of alcohol, smoking and drug abuse are discussed and the importance of prevention which needs to be multidisciplinary, stressed. Alternative methods are needed to change lifestyles and to enable adolescents to make reasoned choices. This may require adults to modify their own behaviour. There is a need to identify groups of young people whose future health is most at risk because of their behaviour, and to promote healthy lifestyle patterns in them early.

Patterns of Looking Behavior in Full-Term and Low Birth Weight Infants at 40 Weeks Post-Conceptional Age

Given the usefulness of visual behavior as an assessment method in older infants, a simple method of visual behavioral evaluation applicable in clinical settings was utilized to gather descriptive data on 42 infants at term. Using an "infant control" method for determining the duration of stimulus presentation, a series of four patterned targets was presented to 25 healthy full-term (FT) and 17 low birth weight (LBW) infants at 40 weeks postconceptional age. Infants were examined in their nursery cribs, and each stimulus was presented until the infant reached a criterion of a 50% or greater decrement in looking time. LBW infants looked for longer time periods, without pause, than FT infants; LBW mean trial length was twice that of FTs. Although total looking time was longer for the LBW group, LBW infants took twice the length of time as FTs to reach the decrement criterion for the first target and thus viewed fewer targets than FT infants. Despite the longer looking of LBW infants, only 41%, as compared to 56% of the FT group, showed an increase in looking time when a new stimulus was presented. The quality of LBW infants' visual behavior was more often marked by long, continuous looking at the same pattern, in contrast to shorter, more discrete and rapidly decrementing looks by the FT newborn. While there was a large variability within groups, the differential patterns of visual behavior are considered likely to reflect variations in processing of information, possibly associated with differences in integrity or maturation of the visual system.

Interactions of the human red cell membrane tyrosine kinase with heparin

Heparin interacts with protein kinases in various ways; the different patterns of behavior of heparin towards protein kinases contributes to the characterization of these enzymes. We studied the interactions between heparin and a new type of tyrosine kinase extracted from the normal human red cell membrane. We found that heparin inhibited kinase activity by competition with ATP. Furthermore the interaction of heparin with the red cell membrane tyrosine kinase allowed us to use heparin-agarose chromatography as a step towards tyrosine kinase purification.

Separation and loss: significance for women.

Large scale studies, as well as my own clinical experience, indicate that women express more suffering from separations than men (I-31). In discussing this difference, there is a danger that this will be seen as yet another defect in women to be added to all the other things which are wrong with them. My previous work on the consequences of excessive dependency in women (4, 5) has been used by some in a pejorative way, to strengthen existing discrimination, and as further proof of women's inborn inferiority. We must keep in mind that when we try to understand gender differences in behavior, character structure, or personality traits, we must also recognize the existence of age-old prejudice and rigid stereotypes, even in those who consider themselves scientists. Since most of the traits which are found more often in women are considered by our culture to be inferior, new work is in danger of strengthening prejudice. Women fall into the class of chronic victims of discrimination. Allport, in his classic study of traits of chronic victimization (6), described the process in which chronic victims of prejudice develop certain behavior patterns in order to survive, and these behavior patterns and traits are then used by others to perpetuate discrimination. Women fit into this pattern. After untold centuries of being forbidden an education, ownership of property, participation in the world of politics, arts, professions, and industry except at the lowest level, women learned that their survival depended on being chosen as partners to men and taken care of by men. Their survival depended on becoming lovable and pleasing to those caretakers. The traits which they developed of dependency, compliance, and fear of self-assertion are then viewed as evidence of their incompetence and inferiority. We know that there are gender differences in behavior patterns. However most, if not all, of these differences are culturally induced and shaped,

Bridging the Gap: Parent-Child Play Interaction and Peer Interactive Competence

A multimeasure, multicontext study of the relationship between father-child and mother-child play and children's competence with preschool peers was conducted. 13 boys and 14 girls, ages 3-4 years, and their parents participated. Children were videotaped while playing with each parent separately for 20 min in their homes. Children's social competence with their peers was independently evaluated by 3 measures: (1) rankings of preschool teachers of popularity with peers, (2) Q-sort ratings of children's competence by their teachers, and (3) assessments of social interaction with 3 different preschool peers on separate occasions. Differential patterns of maternal and paternal behavior were associated with the social competence of boys and girls. Paternal physical play, engagement, and maternal verbal behavior were positively related to children's peer relations, especially for boys. Paternal directiveness was negatively related to popularity for boys and girls, while maternal directiveness was positively linked with popularity for girls. Opportunities for learning to regulate affect are hypothesized to contribute to these relationships. The study illustrates the linkages between family and peer social systems.

Behaviour of sheep transferred from pasture to an animal house

The behaviour of 4 full-mouthed Merino ewes which had been in single pens in an animal house for 6 months, and 4 similar ewes which had just been introduced from pasture, was studied in detail every 5 min from 7.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Tuesdays and from 5.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. on Sundays over a 36-day period. In addition, the behaviour of a larger number (varying from 50 to 78) ewes, wethers and rams was studied between making detailed observations on the 8 ewes. Sheep kept for long periods in pens had many steoreotypic behaviour patterns. It appeared that “new” sheep had an initial period of “withdrawal” after being introduced to the animal house, and that they then appeared to react more to the stimuli provided by this environment. The different patterns of behaviour observed could have effects on the physiology of the animals, and perhaps caution is needed to extrapolate results from nutritional and physiological trials in pens to sheep at pasture.

Characterizing site energy distributions through the estimation of pressure derivatives of isotherms

Representations for the pressure derivatives of the mean surface coverage squared are suggested in terms of incomplete gamma functions for three distributions, with the Jovanovic local isotherm. These pressure derivatives display qualitatively different patterns of behavior with finite and infinite limits of the heats of adsorption; also, they reflect the nature of the site energy distribution.