Difference In Probing Pocket Depth Research Articles

Molecular profiling of gingival crevicular fluid fails to distinguish between infrabony and suprabony periodontal defects.

To assess the differential molecular profiling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from infrabony and suprabony periodontal defects compared with healthy sites. Seventy-five samples from 25 patients with untreated periodontitis stage III-IV were included. Clinical and radiological parameters as well as GCF samples were collected from an infrabony defect, a suprabony defect and a periodontally healthy site per patient. A multiplex bead immunoassay was performed to assess the level of 18 biomarkers associated with inflammation, connective tissue degradation and regeneration/repair. GCF volume was higher in periodontal sites compared with healthy sites, with no significant difference between infrabony and suprabony defects. Fourteen biomarkers were elevated in infrabony and suprabony sites compared with healthy sites (p < .05). Only interleukin-1α levels were increased in infrabony compared with suprabony sites, whereas there was no difference in probing pocket depth. Although the GCF molecular profile clearly differentiates periodontally affected sites from healthy sites, the different architecture between infrabony and suprabony defects is not reflected in GCF biomarker changes.

A Comparative Study of Periodontal Health Status between International and Domestic University Students in Japan

In our previous study, international university students showed a significantly higher dental caries morbidity rate than domestic students. On the other hand, the periodontal health status of international university students has not been clarified yet. In this study, we compared the periodontal health status of international and domestic university students in Japan. We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical data of the university students that visited a dental clinic in the division for health service promotion at a university in Tokyo for screening between April 2017 and March 2019. Bleeding on probing (BOP), calculus deposition and probing pocket depth (PPD) were investigated. The records of 231 university students (79 international and 152 domestic university students) were analyzed; 84.8% of international students were from Asian countries (n = 67). The international university students showed a higher percentage of BOP than domestic students (49.4% and 34.2%, respectively: p < 0.05) and they showed more extensive calculus deposition (calculus grading score [CGS]) than domestic university students (1.68 and 1.43, respectively: p < 0.01), despite no significant difference in PPD. The current study shows that international university students have poorer periodontal health than domestic students in Japan, even though the result might include many uncertainties and possible biases. To prevent severe periodontitis in the future, regular checkups and thorough oral health care are essential for the university students, especially those from foreign countries.

Repeated irradiation by light-emitting diodes may impede the spontaneous progression of experimental periodontitis: a preclinical study.

We investigated whether repeated irradiation with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at a combination of 470 nm and 525 nm could suppress the progression of experimental periodontitis. A experimental periodontitis model was established in the second, third, and fourth premolars of the mandible in beagle dogs for 2 months. The spontaneous progression of periodontitis was monitored under the specified treatment regimen for 3 months. During this period, the animals were subjected to treatments of either plaque control only (control) or plaque control with LED application (test) at 2-week intervals. The clinical parameters included the probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and the clinical attachment level (CAL). Histomorphometric analysis was performed using measurements of the length of the junctional epithelium, connective tissue (CT) zone, and total soft tissue (ST). There were significant differences in PPD between the control and test groups at baseline and 12 weeks. When the change in PPD was stratified based on time intervals, it was shown that greater differences occurred in the test group, with statistical significance for baseline to 12 weeks, 6 to 12 weeks, and baseline to 6 weeks. There was no significant difference in GR between the control and test groups at any time points. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found in GR at any time intervals. CAL showed a statistically significant difference between the control and test groups at baseline only, although significant differences in CAL were observed between baseline and 12 weeks and between 6 and 12 weeks. The proportion of CT to ST was smaller for both buccal and lingual areas in the control group than in the test group. Repeated LED irradiation with a combination of 470-nm and 525-nm wavelengths may help suppress the progression of periodontal disease.

Effects of Flap Design on the Periodontal Health of Second Lower Molars after Impacted Third Molar Extraction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the envelope flap and triangular flap for impacted lower third molar (M3) extraction and their effects on the periodontal health of adjacent second molars (M2). A population of 60 patients undergoing M3 extraction with the envelope flap (Group A) or triangular flap (Group B) was analyzed, comparing probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession (REC) recorded at six sites (disto-lingual, mid-lingual, mesio-lingual, disto-vestibular, mid-vestibular, and mesio-vestibular) before (T0) and 6 months after extraction (T1). There was a statistically significant mean difference in PPD and CAL at two sites, disto-vestibular (dv) and disto-lingual (dl), between values recorded before and 6 months after surgery for either Group A or Group B. Furthermore, for the same periodontal records, at 6 months after surgery, a statistically significant difference was recorded between younger and older patients, implying that the healing process was more beneficial for younger patients. No significant differences were found between the two groups (A and B) in PPDdl, PPDdv, CALdl, and CALdv, confirming that the mucoperiosteal flap design does not influence the periodontal healing process of second molars.

A Comparative Evaluation of Medical Grade Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate With and Without Platelet Rich Fibrin as a Bone Regenerative Material in the Treatment of Intraosseous Periodontal Defects- A Clinical and CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) Assessment

The periodontal regeneration is one of the main objective in periodontal management and can be achieved by use of barrier membrane, bone grafts and growth factors. Calcium sulphate, an alloplast material and platelet rich fibrin was used in this clinical trial. Aims: To compare medical grade calcium sulphate hemihydrate with and without platelet rich fibrin as a bone regenerative material in the treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects by clinical and CBCT assessment. Materials and Methods: 30 defect sites were included in the study and were randomly allocated to either Group A, Group B or Group C. Group A was the control group, Group B included the placement of medical grade calcium sulphate hemihydrate whereas Group C included the placement of medical grade calcium sulphate hemihydrate with platelet rich fibrin in periodontal intrabony defects. Statistical analysis of plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and defect fill by CBCT was performed. Statistical analysis used: Kruskal Walis test and Chi‑square test for categorical variables were used for analysis. The critical levels of significance of the results were considered at 0.05 levels, i.e., P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Statistically more significant difference in probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and defect fill was observed in Group C (MGCSH+PRF) in comparison to Group B (Medical Grade Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate) which showed better results than Group A. Conclusion: MGCSH with PRF produced more favourable results than MGCSH alone.

Comparative Evaluation of 980-nm Diode Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing Versus Scaling And Root Planing Alone In Diabetic Patients With Chronic Periodontitis

Background The objective of the current study was to evaluate the clinical effects of multiple applications of a 980nm diode laser with scaling and root planing treatments SRP versus the effects of SRP alone in diabetic patients.Methods Thirty patients with moderate chronic periodontitis and fasting blood sugar levels above 140 mmol dl were selected for the split-mouth clinical study. After SRP quadrants were equally divided between the right and left sides. SRP was done in two control quadrants control groups CG and the diode laser was used adjunctively with SRP in two contralateral quadrants laser groups LG on the 1st 3rd and 7th day. Clinical parameters including plaque index PI sulcus bleeding index SBI probing pocket depth PPD and clinical attachment level CAL were recorded at baseline 6 and 12 weeks after the treatment.Results Both groups showed highly significant results in all the clinical parameters at day 1 to 6 weeks P lt0.001 and day 1 to 12 weeks P lt0.001 period. A significant difference in probing pocket depth was observed from baseline to 12 weeks Plt0.05 in the laser group compared to the control group.Conclusion The current study showed significant improvement in probing pocket depth in diabetic patients treated with SRP and laser when compared to SRP alone

Clinical Efficacy of the 940-nm Diode Laser in the Treatment of Recurrent Pockets in the Periodontal Maintenance Phase.

Introduction: The basis of periodontal treatments is the mechanical removal of bacterial biofilm, which is often not sufficient. Therefore, laser therapy can be effective as an adjunct treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the 940-nm diode laser in the treatment of recurrent pockets of patients in the periodontal maintenance phase. Methods: The present clinical trial study was performed on 20 patients. Clinical indices, including bleeding index (BI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) of the studied teeth were recorded before the test. The different quadrants were randomly divided into two experimental (scaling and root planing (SRP)+Laser) and control groups (SRP alone). Both groups were matched in terms of plaque index (PI). Clinical indices were re-recorded using therapeutic methods 30 and 90 days after the treatment, and data analysis was carried out using the t test and LSD. Results: There were no significant differences in PI, PPD, CAL, and BI in both groups before the treatment (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in PPD, CAL, and BI in the two groups one month after the treatment (P<0.05); it means that improvements were more significant in the experimental group than in the control group. Comparing experimental and control groups, we found that there were no significant differences in PPD and CAL indices three months after the treatment (P>0.05); however, there were significant improvements in the BI index in both groups (P<0.05), so that the improvement was better in the experimental group than the control group. Conclusion: Both SRP+Laser and SRP alone improved clinical indices in patients. In short-term follow-up, the effect of SRP+Laser treatment on BI, CAL, PPD was significantly superior to SRP treatment alone, but in long-term follow-up, SRP+laser was more effective than SRP alone in improving the BI index.

The Effect of Three Surgical Therapies to Increase Keratinized Mucosa Surrounding Dental Implants with Peri-Implantitis: A Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of three different methods for increasing the keratinized mucosa (KM) surrounding dental implants with peri-implantitis. Materials and methods: Twenty implant sites with peri-implantitis were divided into: (1) porcine collagen matrix (CM) group: seven implant sites; (2) apically positioned flap (APF) group: eight implant sites; and (3) free gingival graft (FGG) group: five implant sites. The KM width and clinical parameters (probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP)) were measured at time points: before surgery (T0) and 30 (T1), 60 (T2), 90 (T3), and 180 (T4) days after surgery. Results: Regarding KM width, all the groups had significant differences for increasing horizontal and vertical KM width. The CM and FGG groups had greater KM than the APF group. There was a decrease in PPD in all three groups. APF and FGG showed significant differences in PPD at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Only the FGG group showed a significant difference in PPD at T3 and T4 compared with that at T0. BOP values were also reduced in all the groups at T1–T4 compared to T0. The APF and FGG groups showed a significant decrease in BOP. Conclusions: Three surgical therapies presented favorable results for increasing the KM surrounding implants. Compared with the FGG group, the CM showed similar results in increasing the KM around the dental implants with peri-implantitis.

Periodontitis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between periodontitis (PD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A systematic search was conducted through the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL and SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) for relevant publications up to September 2020 with no language restriction. The association between PD and SLE was assessed by the prevalence of PD in SLE patients (both sex and females only) as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included differences in common gingival parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores of SLE patients with or without PD. A total of 1183 citations and 22 full text articles were screened. Eighteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 13 in the quantitative analysis. SLE diagnosis was associated with greater odds of PD (OR=1.33, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.20-1.48), but these were non-significant when examined in females (OR=3.20, 95%CI: 0.85-12.02). Patients with SLE exhibited no differences in PPD (SMD: -0.09mm, 95%CI: -0.45-0.27) and CAL (SMD: 0.05mm, 95%CI: -0.30-0.40) when compared with systemically healthy controls. PD diagnosis was, however, associated with higher SLEDAI scores in patients suffering from SLE (SMD: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.03-1.32). PD and SLE are both inflammatory diseases and their association could be bi-directional. This review suggested that the patients with SLE have greater odds of suffering with PD. Further investigations are required to assess the association between PD and SLE.

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Human Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) efficacy in periodontitis. The review protocol was conducted in accordance with PRISMA statements, Cochrane Collaboration recommendations and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42020161516). Electronic and hand search strategies were undertaken to gather data on in vivo human RCTs followed by qualitative analysis. Differences in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and pooled in random effects model at three and six months. Heterogeneity was analyzed, using Q and I2 tests. Publication bias was assessed by visual examination of the funnel plot symmetry. Sixty percent of 31 eligible studies showed a high risk of bias. Meta-analysis on 18 studies showed no additional benefit in split mouth studies in terms of PPD reduction (SMD 0.166; 95% CI −0.278 to 0.611; P = 0.463) and CAL gain (SMD 0.092; 95% CI −0.013 to 0.198; P = 0.088). Similar findings noted for parallel group studies; PPD reduction (SMD 0.076; 95% CI −0.420 to 0.573; P = 0.763) and CAL gain (SMD 0.056; 95% CI −0.408 to 0.552; P = 0.745). Sensitivity analysis minimized heterogeneity for both outcome variables; however, intergroup differences were not statistically significant. Future research should aim for well-designed RCTs in order to determine the effectiveness of aPDT.

Opportunistic pathogens are associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in peri-implant disease.

To assess the association between Gram-negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas with the clinical parameters in peri-implant disease. Patients treated with implants and diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and/or peri-implantitis participate in this cross-sectional research. Unusual microorganisms from the implants were recognized using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Linear regression models were applied. A total of 103 implants were evaluated in thirty-one participants. Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas were observed in 47 implants (46%). Interestingly, there were differences in probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CA), and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the groups, where implants with the presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas presented deteriorated clinical parameters (p<.0001). The crude and adjusted linear regression models for PPD in peri-implant mucositis, PPD in peri-implantitis, CA in peri-implantitis, and BOP in peri-implant disease present significant βs, demonstrating deteriorated parameters (p<.0001) in the presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas. Besides, the model for CA in peri-implantitis showed that cemented restored reconstructions were statistically significant (p=.009). Additionally, the R2 value in most models indicated a high degree of correlation (>85%). The occurrence of Gram-negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas was associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in patients with peri-implant disease.

Evaluation of Gengigel® Application in the Management of Furcation with Coronally Advanced Flap through Surgical Re-Entry-A Split Mouth Clinical Study.

One of the challenging and unique periodontal problem of Grade II furcation defect has been managed through different treatment modalities in the past. A successful approach is based on complete closure of the defect. Different regenerative approaches have been tried. This study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the role of Gengigel® (0.8% hyaluronic acid) as a potential material for regeneration of lost attachment apparatus. A total of 20 sites with Grade II furcation defects from 10 patients were selected using random sampling technique. These were divided into Group A (placement of hyaluronic acid) and Group B (without placement of hyaluronic acid) according to treatment modality. Furcation defect assessment was done in vertical and horizontal depth preoperatively and postoperatively at six months through surgical re-entry. Recorded data was subjected to the statistical analysis unpaired and paired t-tests for intergroup and intragroup comparisons respectively. Mean plaque index, gingival index and bleeding index score showed statistically highly significant and significant results respectively, for both the groups at baseline and six months. Mean difference in probing pocket depth and Relative Attachment Level (RAL) were statistically highly significant, whereas, mean difference of gingival position margin was non significant for both the groups, at baseline and six months. Mean difference in horizontal component at baseline and six months was statistically highly significant for both the groups. Mean difference in vertical component at baseline and six months was statistically significant for both the groups. On comparison, the mean difference in vertical and horizontal component of Group A and Group B at six months was statistically not significant. Both Gengigel® with coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap alone are effective in the treatment of Grade II furcation defects. The combination of Gengigel® with coronally positioned flap leads to better results in hard tissue measurement as compared to coronally positioned flap alone.

Periodontal status of tuberculosis patients – Is there a two-way link?

BackgroundThe influence of systemic disorders on periodontal tissues is well established. Amongst various chronic debilitating diseases, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major health problems in most developing countries. Although it has a definite affinity for the lungs, it can affect any part of the body including the oral cavity. TB and periodontitis are the two distinct disease processes. But environmental and biological factors play a key role in etiopathogenesis of both the diseases. These factors alter tissue microenvironment leading to cascade of untoward events. AimTo assess and compare the periodontal status of TB patients with that of non-TB subjects. Materials and methods50 subjects were recruited and divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of subjects suffering from TB serving as Test group while group B included non-TB subjects serving as Control group. Statistical analysisUnpaired t-test was used. Results and conclusionStatistically significant difference in probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing was found between groups A and B, with the difference being higher in group A subjects, thus concluding that periodontal status might be linked with TB.

Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunctive to Mechanical Debridement in the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical effects of anti-microbial photodynamic therapy (PDT) after closed surface scaling in the treatment of peri-implant diseases. Methods: Ten patients with a total of 15 pairs of dental implants, showing clinical and radiographic signs of peri-implant diseases, were included in this study. In each patient, one implant randomly served as control implant and the other served as test implant. The control implants were treated with closed surface scaling only and the test implants received additionally PDT, using light with a wavelength of 630 nm and intensity of 2000 mw/cm2 for 120 seconds after application of photosensitizer in peri-implant sulcus. Clinical parameters were evaluated before and 1.5 and 3 months after treatment. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences in probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival index (GI) at each time point between the two groups. There were no statistically significant changes with respect to any of the parameters in the control group. Complete resolution of BOP at 3 months was achieved in 100% of test implants. At 1.5 and 3 months, there were significant differences in the mean probing depth and CAL gain measurements at implants in the test group. Conclusion: The present study revealed that adjunctive use of PDT following closed surface scaling could lead to clinical improvement of peri-implant diseases. Further studies are necessary to confirm our results.

The effect of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A comparative split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) (using 810 nm diode laser and Indocyanine green as photosensitizer) in chronic periodontitis. Patients with untreated chronic periodontitis were included. Treatment was done according to a split mouth design. All sites received periodontal treatment comprising scaling and root-planing (SRP). Test group were additionally treated with PDT. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Relative Attachment Level (RAL) were evaluated at baseline, 1 month and 3 months. Mean baseline values for PI, GI, PPD and RAL were not different in the test group and control group. Statistical significant difference in PPD and RAL, 3 months after treatment was seen in test group as compared to the control group. In patients with chronic periodontitis, clinical outcomes of conventional SRP can be improved by adjunctive PDT.

A Randomized Controlled Trial and Radiographic Evaluation of Adjunctive Periodontal Treatment with Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation

ABSTRACT Aim The objective of this study was to use clinical parameters, digital subtraction analysis, and computer intensity measurement to evaluate the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in adult periodontitis patients with vertical bony defect after initial therapy. Materials and methods A total of 31 systemically healthy patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis and normal serum calcium level were included. The most obvious proximal vertical bony defect was selected in each patient as an area of interest (AOI). Subjects received initial periodontal therapy. They were randomized into two groups. The test group (n= 17) received calcium (600 mg twice daily) and vitamin D (0.25 µg once daily) supplements for 6 months. The control group (n= 14) received placebos. At baseline and 6 months, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and standardized vertical bitewing radiographs were recorded for the AOI. Results A greater percentage of patients in the test group (64.7%) than in the control group (35.7%) gained bone according to both radiographic evaluation methods. At baseline and 6 months, no significant intragroup or intergroup differences in PPD and CAL were observed. Slightly greater PPD reduction and CAL gain were noted in the test group. Conclusion Periodontal healing of vertical bony defects was better among patients who used calcium and vitamin D supplements than among control patients. Although the difference was not statistically different between the groups, the test group tended toward more improvement. How to cite this article Bundit A, Yotnuengnit P, Wisetsin S, Chittacharoen A. A Randomized Controlled Trial and Radiographic Evaluation of Adjunctive Periodontal Treatment with Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2016;5(1):50-55.

Collagen-Chitosan barrier membrane, a novel, indigenous, and economic material for management of periodontal infrabony defects - A case-Control Study

Objectives: The main objective of periodontal treatment is to resolve the inflammatory lesion in periodontal tissues. However, the contemporary goal has become regeneration of the lost attachment apparatus through guided tissue regeneration (GTR) technique. The GTR membranes currently available in the market are expensive, which in turn warrants the identification, development, and utilization of more cost-effective and biocompatible materials as barrier membranes for GTR. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted on patients with infrabony defects having minimal or no gingival recession and with a probing depth of >4 mm and controls (12 each). It highlights the use of a newly developed fish collagen-chitosan film as a barrier membrane for the management of human infrabony defects using the principles of GTR in periodontitis subjects. Results: Infrabony defects in the test and control sites were matched at baseline. The differences in probing pocket depth within the groups at baseline and 6 months after periodontal therapy were statistically significant. After 6 months, there was statistically significant difference in the probing pocket depth between the test and control sites. Conclusion : Within its limitations, the present study showed that the collagen-chitosan film is effective as a barrier membrane for GTR therapy in infrabony defects, as it resulted in improved clinical outcome with low incidence of gingival recession and device exposure.

Clinical and microbiological results following nonsurgical periodontal therapy with or without local administration of piperacillin/tazobactam

We assessed if adjunct administration of piperacillin/tazobactam added clinical and microbiological treatment benefits. Thirty-six subjects (mean age 52.1 years (SD ± 10.3)) (NS by group) with chronic periodontitis were randomly enrolled receiving subgingival debridement and the local administration of piperacillin/tazobactam (test group) or debridement alone (control group). Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and microbiological counts of 74 species were studied by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization up to month 6 after treatment. Mean PPD changes between baseline and month 6 in the test and control groups were 1.5 and 1.8 mm, respectively (NS between groups). BOP in both groups decreased from about 80 to 40 %. At 4 and 12 weeks, lower counts of the following bacteria were found in the test group (site level): Fusobacterium species, Parvimonas micra, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and a composite load of nine pathogens (p < 0.001). At week 26, subjects receiving local antibiotics had a lower prevalence at tested sites for Fusobacterium nucleatum sp. polymorphum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, P. micra, and T. denticola. At 26 weeks, treatment with or without piperacillin/tazobactam resulted in similar BOP and PPD improvements. At week 26 and at the subject level, the prevalence of 4/74 pathogens was found at lower counts in the group receiving local antibiotics. Administration of piperacillin/tazobactam reduces the prevalence of Fusobacterium, P. micra, and T. denticola to a greater extent than debridement alone but with no short-term differences in PPD or BOP.

Evaluation of the efficacy of green tea catechins as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the management of chronic periodontitis using PCR analysis: A clinical and microbiological study

Background:Increased knowledge of anaerobic bacteria in the development of periodontal diseases has led to new treatment strategies aiming primarily at suppression or elimination of specific periodontal pathogens. Over the last few decades, green tea has been subjected to many scientific and medical studies.Aim:The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of green tea catechins on the red complex organisms using Polymerase Chain Reaction for microbiological analysis.Materials and Methods:A split mouth study was conducted, in which a total of 20 subjects were included. Green tea catechin as local drug delivery was placed at study sites. Clinical parameters namely probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) were recorded. Sub-gingival plaque samples were collected, and red complex micro-organisms were studied using PCR. Clinical and microbiological parameters were recorded at baseline, 1st, and 5th week after treatment.Results:The results showed statistically significant difference in PPD, GI, and PI and significant reduction of red complex organisms from baseline to 1st week and baseline to 5th week in both study and control groups (P < 0.001). Intergroup comparison between study and control group was statistically insignificant for PPD, PI, and GI. A significantly greater reduction in Tannerella forsythus (Tf) at 1st week and 5th week and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) at 1st week was observed in study group when compared to control group.Conclusion:Green tea catechin can be used as an effective local drug delivery along with scaling and root planing in treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Effectiveness of a controlled release chlorhexidine chip (PerioColTM‑CG) as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing when compared to scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A comparative study

Aims and objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a controlled-release chlorhexidine chip as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing when compared with scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Materials and Methods:20 patients with a total number of 40 posterior sites were selected. These sites were divided into two groups in a split mouth design,: Group A (control site) had 20 sites treated with scaling and root planing alone and Group B (test site) had 20 sites treated with scaling and root planing and PerioCol™-CG. The clinical parameters (Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level) were recorded at baseline, 90th and 180th day for both the groups.Results:When both groups were compared the change in Plaque index was significantly higher in Group B when compared to Group A on the 90th day and 180th day. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean percentage of gingival bleeding sites between the two groups on the 90th day, though Group B showed a statistically higher reduction in the mean percentage of gingival bleeding sites at the end of 180th day. There was no statistically significant difference in probing pocket depth between the two groups on both 90th and 180th day. Gain in clinical attachment level was significantly higher in Group B when compared to Group A on the 90th and 180th day.Conclusion:From the results observed in this study, it can be concluded that the adjunctive use of PerioCol™-CG was safe and provided significant improvement in both Plaque index and gingival bleeding index. It was also more favorable than scaling and root planing alone for gain in clinical attachment level.