Differences In Basal Metabolism Research Articles

Does Basal Metabolism Really Influence the Prognosis of Childhood Obesity?

Childhood obesity is one of the greatest social and health problems of the 21st century. Exogenous obesity consists in the pathological increase in body mass due to the imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure. Different studies and preventive protocols have been carried out with the aim of solving this health problem. Likewise, different etiopathogenic factors such as metabolism and various diagnostic methods such as bioelectrical impedance, have been described. The hypothesis is based on the assumption that a low basal metabolic rate in the context of a caloric imbalance could lead to an increase in the incidence of exogenous or primary obesity with an increase in fat mass. The objectives of the study are to carry out an epidemiological description of the variables of the database obtained on childhood obesity from the clinic. To investigate whether there is an inversely proportional relationship between basal metabolism and a patient’s fat mass. To check if there are differences between sex and age of the patients with respect to the variables under study (basal metabolism and fat mass). To analyse whether there is a directly proportional relationship between basal metabolism and lean mass. To investigate whether there are differences in basal metabolic rate between patients according to sex and whether there are differences in fat mass between patients according to sex. To determine whether there are differences in basal metabolism between patients according to age (7-10 years and 11-14 years) and whether there are differences in fat mass between patients according to age (7-10 years and 11-14 years). To stipulate whether patients with early detection (age range: 7-10 years) and late detection (age range: 11-14 years) of childhood obesity can have a better evolution in fat mass. Material and methods: A total of 19 articles were used as bibliographic references, obtained from different digital sources such as ScienceDirect, CNN, La Vanguardia, SciELO and Pubmed, and from organizations such as the Basque Government and the University of Cantabria Library. In addition, the certificate of authorization for the epidemiological exploitation of the OSI Araba database (code 01/2019) has been obtained. Excel and SPSS Stadistics 29.0.2.0 were used to perform the statistical analysis. Conclusion: An epidemiological description of the variables of the database obtained on childhood obesity from the clinic has been carried out. An inversely proportional relationship between basal metabolism and fat mass in a patient has not been found. There is no directly proportional relationship between basal metabolism and lean mass. Differences in basal metabolism between patients according to sex are described. There are no differences in fat mass between patients according to sex. There are differences in basal metabolism between patients according to age (7-10 years and 11-14 years). No differences in fat mass between patients according to age (7-10 years and 11-14 years) were described. Patients with early detection (age range: 7-10 years) and late detection (age range: 11-14 years) of childhood obesity have a better evolution in fat mass.

Proposition of a Simplified Protocol and New Parameter Introduction in NMRI Mice Anhedonia Induction

Abstract A broad spectrum of research involving stress and stress protocols has long proven that a point of anhedonia, social defeat and learned helplessness can be achieved and observed – with anhedonia being a clinical symptom of Anxiety, Depression and Bipolar Affective Disorder. The aim of this study is the development of a simplified protocol for anhedonia induction in NMRI male mice in order to shorten the period of mice suffering and decrease complexity of the procedure for other researchers and introduction of new parameter in order to achieve better standardization of results. 21 male NMRI mice were introduced to 2 different stress protocols (one found in literature and one simplified) where cognitive- behavioral status was tested using the Sucrose Preference Test, Open Field Test, Grooming Pattern and histological examination of adrenal glands, and to propose a new protocol for fellow researchers. Results observed include the successful induction of anhedonia proven by Sucrose Preference Tests, Barbering effect and microhemorrhage of the adrenal glands. Simplified protocol showed superiority compared to the one found in literature. Simplified protocol showed higher efficiency and reduced amount of work during testing phase. Introduction of NMI as a new parameter during behavioral evaluation resulted in better standardization of measured SPT values that incorporates common knowledge of mammal physiology. A big developmental step was the introduction of the Normalised Mass Index to even out mass fluctuations and differences in basal metabolism, which we recommend to other researchers and institutions.

Influence of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-gamma Coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha gene rs8192678 polymorphism by gender on different health-related parameters in healthy young adults.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) gene rs8192678 C>T polymorphism on different health-related parameters in male and female young adults. The PPARGC1A gene rs8192678 polymorphism was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction in 74 healthy adults (28 women; 22.72 ± 4.40 years) from Andalusia (Spain). Health-related variables included cardiometabolic risk, anthropometry and body composition, biochemical parameters, insulin sensitivity (QUICKI and HOMA-IR indexes), blood pressure (BP) at rest and after exercise, diet, basal metabolism, physical activity, maximal fat oxidation, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Our results showed differences by PPARGC1A gene rs8192678 C>T polymorphism in body mass (p = 0.002), body mass index (p = 0.024), lean body mass (p = 0.024), body fat (p = 0.032), waist circumference (p = 0.020), and BP recovery ratio (p < 0.001). The recessive model (CC vs. CT/TT) showed similar results but also with differences in basal metabolism (p = 0.045) and total energy expenditure (p = 0.024). A genotype*sex interaction was found in the QUICKI index (p = 0.016), with differences between CC and CT/TT in men (p = 0.049) and between men and women inside the CT/TT group (p = 0.049). Thus, the PPARGC1A gene rs8192678 C>T polymorphism is associated with body composition, basal metabolism, total energy expenditure, and BP recovery, where the CC genotype confers a protective effect. Moreover, our study highlighted sexual dimorphism in the influence of PPARGC1A gene rs8192678 C>T polymorphism on the QUICKI index.

A Test of Altitude‐Related Variation in Aerobic Metabolism of Andean Birds

Endotherms at high altitude face the combined challenges of cold and hypoxia. Cold increases thermoregulatory costs, and hypoxia may limit both thermogenesis and aerobic exercise capacity. Consequently, in comparisons between closely related highland and lowland taxa, we might expect to observe consistent differences in basal metabolism (BMR), maximal metabolism (MMR), and aerobic scope. Previous broad‐scale comparative studies of birds have revealed no association between BMR and native elevation; however, altitude effects may be detectable in fine‐grained comparisons between pairs of ecologically similar, closely related species that are native to different elevations. Moreover, it remains unknown if exercise‐induced MMR and aerobic scope exhibit consistent patterns of altitude variation. To evaluate whether there is an association between altitude and metabolic rates, we tested for altitude‐related variation in aerobic metabolism in 10 Andean passerines representing five pairs of closely related species with contrasting elevational ranges. We used a paired‐lineage design such that the five pairwise comparisons were phylogenetically independent. In our small sample of Andean passerines, we found a significant effect of elevation on mass‐corrected BMR, MMR, and aerobic scope in most but not all cases. BMR and MMR were significantly higher for the high‐elevation species in three pairs, two of which also had a significantly higher aerobic scope at high‐elevation. One pair did not exhibit significant elevational differences in BMR, MMR, or aerobic scope. Overall, we could not document a uniformly consistent elevational trend in the species analyzed.

The fate of medium-chain fatty acids in very long-chain acyl‑CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD): A matter of sex?

Medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT) are widely applied in the treatment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (lcFAOD). Long-term treatment with MCT led to a sexually dimorphic response in the mouse model of very-long-chain-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase-deficiency (VLCAD−/−) with the subsequent development of a metabolic syndrome in female mice.In order to evaluate the molecular mechanisms responsible for this sex specific response we performed a comprehensive metabolic phenotyping, SILAC-based quantitative proteomics and characterized the involved signaling pathways by western blot analysis and gene expression.WT and VLCAD−/− mice showed strong sex-dependent differences in basal metabolism and expression of proteins involved in the distinct metabolic pathways, even more prominent after treatment with octanoate. The investigation of molecular mechanisms responsible for the sexual dimorphisms delineated the selective activation of the ERK/mTORc1 signaling pathway leading to an increased biosynthesis and elongation of fatty acids in VLCAD−/− females. In contrast, octanoate induced the activation of ERK/PPARγ pathway and the subsequent upregulation of peroxisomal β‑oxidation in males.We here provide first evidence that sex has to be considered as important variable in disease phenotype. These findings may have implications on treatment strategies in the different sexes.

Allometry of mammalian cellular oxygen consumption.

In the 1930s, Max Kleiber and Samuel Brody established that the interspecies correlation between mammalian body mass and metabolic rate (alphaM(0.75)) cannot be explained (solely) by whole body surface area (alphaM(0.66)) to volume ratios. Metabolic considerations must also be taken into account. Decreases in the proportion of visceral organ mass to whole body mass can account for some of the whole body metabolic differences. However, superimposed upon these anatomical differences, the metabolism of tissues and cells has been demonstrated to decrease with increasing body mass. These decreases in oxygen consumption rates (with increasing body mass) in cells and tissues can be explained by a decrease in ATP turnover and mitochondrial density and an increase in mitochondrial functional efficiency (decrease in proton leak). The majority of the proton leak differences reflect differences in mitochondrial inner membrane surface area. Indeed, liver metabolism correlates directly with liver mitochondrial inner membrane surface area. Apart from being a significant contributor (approximately 25%) to basal metabolism, mitochondrial proton leak is a major factor determining the differences in basal metabolism between mammals of different body mass.

Effects of ethanol and temperature on glucose utilization in the in vivo and isolated perfused mouse brain.

A [14C]2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose technique was used to investigate the effects of ethanol and temperature variation on the rate of glucose utilization in the isolated perfused mouse brain. Glucose utilization rates in six regions of the isolated perfused mouse brain at 37°C were similar to the rates in comparable regions of the in vivo mouse brain. The temperature dependence of the glucose utilization rate in the perfused mouse brain suggests that a change in the rate‐limiting step of cerebral glucose metabolism occurred between 28°C and 32°C. To investigate the possible involvement of temperature‐dependent membrane phase transitions, brain perfusions were performed with a medium containing ethanol which is known to increase membrane fluidity. Perfusion of the mouse brain with a fluid containing 87 mm ethanol (400 mg/dl) resulted in decreases in the glucose utilization rates at 37°C but not at 28°C. At 28°C, ethanol produced an increase in glucose utilization in the medulla‐pons and in the cerebellum of perfused brains. In vivo rates of cerebral glucose utilization in two lines of mice selectively bred for differences in ethanol‐induced sleep time indicated that no differences in basal metabolism or following a 4‐g/kg dose of ethanol existed between the two lines. Interpretations of ethanol's differential effects on cerebral glucose utilization rates in the isolated perfused mouse brain at 28°C and 37°C are presented along with a discussion of the apparent discrepancies observed when in vivo and perfused brains are treated with equivalent concentrations of ethanol.

Strain differences in basal metabolism of behaviorally defined rats

Oxygen basal metabolism using a closed-circuit chamber system was obtained for 549 rats from 12 inbred strains: ACI, A990, A35322, F344, INR, IR, MNR/Har, MNRA, MR/Har, TS1, TS3, WAG. The results provide parametric data for methodological use and add to the standardization of these strains as behaviorally defined lines.