Differences In Site Distribution Research Articles

Drug binding dynamics of the dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease, determined by molecular dynamics simulation

We performed molecular dynamics simulation of the dimeric SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2) main protease (Mpro) to examine the binding dynamics of small molecular ligands. Seven HIV inhibitors, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir, were used as the potential lead drugs to investigate access to the drug binding sites in Mpro. The frequently accessed sites on Mpro were classified based on contacts between the ligands and the protein, and the differences in site distributions of the encounter complex were observed among the ligands. All seven ligands showed binding to the active site at least twice in 28 simulations of 200 ns each. We further investigated the variations in the complex structure of the active site with the ligands, using microsecond order simulations. Results revealed a wide variation in the shapes of the binding sites and binding poses of the ligands. Additionally, the C-terminal region of the other chain often interacted with the ligands and the active site. Collectively, these findings indicate the importance of dynamic sampling of protein–ligand complexes and suggest the possibilities of further drug optimisations.

Análisis de la densidad y distribución anatómica de nevos melanocíticos adquiridos, en adolescentes del estrato socioeconómico bajo de Santiago de Chile

There is an increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma in Chile. Previous studies have shown that the density and size of acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN) are a risk factor for developing malignant melanoma.To assess the number and anatomical distribution of acquired melanocytic nevi in Chilean adolescents.The number of AMN was counted in 30 anatomical sites in 201 Chilean school children (111 females), aged from 11 to 15 years. The number of small AMN (2-4.9 mm) and large AMN (>5 mm of diameter) was determined.Mean AMN number per person was 32.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 30.7-42.3) in males and 29 (95% CI 271-38.6) in females (p =NS). Males had a higher number of AMN in the face, neck and trunk. Females had a higher number of AMN in the upper and lower limbs. Older children, adolescents with history of sunburns and with lighter skin had a higher number of total, small and large nevi.The average number of AMN found in this study is similar to that reported in the literature. The differences in site distribution between males and females may be explained by a different sun exposure pattern.

Body distribution and density of acquired melanocytic nevi in adolescents of low socioeconomic status of Santiago, Chile

There is an increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma in Chile. Previous studies have shown that the density and size of acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN) are a risk factor for developing malignant melanoma. To assess the number and anatomical distribution of acquired melanocytic nevi in Chilean adolescents. The number of AMN was counted in 30 anatomical sites in 201 Chilean school children (111 females), aged from 11 to 15 years. The number of small AMN (2-4.9 mm) and large AMN (>5 mm of diameter) was determined. Mean AMN number per person was 32.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 30.7-42.3) in males and 29 (95% CI 271-38.6) in females (p =NS). Males had a higher number of AMN in the face, neck and trunk. Females had a higher number of AMN in the upper and lower limbs. Older children, adolescents with history of sunburns and with lighter skin had a higher number of total, small and large nevi. The average number of AMN found in this study is similar to that reported in the literature. The differences in site distribution between males and females may be explained by a different sun exposure pattern.

Water Resources and Precontact Site Placement in Southern Manitoba During the Last 2000 Years

In common parlance, the basic necessities of life are water, food and shelter — assuming that air is a given. The inter-relationships of these three variables are complex and there is an obvious need that all are addressed by any society in their strategic land use planning. The spatial relationship of precontact Sonota/Besant, Blackduck/Duck Bay and Vickers focus sites in southern Manitoba is examined with relation to their proximity to water resources, as well as other factors that may playa role in site placement including seasonality, historical factors, environmental context, and culture-specific subsistence strategies. The observed site distribution of each group is compared with a random distribution of points. Results suggest that, while Sonota/Besant and Blackduck/Duck Bay sites are more frequently located near permanent water bodies and streams, Vickers focus sites tend to be located at some distance from permanent water and are more likely located near intermittent water sources. The reasons for these differences in site distribution with respect to water resources are believed to be related to historic subsistence strategies and, possibly, the desire to avoid unwanted visitors.

Cancer of the large bowel in a defined population: Canterbury, New Zealand, 1970–4

A total of 1024 new cases of cancer of the large bowel occurred in Canterbury, New Zealand (population 400,796), in the 5 years 1970--4. Of these, 992 were diagnosed before death and are reviewed in this paper. The high incidence of this disease in New Zealanders of European origin is illustrated. A significant difference in site distribution of primary tumours between the sexes was found, with a female preponderance of cancer of the proximal colon gradually changing to a male preponderance of cancer of the rectum. In all, 61.5 per cent of the patients had lymph node metastases or advanced disease at the time of diagnosis or treatment. Largely as a consequence of this, only 65 per cent were able to have potentially curative treatment. The estimated crude 5-year survival rate of the whole group was 32.7 per cent (relative rate 42.8 per cent) and the crude 5-year survival rate after potentially curative surgery was 48.4 per cent (relative rate 62.4 per cent). The results are compared with those of other authors. They emphasize the generally unsatisfactory outcome of treatment.

Epidemiology of aneurysmal bone cyst in children: a multicenter study and literature review

The purpose of this study was to review the demographic data of children and adolescents with aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). The authors performed a retrospective, multicenter, pediatric population-based analysis of 156 patients with primary ABCs. Only patients with histologic confirmation of the diagnosis were included. A review of French and English literature of 255 children and adolescents was included regarding sex, location of the lesion and age at diagnosis. There were 212 boys and 199 girls with a median age at diagnosis of 10.2 years (range, 1.5-17 years). Forty-four patients were under 5 years of age; 111 patients were between 5 and 10 years of age, and 139 were older than 10 years of age. The femur, tibia, spine, humerus, pelvis and fibula were the most common locations. In 256 cases (62.7%), ABCs occurred in long bones. We also studied the data and location of 161 ABCs of the mobile spine (13 cases from our series and 148 from the literature review). There were 48 ABCs in the cervical spine, 48 in the thoracic spine, and 65 in the lumbar spine. We found no main differences in site distribution and sex, between the children and the general population.

Eccrine Differentiation in Basal Cell Carcinoma.

Eccrine differentiation according to histologic and immunohistochemical criteria was demonstrated in 16 of 66 basal cell carcinomas. The possibility of origin of these neoplasms from the eccrine duct, including the acrosyringium, is discussed in relation to the differences in site distribution and etiology between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Eccrine Differentiation in Basal Cell Carcinoma

Eccrine differentiation according to histologic and immunohistochemical criteria was demonstrated in 16 of 66 basal cell carcinomas. The possibility of origin of these neoplasms from the eccrine duct, including the acrosyringium, is discussed in relation to the differences in site distribution and etiology between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Plantar melanoma: Is the incidence of melanoma of the sole of the foot really higher in blacks than whites?

The overall incidence of malignant melanoma in black populations is considerably lower than that in whites. There have been repeated suggestions in the literature that black persons may have an increased incidence of melanoma of the sole, relative to whites, because among blacks with melanoma there is a high proportion with tumors of the sole of the foot. Whether this observed difference in site distribution represents a difference in incidence rates has never been demonstrated. Data on cancer incidence from 2 areas, western Washington State (1974-1983) and metropolitan Atlanta (1975-1984), were analyzed to examine this question. The annual area- and age-adjusted incidence of plantar melanoma was 1.7 per million per year for blacks and 2.0 per million per year for whites (relative risk for blacks as compared with whites = 0.88, 95% confidence interval = 0.36-2.11). These data argue that in North America there is little difference between blacks and whites in the incidence of plantar melanoma, and that the well known proportional difference appears to be due instead to the decreased incidence in blacks of melanoma on skin surfaces other than the soles of the feet.

Site distribution of colorectal adenocarcinomas. A retrospective study of 853 tumours.

The site distribution of 853 histologically verified colorectal adenocarcinomas diagnosed at a Norwegian regional hospital from 1964 through 1978 was studied retrospectively. There was a notable increase in the annual number of diagnosed tumours from the first to the last 5-year period of the study. No significant change in site distribution could be found. Men had a higher proportion of rectal cancer than women (43% versus 31%) and a lower proportion of tumours of the right and transverse colon (29% versus 38%). Significant differences in site distributions between men and women, however, were found only in the age group above 60 years. Of the colorectal tumours in the present series 20% were within the reach of the examining finger on rectal examination.