Differences In Altruistic Behavior Research Articles

Altruistic Behavior and Subjective Happiness of University Students Specialized in Special Education

The present study aims at investigating the relationship between altruistic behavior and Subjective happiness among a sample of university students specializing in special education, and to find differences between them according to gender, Country.
 The sample of study consists of (523) male and female students from the Saudi and Egyptian universities. The researcher uses scale Altruistic behavior (prepared by the researcher) and the Oxford list of happiness Translated by Abdel-Khaleq et al. 2003), as a descriptive analytical approach is used. The findings of the study show of finding a statistically significant correlation between altruistic behavior and Subjective happiness of university students specializing in special education. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in Altruistic behavior component (love and sympathy for others) in favor of females, Altruistic behavior components (assistance others, altruistic participation) in favor of male, while there are no statistically significant differences in components (Prioritization others, altruistic participation) and Altruistic behavior as a whole. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in Altruistic behavior components (Assistance others, Altruistic participation) in favor of Saudi students, while there are no statistically significant differences in components (Love and sympathy for others, Prioritization others) and Altruistic behavior as a whole. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in Subjective happiness attributed to gender in favor of male, and there are significant statistical differences attributed to Country in favor of Saudi students. As we can predict Subjective happiness through Altruistic behavior.

PERBEDAAN PERILAKU ALTRUISME DITINJAU DARI TIPE KEPRIBADIAN DAN JENIS KELAMIN PADA REMAJA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS DIFFERENCES IN ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR IN TERMS OF PERSONALITY TYPE AND GENDER IN HIGH SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS

<p><em>Altruism is a helping act carried out without coercion and without expecting compensation from the person being helped. This study aims to determine differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types and gender in high school adolescents. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types and gender in high school adolescents. The subjects of this study were 71 students of SMA Negeri 6 Metro. This study uses two data collection methods, first, the psychological scale (altruism behavior scale) of 35 items (α = 0, 937). Second, using 60 personality test instruments (MBTI) with the number stated in the respondent's gender identity. Based on the results of the analysis that has been done, it can be taken the results of the analysis of FA = 13,433 with p = 0,000 (p <0.01) which means there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types. FB = 13, 433 with p = 0,000 (p <0.01) which means that there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of gender. FAB = 0.024 with a value of p = 0.879 (p> 0.05) which means there is no interaction between personality type and gender on altruistic behavior.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong><em>Altruistic behavior, gender, personality type</em><em></em></p><p><em>Altruism is a helping act carried out without coercion and without expecting compensation from the person being helped. This study aims to determine differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types and gender in high school adolescents. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types and gender in high school adolescents. The subjects of this study were 71 students of SMA Negeri 6 Metro. This study uses two data collection methods, first, the psychological scale (altruism behavior scale) of 35 items (α = 0, 937). Second, using 60 personality test instruments (MBTI) with the number stated in the respondent's gender identity. Based on the results of the analysis that has been done, it can be taken the results of the analysis of FA = 13,433 with p = 0,000 (p <0.01) which means there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of personality types. FB = 13, 433 with p = 0,000 (p <0.01) which means that there are differences in altruistic behavior in terms of gender. FAB = 0.024 with a value of p = 0.879 (p> 0.05) which means there is no interaction between personality type and gender on altruistic behavior.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong><em>Altruistic behavior, gender, personality type</em><em></em></p>

A field study of the association between CD38 gene and altruistic behavior: Empathic response as a mediator

Inspired by the enhancement effects of oxytocin on empathic responses and altruistic behaviors, we conducted a field study with a real fundraising event and investigated to what extent oxytocin pathway genes (CD38 and OXTR) modulate individual differences in charitable donation. Participants were informed that a teacher in their university was diagnosed with uremia and could not afford the cost of medication. They were given the opportunity to donate any amount of money and report their empathic responses to the misfortune of the teacher. We found a significant association between CD38 rs3796863 and the amount of donation both before and after controlling for gender, age, subjective socioeconomic status, religious belief, and social desirability. Individuals with the genotypes (AA/AC) leading to higher oxytocin levels reported stronger empathic responses and donated more money than individuals with the CC genotype. Moreover, empathic response mediated the gene-altruism association. However, we observed no significant associations between the three polymorphisms of OXTR (rs53576, rs2254298, and rs1042778) and the amount of donation. This study demonstrates the importance of CD38 as a source of individual differences in altruistic behavior and highlights the role of empathic response in bridging the link between the oxytocin pathway gene and altruism.

Decoding the Charitable Brain: Empathy, Perspective Taking, and Attention Shifts Differentially Predict Altruistic Giving.

Altruistic behavior varies considerably across people and decision contexts. The relevant computational and motivational mechanisms that underlie its heterogeneity, however, are poorly understood. Using a charitable giving task together with multivariate decoding techniques, we identified three distinct psychological mechanisms underlying altruistic decision-making (empathy, perspective taking, and attentional reorienting) and linked them to dissociable neural computations. Neural responses in the anterior insula (AI) (but not temporoparietal junction [TPJ]) encoded trial-wise empathy for beneficiaries, whereas the TPJ (but not AI) predicted the degree of perspective taking. Importantly, the relative influence of both socio-cognitive processes differed across individuals: participants whose donation behavior was heavily influenced by affective empathy exhibited higher predictive accuracies for generosity in AI, whereas those who strongly relied on cognitive perspective taking showed improved predictions of generous donations in TPJ. Furthermore, subject-specific contributions of both processes for donations were reflected in participants' empathy and perspective taking responses in a separate fMRI task (EmpaToM), suggesting that process-specific inputs into altruistic choices may reflect participants' general propensity to either empathize or mentalize. Finally, using independent attention task data, we identified shared neural codes for attentional reorienting and generous donations in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, suggesting that domain-general attention shifts also contribute to generous behavior (but not in TPJ or AI). Overall, our findings demonstrate highly specific roles of AI for affective empathy and TPJ for cognitive perspective taking as precursors of prosocial behavior and suggest that these discrete routes of social cognition differentially drive intraindividual and interindividual differences in altruistic behavior. Human societies depend on the altruistic behavior of their members, but teasing apart its underlying motivations and neural mechanisms poses a serious challenge. Using multivariate decoding techniques, we delineated three distinct processes for altruistic decision-making (affective empathy, cognitive perspective taking, and domain-general attention shifts), linked them to dissociable neural computations, and identified their relative influence across individuals. Distinguishing process-specific computations both behaviorally and neurally is crucial for developing complete theoretical and neuroscientific accounts of altruistic behavior and more effective means of increasing it. Moreover, information on the relative influence of subprocesses across individuals and its link to people's more general propensity to engage empathy or perspective taking can inform training programs to increase prosociality, considering their "fit" with different individuals.

The Role of Expectations and Gender in Altruism

A central question in the study of altruism has been whether there is a systematic gender difference in giving behavior. Most experimental economics research has found that women are more generous than men. Evidence also suggests that gender differences depend upon the price of giving: males are more altruistic when the price of giving is low, while females are more altruistic when the price of giving is high. However, in the modified dictator game, a key variable in one’s decision to give is what one expects to receive. Systematic differences in those expectations may well contribute to systematic differences in altruistic behavior. We show that these expectations drive an important and widely reported result. When these expectations are homegrown, we replicate the finding. When expectations of receiving are uniform rather than homegrown, gender differences in price sensitivity disappear: males and females give equal amounts. This suggests that it is gender differences in expectations about others’ giving – not differences in tastes for fairness – that explains the previous results.

Altruism in individual and joint-giving decisions: What's gender got to do with it?

This paper uses dictator experiments to examine gender differences in altruistic behavior in the United States when decisions are made individually and jointly. In anonymous individual giving to charity, women give substantially more than men, and in paired settings, mixed-sex groups give the most while all male pairs give the least. Evidence supports social information and negotiation effects as participants change giving toward that of their partners. Social image effects are found only in mixed-sex groups, indicating a gender-based component to the value of the social signal sent. Although men and women appear to have similar influence, the positive social image effect pushes giving in mixed-sex pairs above the sum of the members' individual gifts because the less altruistic partners (usually men) adjust their giving upward more than the more altruistic partners (usually women) reduce giving. Therefore, increasing women's participation in traditionally male spheres of decision making may result in more altruistic economic behavior.

Individual differences in allocation of funds in the dictator game associated with length of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor RS3 promoter region and correlation between RS3 length and hippocampal mRNA

Human altruism is a widespread phenomenon that puzzled evolutionary biologists since Darwin. Economic games illustrate human altruism by showing that behavior deviates from economic predictions of profit maximization. A game that most plainly shows this altruistic tendency is the Dictator Game. We hypothesized that human altruistic behavior is to some extent hardwired and that a likely candidate that may contribute to individual differences in altruistic behavior is the arginine vasopressin 1a (AVPR1a) receptor that in some mammals such as the vole has a profound impact on affiliative behaviors. In the current investigation, 203 male and female university students played an online version of the Dictator Game, for real money payoffs. All subjects and their parents were genotyped for AVPR1a RS1 and RS3 promoter-region repeat polymorphisms. Parents did not participate in online game playing. As variation in the length of a repetitive element in the vole AVPR1a promoter region is associated with differences in social behavior, we examined the relationship between RS1 and RS3 repeat length (base pairs) and allocation sums. Participants with short versions (308-325 bp) of the AVPR1a RS3 repeat allocated significantly (likelihood ratio = 14.75, P = 0.001, df = 2) fewer shekels to the 'other' than participants with long versions (327-343 bp). We also implemented a family-based association test, UNPHASED, to confirm and validate the correlation between the AVPR1a RS3 repeat and monetary allocations in the dictator game. Dictator game allocations were significantly associated with the RS3 repeat (global P value: likelihood ratio chi(2) = 11.73, df = 4, P = 0.019). The association between the AVPR1a RS3 repeat and altruism was also confirmed using two self-report scales (the Bardi-Schwartz Universalism and Benevolence Value-expressive Behavior scales). RS3 long alleles were associated with higher scores on both measures. Finally, long AVPR1a RS3 repeats were associated with higher AVPR1a human post-mortem hippocampal messenger RNA levels than short RS3 repeats (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA): F = 15.04, P = 0.001, df = 14) suggesting a functional molecular genetic basis for the observation that participants with the long RS3 repeats allocate more money than participants with the short repeats. This is the first investigation showing that a common human polymorphism, with antecedents in lower mammals, contributes to decision making in an economic game. The finding that the same gene contributing to social bonding in lower animals also appears to operate similarly in human behavior suggests a common evolutionary mechanism.

Cultural differences in altruistic behavior: quasi replication of Uranowitz's "foot-in-the-door with implicit demand".

A study was designed to validate in France the so-called foot-in-the-door technique with implicit demand described by Uranowitz in 1975, a test of altruistic behavior shown previously to have a positive effect on compliance. However, in conditions of a high-justification request. Uranowitz did not obtain the subjects' compliance. In the present study of foot-in-the-door with implicit demand, subjects complied with the request whatever the justification. This result can be interpreted as differences in perceptions of the justifications among subjects of our study and those of Uranowitz.

On the Export of U.S.-Style Corporate Fiduciary Duties to Other Cultures: Can a Transplant Take?

This essay explores the feasibility of exporting U.S.-style corporate fiduciary duty rules to other nations. It suggests that fiduciary duty rules are best understood as open-ended standards of behavior that exhort corporate officers, directors, and controlling shareholders to focus on the firm's interests rather than their own, in circumstances where a failure to do this often would be difficult to punish. Put differently, fiduciary rules ask corporate insiders to show altruistic concern for the firm and its shareholders. Extensive empirical evidence demonstrates that altruistic behavior is in fact common, predictable, and reliable among U.S. subjects. However, a recent study also reports significant cross-cultural differences in altruistic behavior. The essay explores some possible sources of such cross-cultural differences, and what each implies about the challenges to be faced in transplanting fiduciary duty rules to other societies. In the process, it offers insight into the phenomenon often described as culture.

Internal mechanisms that implicate the self enlighten the egoism-altruism debate

Internal mechanisms, especially those implicating the self, are crucial for the egoism-altruism debate. Self-liking is extended to close others and can be extended, through socialization and reinforcement experiences, to non-close others: Altruistic responses are directed toward others who are included in the self. The process of self-extension can account for cross-situational variability, contextual variability, and individual differences in altruistic behavior.

Effects of Age, Sex, and Social Relationships on the Altruistic Behavior of Chinese Children

ABSTRACT The authors hypothesized that (a) children are more altruistic to someone they like than to someone they dislike, (b) children are more altruistic to someone whose performance they regard as academically good than to someone whose performance they regard as academically poor, and (c) children are more altruistic to a sibling than to an unknown child. The authors tested these three hypotheses using a between-subjects design with three corresponding experimental conditions. The sample was made up of 144 Chinese children in Hong Kong from Grades 1 to 6. The results of the study clearly supported the hypotheses. In addition, age effects on altruistic behavior varied across the experimental conditions but there were no significant sex differences in altruistic behavior in the three experimental conditions.