Differences In Recognition Accuracy Research Articles

Deep Learning-Based Modified YOLACT Algorithm on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Images for Screening Common and Difficult Samples of Breast Cancer.

Computer-aided methods have been extensively applied for diagnosing breast lesions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but fully-automatic diagnosis using deep learning is rarely documented. Deep-learning-technology-based artificial intelligence (AI) was used in this work to classify and diagnose breast cancer based on MRI images. Breast cancer MRI images from the Rider Breast MRI public dataset were converted into processable joint photographic expert group (JPG) format images. The location and shape of the lesion area were labeled using the Labelme software. A difficult-sample mining mechanism was introduced to improve the performance of the YOLACT algorithm model as a modified YOLACT algorithm model. Diagnostic efficacy was compared with the Mask R-CNN algorithm model. The deep learning framework was based on PyTorch version 1.0. Four thousand and four hundred labeled data with corresponding lesions were labeled as normal samples, and 1600 images with blurred lesion areas as difficult samples. The modified YOLACT algorithm model achieved higher accuracy and better classification performance than the YOLACT model. The detection accuracy of the modified YOLACT algorithm model with the difficult-sample-mining mechanism is improved by nearly 3% for common and difficult sample images. Compared with Mask R-CNN, it is still faster in running speed, and the difference in recognition accuracy is not obvious. The modified YOLACT algorithm had a classification accuracy of 98.5% for the common sample test set and 93.6% for difficult samples. We constructed a modified YOLACT algorithm model, which is superior to the YOLACT algorithm model in diagnosis and classification accuracy.

Identification of tomato leaf diseases based on LMBRNet

Tomato disease image identification plays a very important role in the field of agricultural production. Aiming at the problems of large intraclass differences, small inter-class differences and difficult feature extraction of some tomato leaf diseases, this paper proposes an identification of tomato leaf diseases based on LMBRNet. Firstly, a comprehensive grouped differentiated residual (CGDR) is built,The multi-branch structure of CGDR is used to capture the diversified feature information of tomato leaf diseases in different dimensions and receptive fields. then, a multiple residual connection scheme is adopted,using residuals to connect all layers, to ensure the maximum information transmission between layers in the network and to solve the problems of network degradation and gradient disappearance in the network training process. Secondly,the visual enhancement effectively fuses the results obtained by three different downsampling strategies using average pooling, max pooling, and 1*1 convolution. Avoid the loss of information caused by downsampling and improve the accuracy of the network. Moreover, deep separable convolution is used to optimize the network structure, reduce the amount of model parameters and reduce the computational resources occupied by training and deploying the model.we found that the depthwise separable convolution with a kernel size of 1*1 can slightly improve the efficiency of the model under the premise that it has little effect on the number of model parameters. The application results of more than 8000 images show that the overall identification accuracy is about 99.7%,higher than ResNet50(97.48%),GoogleNet(98.96%) etc. conventional models. The parameter amount of LMBRNet is 4.1M. Less than ResNet50(23M),GoogleNet(5.7M) etc. conventional models. It is worth noting that the accuracy of LMBRNet(99.7%) is similar to that of InceptionResNetV2(99.68%), but the amount of parameters of LMBRNet(4.1M) is much lower than that of InceptionResNetV2(54M). Moreover, the parameter amount of LMBRNet (4.1M) is slightly lower than that of MobileNetV2(2.2M), but the accuracy rate of LMBRNet(99.7%) is higher than that of MobileNetV2(97.87%). LMBRNet was tested on RS, SIW, Plantvillage-corn public datasets, all obtained high recognition accuracy, 82.32% on RS, 88.37% on SIW and 97.25% on Plantvillage-corn, indicating that LMBRNet has good generalization. Compare LMBRNet with advanced methods. In four different classification tasks, the performance of LMBRNet is similar to ResMLP12 and DCCAM-MRNet, and the difference of recognition accuracy between LMBRNet and ResMLP12 and DCCAM-MRNet is not more than 1%. However, the parameters of LMBRNet (4.1M) are lower than ResMLP12 (14.94M) and DCCAM MRNet (22.8M). LMBRNet is compared with MobileNetV3, an advanced lightweight classification model. LMBRNet(88.37% on SIW,82.32% ON RS) is used on certain datasets and performs better than MobileNetV3S(83.76% on SIW,75 on RS) and MobileNetV3L(84.34 on SIW,73.39 on RS). The parameters of LMBRNet(4.1M) are lower than MobileNetV3L(5.4M) and slightly higher than MobileNetV3S(2.9M). This indicates that LMBRNet has good generality even though it has a small number of parameters.

Typical sound level in environmental sound representations

Although the sound level reaching a listener’s ear depends upon the sound source level and the environment, a stable source level can be perceived (McDermott et al., 2021). Nonetheless, variation in sound level can disrupt recognition in a short-term old/new task (Susini et al., 2019). We asked whether there is evidence of long-term memory of the typical level of everyday sounds. First, we found that listeners can report the level at which they typically hear a sound. Next, we compared sound judgements over headphones (ESC-50 dataset) across two conditions: (1) “typical”: levels set to produce the loudness experienced as “typical” for each sound (as determined by pilot studies); and (2) “equal”: levels at 70 dB SPL. Recognition, familiarity, and pleasantness were judged. There was no significant difference in recognition accuracy between level conditions and no interaction with whether sounds were louder or softer than their typical levels. In addition, recognition increased as sound familiarity increased, but this did not interact with level condition. Furthermore, consistent with past findings, sound pleasantness decreased as loudness increased, but this effect did not depend upon the condition. [Work supported by REAM.]

Altered psychobiological reactivity but no impairment of emotion recognition following stress in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury

Impairments in both stress regulation and emotion recognition have been associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Although it has been proposed that emotion recognition deficits particularly emerge during stress, this hypothesis has not been fully investigated. Adolescents with and without NSSI performed emotion recognition tasks before and after the employment of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The psychobiological stress response was captured with psychological self-reports (affect, stress and dissociation), physiological recordings (heart rate, HR, and heart rate variability, HRV) and endocrinological sampling of saliva (cortisol and alpha-amylase). Mixed-linear models were applied to analyze stress-induced changes in emotion recognition performance and respective stress response measures. The TSST elicited altered psychobiological stress responses in adolescents with NSSI: A more pronounced decrease in positive affect, a more pronounced increase in negative affect, a less pronounced increase in HR, a less pronounced decrease in HRV and a more pronounced increase in alpha-amylase throughout the stress induction than adolescents without NSSI. Stress responses (dissociation, negative affect, cortisol and HR) differed as a function of BPD severity on a continuum, illustrating greater reactivity on self-reports but decreased biological responsiveness in those with greater BPD severity. Stress induction had similar effects on emotion recognition in adolescents with and without NSSI. Recognition sensitivity and recognition speed equally increased, in the absence of any differences in recognition accuracy. In contrast to prominent propositions, psychosocial stress does not appear to account for impaired emotion recognition across the BPD spectrum.

Testing links between pain-related biases in visual attention and recognition memory: An eye-tracking study based on an impending pain paradigm.

Although separate lines of research have evaluated pain-related biases in attention or memory, laboratory studies examining links between attention and memory for pain-related information have received little consideration. In this eye-tracking experiment, we assessed relations between pain-related attention biases (ABs) and recognition memory biases (MBs) among 122 pain-free adults randomly assigned to impending pain (n = 59) versus impending touch (n = 63) conditions, wherein offsets of trials that included pain images were followed by subsequent possibly painful and non-painful somatosensory stimulation, respectively. Gaze biases of participants were assessed during presentations of pain-neutral (P-N) and happy-neutral (H-N) face image pairs within these conditions. Subsequently, condition differences in recognition accuracy for previously viewed versus novel pained and happy face images were examined. Overall gaze durations were significantly longer for pain (vs. neutral) faces that signalled impending pain than impending non-painful touch, particularly among the less resilient in the former condition. Impending pain cohorts also exhibited comparatively better recognition accuracy for both pained and happy face images. Finally, longer gaze durations on pain faces that signalled potential pain, but not potential touch, were related to more accurate recognition of previously viewed pain faces. In sum, pain cues that signal potential personal discomfort maintain visual attention more fully and are subsequently recognised more accuracy than are pain cues that signal non-painful touch stimulation.

An fMRI investigation of neural activation predicting memory formation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with physical anomalies, growth restriction, and a range of neurobehavioral deficits. Although declarative memory impairment has been documented extensively in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), this cognitive process has been examined in only one functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, and mechanisms underlying this impairment are not well understood. We used an event-related fMRI design to examine neural activations during visual scene encoding that predict subsequent scene memory in 51 right-handed children (age range = 10–14 years, M = 11.3, SD = 1.3) whose mothers had been recruited and interviewed prospectively about their alcohol use during pregnancy. Following examination by expert dysmorphologists, children were assigned to one of three FASD diagnostic groups: FAS/PFAS (nFAS = 7; nPFAS = 4), nonsyndromal heavily exposed (HE; n = 14), and Controls (n = 26). Subsequent memory was assessed in a post-scan recognition test, and subsequent memory activations were examined by contrasting activations during encoding of scenes that were subsequently remembered (hits) to those for incorrectly judged as ‘new’ (misses). Recognition accuracy did not differ between groups. Pooled across groups, we observed extensive bilateral subsequent memory effects in regions including the hippocampal formation, posterior parietal cortex, and occipital cortex—a pattern consistent with previous similar studies of typically developing children. Critically, in the group of children with FAS or PFAS, we observed activations in several additional regions compared to HE and Control groups. Given the absence of between-group differences in recognition accuracy, these data suggest that in achieving similar memory compared to children in the HE and Control groups, children with FAS and PFAS recruit more extensive neural resources to achieve successful memory formation.

Evaluation of an Automatic Speech Recognition Platform for Dysarthric Speech

Introduction: The use of commercially available automatic speech recognition (ASR) software is challenged when dysarthria accompanies a physical disability. To overcome this issue, a mobile and personal speech assistant (mPASS) platform was developed, using a speaker-dependent ASR software. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the proposed platform and to compare mPASS recognition accuracy to a commercial speaker-independent ASR software. In addition, secondary aims were to investigate the relationship between severity of dysarthria and accuracy and to explore people with dysarthria perceptions on the proposed platform. Methods: Fifteen individuals with dysarthric speech and 20 individuals with nondysarthric speech recorded 24 words and 5 sentences in a clinical environment. Differences in recognition accuracy between the two systems were evaluated. In addition, mPASS usability was assessed with a technology acceptance model (TAM) questionnaire. Results: In both groups, mean accuracy rates were significantly higher with mPASS compared to the commercial ASR for words and for sentences. mPASS reached good levels of usefulness and ease of use according to the TAM questionnaire. Conclusions: Practical applicability of this technology is realistic: the mPASS platform is accurate, and it could be easily used by individuals with dysarthria.

The Language of Recollection in Support of Recognition Memory Decisions

Abstract. Researchers often augment recognition memory decisions with confidence ratings or reports of “Remember” and “Know” experiences. While important, these ratings are subject to variation in interpretation and misspecification. Here we review recent findings from a “verbal reports as data” procedure in which subjects justify, in their own words, the basis of recognition. The application of a language pattern classifier to these justifications demonstrates that it: (a) is sensitive to the presence of recollection, (b) tracks individual differences in recognition accuracy, and (c) generalizes in a theoretically meaningful way to justifications from a separate experiment. More broadly, this approach should be useful for any cognitive decision task in which competing theories suggest different explicit bases underlying the judgments, or for which the explicit versus implicit basis of the decisions is in question.

Study on Fast Recognition of Biotoxins and Biological Modifiers Using Data Fusion Algorithm

A method for analysis of various biotoxins and biological modifiers based on electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS) and Raman spectroscopy was established. A database of 26 kinds of white powders, including alkaloids such as aconitine and tetrodotoxin, biological modifiers such as bradykinin, substance P and their structural analogs, biotoxins such as conotoxins, α-bungarotoxin, ricin and common white powder such as salt, flour and bovine serum albumin was constructed. Six pattern recognition algorithms of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), naive bayesian (NB), classification tree (CT) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify the single spectrum and the fusion data based on this database. The results showed that the recognition accuracy of different methods was 76.0%–97.2%, among which the fusion recognition algorithm based on the SVM model achieved the highest recognition accuracy of 97.2%. Besides, the difference of recognition accuracy was analyzed in this study. This method could also distinguish multiple structural analogues of the two biological modifiers, and was suitable for the rapid identification of unknown white powder.

Recognising foreign-accented speech of varying intelligibility and linguistic complexity: insights from older listeners with or without hearing loss

Objective The goal of this study was to assess recognition of foreign-accented speech of varying intelligibility and linguistic complexity in older adults. It is important to understand the factors that influence the recognition of this commonly encountered type of speech, in a population that remains understudied in this regard. Design A repeated measures design was used. Listeners repeated back linguistically simple and complex sentences heard in noise. The sentences were produced by three talkers of varying intelligibility: one native American English, one foreign-accented talker of high intelligibility and one foreign-accented talker of low intelligibility. Percentage word recognition in sentences was measured. Study sample Twenty-five older listeners with a range of hearing thresholds participated. Results We found a robust interaction between talker intelligibility and linguistic complexity. Recognition accuracy was higher for simple versus complex sentences, but only for the native and high intelligibility foreign-accented talkers. This pattern was present after effects of working memory capacity and hearing acuity were taken into consideration. Conclusion Older listeners exhibit qualitatively different speech processing strategies for low versus high intelligibility foreign-accented talkers. Differences in recognition accuracy for words presented in simple versus in complex sentence contexts only emerged for speech over a threshold of intelligibility.

Effects of acute alcohol consumption on emotion recognition in social alcohol drinkers.

Background:Research suggests that acute alcohol consumption alters recognition of emotional expressions. Extending this work, we investigated the effects of alcohol on recognition of six primary expressions of emotion.Methods:We conducted two studies using a 2 × 6 experimental design with a between-subjects factor of drink (alcohol, placebo) and a within-subjects factor of emotion (anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear). Study one (n = 110) was followed by a direct replication study (n = 192). Participants completed a six alternative forced choice emotion recognition task following consumption of 0.4 g/kg alcohol or placebo. Dependent variables were recognition accuracy (i.e. hits) and false alarms.Results:There was no clear evidence of differences in recognition accuracy between groups (ps > .58). In study one, there were more false alarms for anger in the alcohol compared to placebo group (n = 52 and 56, respectively; t(94.6) = 2.26, p = .024, d = .44) and fewer false alarms for happiness (t(106) = –2.42, p = .017, d = –.47). However, no clear evidence for these effects was found in study two (alcohol group n = 96, placebo group n = 93, ps > .22). When the data were combined we observed weak evidence of an effect of alcohol on false alarms of anger (t(295) = 2.25, p = .025, d = .26).Conclusions:These studies find weak support for biased anger perception following acute alcohol consumption in social consumers, which could have implications for alcohol-related aggression. Future research should investigate the robustness of this effect, particularly in individuals high in trait aggression.

Identifying the Micro-relations Underpinning Familiarity Detection in Dynamic Displays Containing Multiple Objects.

We identified the important micro-relations that are perceived when attempting to recognize patterns in stimuli consisting of multiple dynamic objects. Skilled and less-skilled participants were presented with point light display sequences representing dynamic patterns in an invasion sport and were subsequently required to make familiarity based recognition judgments in three different conditions, each of which contained only a select number of features that were present at initial viewing. No differences in recognition accuracy were observed between skilled and less-skilled participants when just objects located in the periphery were presented. Yet, when presented with the relative motions of two centrally located attacking objects only, skilled participants were significantly more accurate than less-skilled participants and their recognition accuracy improved further when a target object was included against which these relative motions could be judged. Skilled participants can perceive and recognize global patterns on the basis of centrally located relational information.

Comparative Social Anxiety in Adults and Adolescents: Focusing on Recognition According to Context Sensitivity

인간의 사회적 특성은 정보처리 방식에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. Kim, Markman(2006)의 연구에 따르면 고립에 대한 불안(FOI: fear of Isolation), 또는 부정적 평가에 대한 불안(FNE: fear of negative evaluation)과 같은 사회불안 수준이 높은 집단은 타인과의 상호작용이나 타인의 평가에 더 민감한 반응을 보이며 이러한 특성이 장면을 지각할 때에도 대상들 간의 관계에 주의를 더 기울이도록(높은 맥락민감도) 만드는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 청소년과 성인사이에 맥락민감도의 차이를 재인기억을 통해 확인하고자 수행되었다. 기존 연구들의 결과를 바탕으로 청소년이 성인에 비해 높은 사회불안 수준을 가지고 있으며, 이러한 차이가 맥락민감도에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 가정하였다. 실험에서 참가자들에게 전경과 배경을 포함하고 있는 그림자극을 보게 한 후, 전경에 대한 재인검사를 실시하였다. 전경이 원본과 동일하면서 1) 새로운 배경과 함께 제시된 경우와 2) 원본배경이 그대로 유지된 조합의 두 조건을 비교한 결과, 두 집단 모두 원본 전경이 새로운 배경과 함께 제시된 경우에 원본 배경과 함께 제시된 경우보다 유의미하게 낮은 재인정확도를 나타냈다. 그러나 청소년 집단이 성인집단에 비해 기억을 재인하는 데 있어 배경 정보의 변화에 더 많은 영향을 받았다. 이 결과는 시각 정보를 처리하는 방식이 연령 집단 간에서도 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 보여주었다. 그러나 청소년과 성인의 사회불안 수준을 직접 측정하지 않았다는 점에서 사회불안과 맥락민감도의 인과를 규정하는데 한계가 있다.According to Kim, Markman (2006), a group with high level of social anxiety such as fear of isolation (FOI) or fear of negative evaluation (FNE) (high context sensitivity) showed more sensitive to the evaluation of others and more attention to the relationship between objects when they perceived a specific scene (high context sensitivity). The purpose of this study was to confirm the difference in context sensitivity of adolescents and adults by measuring recall memory. Based on the results of previous studies, it was assumed that adolescents have a higher level of social anxiety than adults and that the difference in level of anxiety will affect context sensitivity. In the experiment, the subjects were asked to look at the picture stimulus including the object and background, then carried out a test to recognize the objects regardless of the background. As a result of comparing two conditions, 1) original background and 2) new background, there was no difference in recognition accuracy between the two groups in the original background condition. However, in the new background condition, the adolescent group showed lower recognition accuracy than the adult group. However, since the social anxiety level of adolescents and adults is not directly measured, there is a limit to define causality of social anxiety and context sensitivity between groups.

The implicit need for power predicts recognition memory for anger faces: An electrophysiological study

Abundant evidence on the influence of implicit motives on memory has been provided by autobiographical narrative; motive-relevant stimuli are better remembered than motive-irrelevant stimuli. However, the temporal dynamics of the influence of implicit motives on memory processes has never been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the impact of implicit need for power (nPower) on the recognition memory for anger faces that has been portrayed as potent incentive for power-motivated perceivers. To assess the electrophysiological correlates of nPower and its relation to recognition memory, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited in an old/new recognition task in response to anger and neutral faces. While there was no difference in recognition accuracy to neutral faces for both groups of participants, higher recognition accuracy was observed for the high-nPower than for the low-nPower participants for the anger faces. During encoding phase, high-nPower participants showed an early and a late positive amplitude enhancement for anger faces; moreover, they exhibited larger later components related to recognition memory for anger faces during retrieval phase. All in all, our results show that nPower modulates anger face processing throughout all stages from encoding to retrieval.

Effect of Pixel's Spatial Characteristics on Recognition of Isolated Pixelized Chinese Character.

The influence of pixel’s spatial characteristics on recognition of isolated Chinese character was investigated using simulated prosthestic vision. The accuracy of Chinese character recognition with 4 kinds of pixel number (6*6, 8*8, 10*10, and 12*12 pixel array) and 3 kinds of pixel shape (Square, Dot and Gaussian) and different pixel spacing were tested through head-mounted display (HMD). A captured image of Chinese characters in font style of Hei were pixelized with Square, Dot and Gaussian pixel. Results showed that pixel number was the most important factor which could affect the recognition of isolated pixelized Chinese Chartars and the accuracy of recognition increased with the addition of pixel number. 10*10 pixel array could provide enough information for people to recognize an isolated Chinese character. At low resolution (6*6 and 8*8 pixel array), there were little difference of recognition accuracy between different pixel shape and different pixel spacing. While as for high resolution (10*10 and 12*12 pixel array), the fluctuation of pixel shape and pixel spacing could not affect the performance of recognition of isolated pixelized Chinese Character.

Varying behavior of different window sizes on the classification of static and dynamic physical activities from a single accelerometer

Accuracy of systems able to recognize in real time daily living activities heavily depends on the processing step for signal segmentation. So far, windowing approaches are used to segment data and the window size is usually chosen based on previous studies. However, literature is vague on the investigation of its effect on the obtained activity recognition accuracy, if both short and long duration activities are considered. In this work, we present the impact of window size on the recognition of daily living activities, where transitions between different activities are also taken into account. The study was conducted on nine participants who wore a tri-axial accelerometer on their waist and performed some short (sitting, standing, and transitions between activities) and long (walking, stair descending and stair ascending) duration activities. Five different classifiers were tested, and among the different window sizes, it was found that 1.5 s window size represents the best trade-off in recognition among activities, with an obtained accuracy well above 90%. Differences in recognition accuracy for each activity highlight the utility of developing adaptive segmentation criteria, based on the duration of the activities.

Emotional faces in context: Age differences in recognition accuracy and scanning patterns.

Although age-related declines in facial expression recognition are well documented, previous research has relied mostly on isolated faces devoid of context. The authors investigated the effects of context on age differences in recognition of facial emotions and in visual scanning patterns of emotional faces. While their eye movements were monitored, younger and older participants viewed facial expressions (i.e., anger, disgust) in contexts that were emotionally congruent, incongruent, or neutral to the facial expression to be identified. Both age groups had the highest recognition rates of facial expressions in the congruent context, followed by the neutral context, and recognition rates in the incongruent context were the lowest. These context effects were more pronounced for older adults. Compared to younger adults, older adults exhibited a greater benefit from congruent contextual information, regardless of facial expression. Context also influenced the pattern of visual scanning characteristics of emotional faces in a similar manner across age groups. In addition, older adults initially attended more to context overall. Our data highlight the importance of considering the role of context in understanding emotion recognition in adulthood.

Discrimination of faces of the same and other race and gender modulated by familiarity

This study aimed to replicate, for the first time on Serbian population, the own-race bias (ORB), a classical effect from the face perception domain. The ORB was additionally contrasted with familiarity and the own-gender bias (OGB). Recognition accuracy for own race faces was higher in comparison both to African (Z=3.29, p<0.01) and Asian faces (Z= 2.59, p<0.01). The introduction of famous faces led to a significant drop in the ORB. However, in all of the conditions a ?seen before? effect was measured, suggesting better recognition for own race faces, independent of familiarity. The OGB was obtained for own-race faces (?2(28, 7) = 119, 34 p <0, 05), while there were no differences in recognition accuracy between the own and the other-race faces of the other gender. These results imply that the ORB could be explained, at least partially, by the OGB. However, these results were obtained on an exclusively female sample.

Hippocampus and nucleus accumbens activity during neutral word recognition related to trait physical anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia: An fMRI study

Emotional memory dysfunction may be associated with anhedonia in schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the neurobiological basis of emotional memory and its relationship with anhedonia in schizophrenia specifically in emotional memory related brain regions of interest (ROIs) including the amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Fourteen patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy subjects performed a word–image associative encoding task, during which a neutral word was presented with a positive, neutral, or control image. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the recognition task. Correlation analyses were performed between the percent signal change (PSC) in the ROIs and the anhedonia scores. We found no group differences in recognition accuracy and reaction time. The PSC of the hippocampus in the positive and neutral conditions, and the PSC in the nucleus accumbens in the control condition, appeared to be negatively correlated with the Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS) scores in patients with schizophrenia, while significant correlations with the PAS scores were not observed in healthy subjects. This study provides further evidence of the role of the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens in trait physical anhedonia and possible association between emotional memory deficit and trait physical anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia.

Judgments of facial expressions of emotion in profile.

Despite the fact that facial expressions of emotion have signal value, there is surprisingly little research examining how that signal can be detected under various conditions, because most judgment studies utilize full-face, frontal views. We remedy this by obtaining judgments of frontal and profile views of the same expressions displayed by the same expressors. We predicted that recognition accuracy when viewing faces in profile would be lower than when judging the same faces from the front. Contrarily, there were no differences in recognition accuracy as a function of view, suggesting that emotions are judged equally well regardless of from what angle they are viewed.