Electrode Potential Difference Research Articles

Improved mechanical and corrosion properties through high-pressure phase transition in a biodegradable Zn-1.5Mn alloy

Zn-Mn alloys are considered promising biodegradable metals for orthopedic applications due to their large elongation and favorable osteogenicity. However, the corrosion rate of Zn-Mn alloys could be improved to meet the degradation requirement for orthopedic implants. In this study, a Zn-1.5Mn alloy was prepared via high-pressure solid-solution (HPSS) treatment at 5 GPa and 380 °C for 1 h to cast ingots. Microstructural evaluation revealed the HPSS treatment caused a phase transition from a ζ-MnZn13 phase to an ε-MnZn3 phase. The electrode potential difference between the ε-MnZn3 and the α-Zn was significantly larger than between the ζ-MnZn13 and the α-Zn, leading to an accelerated corrosion rate of the HPSS-treated alloy. It showed an electrochemical corrosion rate of 0.343 mm/y and an immersion degradation rate of 0.028 mm/y, while the as-cast (AC) Zn-1.5Mn displayed an electrochemical corrosion rate of 0.216 mm/y and an immersion degradation rate of 0.026 mm/y. Further, the HPSS-treated Zn-1.5Mn exhibited a compressive yield strength of 202 MPa and a microhardness of 83.48 HV. In addition, the HPSS-treated Zn-1.5Mn exhibited a cell viability toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) comparable to its AC and atmospheric pressure solid-solution-treated (APSS-treated) counterparts toward HUVEC, along with improved antibacterial activity.

In-situ analysis of cathode and anode impedances to probe the performance degradation of lithium–sulfur batteries

Improving the performance of Li-metal batteries with sulfur cathodes while maintaining high sulfur loading (>4 mg cm−2) and low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio (<10 mg μL−1) is a significant challenge. These conditions often result in poor battery cycle life and sudden capacity failure during charge-discharge processes. To address this challenge, we investigate Li–S batteries in a three-electrode (3E) configuration, utilizing optimized materials and geometries for the reference electrode. This configuration allows us to independently track the in-situ variations in cathode and anode resistances, along with the electrode potential difference, unveiling the root causes of abrupt battery failure during cycling. Our 3E approach uncovers previously unnoticed distortion phenomena in the electrochemical impedance spectra of both the cathode and anode, providing essential indicators of imminent micro-short circuiting. Supported by simulations using the finite element method and equivalent circuit analysis software, these insights clarify that the primary reason for battery failure is the growth of Li dendrites and their subsequent contact with the cathode, rather than a sudden increase in cell impedance. By substituting traditional Li foil with a specially designed Li anode less susceptible to Li dendrite growth, we achieve reduced anode resistance and improved battery capacity and cycle life stability. This research reveals the potential of the 3E configuration for precise in-situ impedance monitoring, which is valuable for devising strategies to enhance cycle stability.

Effects of micro-alloying Ag on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of extruded Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca-xAg alloys

The present work investigates effects of micro-alloying Ag on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of as-extruded Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca alloys. The addition of Ag, up to 0.5 wt%, induce limited difference on microstructural characteristics such as slightly coarser microstructures due to the enhanced dynamic recrystallization process and the presence of refined precipitates. The tensile properties of the alloy were not significantly changed by Ag addition, i.e., all the alloys exhibited exceptional elongation of ∼30%, moderate tensile yield strength and ultimate strength of ∼140 MPa and ∼240 MPa, respectively. The corrosion performance of the alloys was progressively deteriorated with increasing Ag content i.e., the corrosion rate increased from 0.40 ± 0.23 mm/y for Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca alloy to 3.27 ± 0.24 mm/y for the Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca-0.5Ag alloy. The compromised corrosion performance was attributed to a large electrode potential difference between the nobler Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase and the α-Mg matrix as well as a less protective corrosion film, by increasing Ag addition.

Preparation and soldering performance of SAC305@Sn-bi Core-shell solder balls based on eutectic co-deposition

SnBi eutectic thin film alloys are widely used in microelectronic devices, sensors, biomedical devices due to their high resistance, low temperature coefficient, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, the large standard electrode potential difference (454 mV) between Sn (−0.136 V) and Bi (+0.3118 V) makes them difficult to be co-deposited, especially with eutectic composition. In this study, cathodic polarization curves were used to analyze the negative shift of the cathodic reduction potentials of Sn and Bi induced by gelatin and EDTA-2Na, respectively, which reduced the potential difference between the two to 184 mv (Sn:-0.958 v; Bi:-0.774 v) and enabled the co-deposition of Sn and Bi; cathodic overpotentials were analysed to show that catechol not only improves the degree of cathodic polarization, but also raises the overpotentials, resulting in flatter surface coatings; By adjusting the temperature, current density, and pulse current, a SnBi eutectic thin film coating with good weldability, controllable thickness, flat surface, density, and uniformity was obtained on copper foil using a platinum as the anode in a methanesulfonic acid solution. The results indicate that it is feasible to deposit SnBi solder alloy at eutectic points (Sn41.53Bi58.47, At.%). Under the synergistic effect of gelatin and unidirectional square wave pulse, a typical eutectic network morphology can be obtained, which is the same as the microstructure of industrial SnBi eutectic solder. Based on these, a core-shell composite soldering material for low-temperature soldering was obtained by using SAC305 solder balls as cores and a SnBi low-temperature soldering material coating was roll-plated on their surfaces. This study provides a reliable technical way and theoretical guidance for low-temperature soldering, preparation of low-temperature solderable core-shell composite soldering material, and application of sensors and optoelectronic devices.

A High-Energy Aqueous All-Sulfur Battery.

Rechargeable aqueous batteries are promising energy storage devices because of their high safety and low cost. However, their energy densities are generally unsatisfactory due to the limited capacities of ion-inserted electrode materials, prohibiting their widespread applications. Herein, a high-energy aqueous all-sulfur battery was constructed via matching S/Cu2 S and S/CaSx redox couples. In such batteries, both cathodes and anodes undergo the conversion reaction between sulfur/metal sulfides redox couples, which display high specific capacities and rational electrode potential difference. Furthermore, during the charge/discharge process, the simultaneous redox of Cu2+ ion charge-carriers also takes place and contributes to a more two-electron transfer, which doubles the capacity of cathodes. As a result, the assembled aqueous all-sulfur batteries deliver a high discharge capacity of 447 mAh g-1 based on total mass of sulfur in cathode and anode at 0.1 A g-1 , contributing to an enhanced energy density of 393 Wh kg-1 . This work will widen the scope for the design of high-energy aqueous batteries.

A High‐Energy Aqueous All‐Sulfur Battery

AbstractRechargeable aqueous batteries are promising energy storage devices because of their high safety and low cost. However, their energy densities are generally unsatisfactory due to the limited capacities of ion‐inserted electrode materials, prohibiting their widespread applications. Herein, a high‐energy aqueous all‐sulfur battery was constructed via matching S/Cu2S and S/CaSx redox couples. In such batteries, both cathodes and anodes undergo the conversion reaction between sulfur/metal sulfides redox couples, which display high specific capacities and rational electrode potential difference. Furthermore, during the charge/discharge process, the simultaneous redox of Cu2+ ion charge‐carriers also takes place and contributes to a more two‐electron transfer, which doubles the capacity of cathodes. As a result, the assembled aqueous all‐sulfur batteries deliver a high discharge capacity of 447 mAh g−1 based on total mass of sulfur in cathode and anode at 0.1 A g−1, contributing to an enhanced energy density of 393 Wh kg−1. This work will widen the scope for the design of high‐energy aqueous batteries.

Flow enhanced corrosion of tee in gas transmission pipeline

A tee failed due to flow enhanced corrosion at an oil field was investigated and analyzed by macroscopic analysis, nondestructive tests, material tests (including chemical composition, metallurgical analysis) and microstructure analysis (including microtopography, SEM, EDS and XRD) in this paper. It was concluded that the chemical composition and metallurgical properties of the tee accord with related standards, and the anti-corrosion coating on the inner wall peeled off is considered as one of the main failure factors of tee. The corrosion failure mechanism analysis results shows that the change of flow pattern caused the sudden change of the inner diameter between weld reinforcement and nickel based coating results in water gathering and flow enhanced corrosion at the concave area. Also, galvanic corrosion occurs at the concave area formed by weld reinforcement and nickel based coating between the carbon steel tee and nickel based coating due to high electrode potential difference. The galvanic corrosion further accelerated the corrosion process. Under the combined action of erosion, galvanic corrosion and flow enhanced corrosion, perforation leakage finally occurs.

A numerical evaluation of felt electrodes in a vanadium redox flow battery

ABSTRACT The charge and mass transport phenomena of the different types of commercial electrodes such as KFD 2.5, GFD 2.5, GFD 4.6 and GFA 6 in a vanadium redox flow battery with the single-cell are presented in this study, comparatively. In order to perform these comparisons, all properties of the four different types of electrodes are applied to the numerical model which validated experimental data. The results indicated that the biggest electrode potential difference between the positive electrode and negative electrode belongs to GFD 4 .6 electrode with 1.20244 V, the smallest difference in the electrode potential belongs to KFD 2.5 electrode with 1.19832 V. Although KFD 2.5 and GFD 2.5 have the same electrode thickness, GFD 2.5 exhibits a better current density variation throughout both positive and negative electrode sides due to its higher electrical conductivity. While the V2+ and V5+ vanadium concentrations remain constant at 300 mol/m3 for KFD 2.5 and GFD 2.5 electrodes, these concentrations are approximately 310 mol/m3 for GFD 4.6 and GFA 6 after x/L = 0.5.

Nucleation and Growth of Copper on Cobalt in Advanced Interconnect Metallization

Copper was implemented as a conductor for advanced back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnects based on its low electrical resistivity and improved electromigration life relative to the aluminum baseline.1, 2 Over the past two decades, the smallest dimension of Cu interconnects has decreased from about 300 to the range of 10-20 nanometers.3 Until recently, damascene Cu electroplating on PVD Cu seed has been optimized to provide void-free Cu metallization using a process relying on inorganic and organic additives toenable bottom-up growth from the base of vias and trenches.1,2,4 With ever-decreasing feature size, the conventional damascene process is becoming increasingly limited by the inability to deposit a sufficiently continuous Cu seed on a barrier/Co liner stack without resulting in pinch-off of the PVD seed.In this talk we will report on the development of direct Cu plating on Co using a range of deposition processes to illustrate the challenges and possible direction for improvement of the nucleation and subsequent growth of Cu on the Co seed. One challenge is to create a Cu layer without significantly etching the Co in the plating bath. This can be achieved by reducing the electrode potential difference between Cu electrodeposition and Co corrosion using proper additives in the plating bath to increase suppression (Figure 1). Such a large overpotential translates into improved nucleation density, which effectively inhibits the complete dissolution of the ultrathin Co layers. This effect is also illustrated by measuring the galvanic displacement reaction between Cu ions and Co at open circuit potential (OCP). Figure 2 reveals quick deposition of a monolayer equivalent of Cu followed by a slight increase in Cu thickness over time.A second challenge involves generation of dense nucleation which results in a smooth initially plated Cu film. The number of protrusions is reduced noticeably when a potential-controlled entry is replaced by leaving the electrode at OCP for a short time before any current is applied (Figures 3a and 3b). A short OCP time allows Co oxides to first dissolve, thereby making more surface sites available for nucleation. The smoothness can be further enhanced by increasing the acidity of the bath (Figure 3c). Higher acid could have modulated the reactivities of additive(s) to promote lateral growth. Improved nucleation can also be attained through substrate engineering. This is shown in Figure 4(a-c), where the morphology/continuity of the electroless film exhibits a strong dependency on Co thickness. Furthermore, agglomeration caused by diffusion of Cu across the substrate during deposition can have a large effect on the final film morphology. This can be seen in figure 4 (d-f), in which differences in deposition morphology across a range of conditions are captured in a simple lateral diffusion simulation.We will discuss the mechanisms leading to these effects and their impact on the design of systems to produce improved film morphology.References(1) P.C. Andricacos, C. Uzoh, J. O. Dukovic, J. Horkans, H. Deligianni, IBM J. Res. Develop. 42, 567 (1998)(2) J. Reid, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 2650 (2001)(3) I. Ciofi, P. J. Roussel, R. Baert, A. Contino, A. Gupta, K. Croes, C. J. Wilson, D. Mocuta, Z. Tokei, IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, 66, 2339 (2019).(4) T.P. Moffat, D. Wheeler, S. K. Kim, D. Josell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, C127, (2006) Figure 1

Dynamic/static mechanical stimulation double responses and self-powered “green” electronic skin based on electrode potential difference

• Self-powered electronic skin based on electrode potential difference can respond to dynamic/static mechanical stimulation. • The device can be prepared by simple, efficient and low-cost screen printing. • The use of water-soluble and biodegradable materials enables devices to be environmentally friendly during manufacturing and disposal. Low-power or self-powered electronic skin (e-skin) is considered an important research area, as it reduces the requirements for stable energy sources in electronic systems. However, most reported self-powered e-skins can only detect dynamic mechanical stimuli, but cannot detect ubiquitous static mechanical stimuli, resulting in a significant amount of information loss. In this paper, we report a self-powered e-skin based on electrode potential difference that can detect dynamic/static mechanical stimuli with sensitivity and response time of 399 mV/kPa and 85 ms, respectively. In this device, the mechanical stimulus is converted into a voltage signal by regulating the impedance of the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the process of preparing the device, a “green” electrode ink was prepared using a water-soluble, biodegradable polymer as the binder of the active material. Owing to the printability of the ink, a patterned electrode can be formed on a flexible substrate using low-cost screen-printing technology. Finally, we designed a co-planar shared electrode structure, which effectively reduced the complexity of the circuit layout. This new device has been successfully used for information acquisition of objects and detection of physiological signals, and we believe it has significant implications for the future development of e-skins.

Introducing electrolysis to enhance anaerobic digestion resistance to acidification.

The phenomenon that the anaerobic system is inhibited by acid has always been a bottleneck hindering the application of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. We tried to introduce electrolysis into AD to improve the acidification resistance, and eventually the productivity of the energy. In a batch fermentation device, the ability of electrochemical anaerobic digestion (EAD) to resist acidification was evaluated in current intensity, electrode potential, AC impedance, microbial community, pH value, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The results showed that the average concentration of VFAs in EAD was 32.9% lower than that in AD, the energy efficiency of EAD is 53.25% higher than AD, indicating that EAD has stronger anti-acidification ability and energy conversion efficiency than AD. When the EAD reaches a steady state, the current intensity fluctuates in the range of 7-12mA, the electrode potential difference is maintained at 600 ± 5mV, and the internal resistance decreases from 3333.3 ± 16Ω at startup to 68.9 ± 1.4Ω at the steady state, indicating that the EAD has stronger resistance to acidification may be due to the degradation of some VFAs on the electrode surface. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that the dominant electricity-producing bacteria on EAD anode surface were Clostridium, Hydrogenophaga and Trichloromonas, with a relative abundance of 40.32%, while the relative abundance of electrogenic bacteria in AD bulk solution and EAD bulk solution were about 1/2 and 1/4 that of EAD anode film, suggesting that the electricity-producing bacteria on the electrode surface play an important role in the degradation of VFAs.

Improvement on biosafety and bioactivity of Ti–6Al–4V alloys by construction the three-dimensional grid structure though electrochemical dealloying

Bioactive porous structure coatings have received extensive attention because they can significantly improve the surface bioactivity of medical metal implants. However, traditional porous making technologies were restricted by the “upward growth” mode, with an obvious interface with the substrate, resulting in weak bonding and biological safety problems. This research innovatively proposed to selectively dissolve harmful Al element on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy through an electrochemical dealloying process, forming a three-dimensional grid porous structure in situ on the surface, with the following three notable advantages: (1) The dealloying process was a “downward growth” mode, there was no obvious interface between the porous layer and the substrate, so the bond was firm; (2) The harmful element Al was effectively removed, and the biological safety was greatly improved; (3) The three-dimensional grid porous structure owned high-efficiency osteogenic activity, which solved the problem of Ti6Al4V biological inertness. The electrode potential and corrosion current density difference of metal elements were studied by electrochemical methods to analyze the corrosion and dissolution mechanism, the successful removal of the element Al, and the thickness of the porous layer were analyzed by XPS sputtering. Furthermore, the bioactivity was verified by co-cultivation with osteoblasts. Interestingly, the results of ALP expression, collagen secretion, and calcification all implied that the dealloyed porous structure could significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of cells. Employing the electrochemical dealloying, a “subtractive” structure was formed on the surface of Ti6Al4V, which greatly improves the bioactivity and at the same time increased its osteogenic activity, which displayed extremely high research value and bright application value.

Fabrication of metallic copper nanoparticles by utilizing a difference in standard electrode potential

Fabrication of metallic copper nanoparticles by utilizing a difference in standard electrode potential

Novel Quantum Gravity Model of the Physics of Operability of Galvanic Cells and Electrical Power Generation

The dimensions of the physical variables like resistance, electrical current and potential difference associated with ohm’s law have been evaluated applying the theory of quantum gravity (QG theory) and those dimensions have been utilized to evaluate the actual mechanism of functioning of the galvanic cells to originate electricity, power and power transmissions. Itself, the terminology, ‘Electromotive Force (emf) ‘of a galvanic cell does not stand at the proper stead, as has been established in this article by revealing the unidimensional characteristics of emf or the difference in electrode potential between the positive electrode (cathode) and the negative electrode (anode). In QG theory, Force is a 2-dimensional physical variable of the universe, being originated from unidimensional ‘Distance’ or ‘Entropy’. The traditional concept of the mapping the emf of galvanic cells by the free energy changes of the chemical reaction occurring in a cell is not justified and the energy output from a galvanic cell has been proved to be a phenomenon of continuous passage or flow of in-situ activation volumes or activation energies of the chemical reactions occurring, through the external conducting paths.

Functions of 2-butyne-1,4-diol in the process of tin-silver alloy electrodeposition from the acidic sulfate solution

The eutectic (at.%) Sn96,7/Ag3,3 alloy (Tmelt 221 °С) is used for assembling electronic products and soldering jewelry. Control of the Sn-Ag alloy composition during its electrodeposition is a challenging task due to significant difference in electrode potentials of tin and silver and the tendency of Sn(II) to oxidation and hydrolysis. In this work the composition of known acidic sulfate electrolyte for electrochemical deposition of Sn‒Ag alloy was modified by the addition of 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BD). The purpose was to study the effect of BD on simultaneous Sn(II) and Ag(I) electrochemical reduction, the nature of side processes which accompany the deposition of Sn‒Ag coatings, their composition and structure. It is shown that the addition of BD to the electrolyte reduces silver content in Sn−Ag alloy and provides obtaining near-eutectic alloy according to its elemental, phase composition and melting temperature. The presence of SnO and SnO2 oxides and the increased silver content in the near-surface zone of the coatings no more than 3 nm deep are distinctive features of the deposited Sn‒Ag alloy coatings. These features are due to the occurrence of side processes of Ag(I) reduction with tin and the alloy corrosion, which accompany simultaneous Sn(II) and Ag(I) reduction. The BD additive in the electrolyte inhibit Ag(I) electroreduction, slightly accelerates Ag(I) cementation with freshly reduced tin, but retards corrosive dissolution of the alloy and hydrogen evolution.

Method of investigation of local corrosion processes on samples from clad steel

The article describes a method developed to evaluate the mechanism of local corrosion processes on the surface of a clad layer of steel specimens, which makes it possible to identify the difference in electrode potentials in artificially created holes. As a result of the study it was found that in a corrosive medium containing Cl- and S2O32- ions, the diffusion of oxidants into a hole of smaller diameter is difficult, which causes a large potential difference between the wall of the hole and its bottom. This process contributes to the development of local electrochemical corrosion.

КІНЕТИКА СУМІЩЕНИХ КАТОДНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У ВОДНОМУ РОЗЧИНІ NaCl

Investigation of the kinetics of combined cathode processes in the electrochemical synthesis of sodium hypochlorite. Intensification of the process of molecular oxygen reduction in aqueous NaCl solution to improve the electrochemical synthesis of sodium hypochlorite using a gas diffusion cathode. Investigation of the effect of the gas diffusion regime on the kinetics of cathode processes, determination of the ranges of potentials and current densities of combined cathode reactions. Cyclic voltammetry for the study of kinetic parameters of the cathode process using the MTech PGP-550M pulse potentiostat. Iodometric titration to determine the concentration of sodium hypochlorite. ranges of potentials of combined cathode processes in conditions without air supply and with air supply through a gas diffusion electrode the possibility of depolarization by air oxygen of the cathode process using the gas diffusion mode of operation of a porous graphite electrode is shown. total and partial reductions (oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution) polarization dependences without air supply and with air supply in an aqueous solution of 3 mol/dm3 NaCl are constructed to better understand the effect of air supply on the course of combined cathode processes. The obtained polarization dependences prove that the air supply to the gas diffusion electrode leads to an increase in the limiting density of the oxygen reduction current from 2 to 8 mA/cm2, which indicates the prospect of using a gas-diffusion cathode. Changing the nature of the cathode process can significantly reduce the difference in electrode potentials, and by controlling the oxygen supply rate, ClO– can be impeded to the cathode surface. For the field of electrochemical production, it consists in improving the electrochemical synthesis of sodium hypochlorite by increasing the current efficiency and reducing specific electricity consumption. By changing the nature of the cathode process of hydrogen evolution for the reduction of oxygen brought to the cathode-electrolyte interface using a gas diffusion cathode, the problem of cathode reduction of ClО– will be solved without contamination of the final solutions of sodium hypochlorite.

Effects of grain boundary ternary alloy doping on corrosion resistance of (Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B permanent magnets

To satisfy the application of different environments, grain boundary doping is commonly used in the preparation of sintered magnets to improve the coercivity and the corrosion resistance. In this paper, the alloys were prepared by mixing different ratios of the master alloy (Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B and the sintering aid (Pr,Nd)-Al. The coercivity of sintered (Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B magnet is substantially enhanced by doping 2 wt% of (Pr,Nd)-Al, while the maximum energy product decreases slightly. We systematically investigated the corrosion behavior and microstructure of the sintered magnets in order to determine the mechanism of the degradation. The sintered (Ce,Pr,Nd)-Fe-B magnets with 2 wt% of (Pr,Nd)-Al addition exhibit the decreasing corrosion rate compared with others, due to the distribution of intergranular phases. The electrode potential difference between the main phase and the RE-rich phase is reduced by the addition of Al, improving the potential and stability of RE-rich phase due to the higher electrode potential of Al than that of Nd, Pr or Ce. In addition, the element distribution of the magnets doped by (Pr,Nd)-Al indicates that the Al-rich shell formed at the marginal area of the Ce-rich phase improves its stability. Therefore, intergranular adding ternary (Pr,Nd)-Al alloy powders results in both high coercivity and good corrosion resistance synchronously.

Evaluation of Electrical Performance and Properties of Electroretinography Electrodes.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the electrical performance and properties of commercially available electroretinography (ERG) electrodes.MethodsA passive ionic model was used to measure impedance, noise, and potential drift in 10 types of ocular surface and skin ERG electrodes.ResultsThe impedance for silver-based ocular electrodes are generally lower (range, 65.35–343.3 Ω) with smaller phase angles (range, −6.41° to −33.91°) than gold-based electrodes (impedance ranged from 285.95 Ω to 2.913 kΩ, and phase angle ranged from −59.65° to −70.01°). Silver-based ocular electrodes have less noise (median line noise of 6.48 x 104nV2/Hz) than gold-based electrodes (median line noise of 2.26 x 105nV2/Hz). Although silver-based electrodes usually achieve a drift rate less than 5 µV/s within 15 minutes, gold-base ocular electrode cannot achieve a stable potential. The exception is the RETeval strip type of silver electrode, which had an unusual drift at 20 minutes. The noise spectral density showed no change over time indicating that noise was not dependent on the stabilization of the electrode.ConclusionsFrom the range of electrodes tested, lower impedance, lower capacitance, and lower noise was observed in silver-based electrodes. Stabilization of an electrode is effective against drift of the electrode potential difference but not the noise.Translational RelevanceApplication of electrodes with optimized materials improve the quality of clinical electrophysiology signals and efficiency of the recording.

Parameter optimization of copper nanoparticle synthesis by electrodeposition process using RSM and CS

Now-a-days, more concentration attention has been given for synthesizing of copper (Cu) nanoparticles due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. Different approaches are available to synthesize the Cu nanoparticles. Electrodeposition is an easier and simple approach to synthesize the Cu nanoparticles with high purity. The properties of Cu nanoparticles depend on their synthesis approach and electrolysis process parameters. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM), cuckoo search (CS) algorithm was used to optimize the electrodeposition process parameters like concentration of CuSO4 (4–6 g l−1), electrode potential difference (12–27 V) and electrode distance (3–5 cm) on mean size of Cu nanoparticles. The mean particle size of 21.55 nm was obtained with the electrodeposition parameters of (4 g l−1) CuSO4, (3 cm) electrode distance and (27 V) electrode potential difference. The particle size obtained from the experimental result was 20 nm which was very closer to the predicted result (21.5 nm). The size and morphology of Cu nanoparticle were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction technique.