Differences In Communication Styles Research Articles

Extending Double Empathy: Effects of Neurotype-Matching on Communication Success in an Expository Context.

Milton's theory of double empathy posits that the difference in communication styles between people of different neurotypes contributes to mutual misunderstandings. The current quasi-experimental study seeks to expand on research indicating that matched neurotype pairs tend to communicate more effectively than mixed neurotype pairs by examining communication across and within neurotypes in an expository language context. Thirty autistic adults and 28 nonautistic adults were paired in either a matched neurotype or mixed neurotype condition. The pairs' interactions involved giving and listening to directions to draw an image. Interactions were recorded, transcribed, and coded for communication accuracy, rate, and clarity. Participants also completed a survey about the rapport they experienced in the interaction. Matched neurotype pairs were significantly more accurate in their communication than mixed neurotype pairs. Rate was fastest among mixed neurotype pairs, but clarity did not differ significantly across conditions. Matched autistic pairs reported significantly lower rapport than other pairs. This finding lends further support to the neurodiversity model by demonstrating that autistic communication is not inherently deficient. Further research is necessary to investigate a variety of influences on rate, clarity, and rapport development. Clinical implications include considerations for neurodiversity-affirming communication supports for expository contexts such as classroom directions or workplace instructions.

The impact of knowledge incompatibility and communication style differences on patients’ perceived value of online medical consultations

The impact of knowledge incompatibility and communication style differences on patients’ perceived value of online medical consultations

What you say vs what you do: Utilizing positive emotional expressions to relay AI teammate intent within human–AI teams

With the expansive growth of AI’s capabilities in recent years, researchers have been tasked with developing and improving human-centered AI collaborations, necessitating the creation of human–AI teams (HATs). However, the differences in communication styles between humans and AI often prevent human teammates from fully understanding the intent and needs of AI teammates. One core difference is that humans naturally leverage a positive emotional tone during communication to convey their confidence or lack thereof to convey doubt in their ability to complete a task. Yet, this communication strategy must be explicitly designed in order for an AI teammate to be human-centered. In this mixed-methods study, 45 participants completed a study examining how human teammates interpret the behaviors of their AI teammates when they express different positive emotions via specific words/phrases. Quantitative results show that, based on corresponding behaviors, AI teammates were able to use displays of emotion to increase trust in AI teammates and the positive mood of the human teammate. Additionally, our qualitative findings indicate that participants preferred their AI teammates to increase the intensity of their displayed emotions to help reduce the perceived risk of their AI teammate’s behavior. When taken in sum, these findings describe the relevance of AI teammates expressing intensities of emotion while performing various behavioral decisions as a continued means to provide social support to the wider team and better task performance.

Too much focus on your health might be bad for your health: Reddit user's communication style predicts their Long COVID likelihood.

Long Covid is a chronic disease that affects more than 65 million people worldwide, characterized by a wide range of persistent symptoms following a Covid-19 infection. Previous studies have investigated potential risk factors contributing to elevated vulnerability to Long Covid. However, research on the social traits associated with affected patients is scarce. This study introduces an innovative methodological approach that allows us to extract valuable insights directly from patients' voices. By analyzing written texts shared on social media platforms, we aim to collect information on the psychological aspects of people who report experiencing Long Covid. In particular, we collect texts of patients they wrote BEFORE they were afflicted with Long Covid. We examined the differences in communication style, sentiment, language complexity, and psychological factors of natural language use among the profiles of 6.107 Reddit users, distinguishing between those who claim they have never contracted Covid -19, those who claim to have had it, and those who claim to have experienced Long Covid symptoms. Our findings reveal that people in the Long Covid group frequently discussed health-related topics before the pandemic, indicating a greater focus on health-related concerns. Furthermore, they exhibited a more limited network of connections, lower linguistic complexity, and a greater propensity to employ emotionally charged expressions than the other groups. Using social media data, we can provide a unique opportunity to explore potential risk factors associated with Long Covid, starting from the patient's perspective.

Dynamics of Multiculturalism and Religious Pluralism: Strategies for Building Social Cohesion in Indonesia

This study explores the intricate relationship between religion and multiculturalism in Indonesia, a nation marked by its rich cultural diversity and complex religious dynamics. The research aims to examine how these factors contribute to societal harmony or conflict. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this study conducts a literature analysis, drawing from a wide range of scholarly sources on religion, multiculturalism, and interfaith harmony in the Indonesian context. The findings indicate that while multiculturalism and religious pluralism offer frameworks for coexistence, challenges persist due to historical tensions and socio-political factors. The analysis highlights the role of perception in conflict dynamics, emphasizing that differences in communication styles, ethical norms, and religious beliefs can escalate tensions. Conversely, effective interfaith dialogue and inclusive policies can promote harmony. The study concludes that fostering a deeper understanding of multiculturalism and an inclusive approach to religion is crucial for reducing conflicts and enhancing societal cohesion. Addressing underlying socio-economic and political factors is essential for sustainable peace and unity in Indonesia.

Effects of Cross-Cultural Negotiation Strategies on International Joint Venture Success

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of cross-cultural negotiation strategies on international joint venture success. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Cross-cultural negotiation strategies play a pivotal role in the success of international joint ventures (IJVs). Research suggests that effective negotiation tactics tailored to the cultural context of the parties involved significantly enhance the likelihood of achieving mutually beneficial outcomes and sustaining long-term partnerships. Studies have shown that cultural differences in communication styles, decision-making processes, and conflict resolution approaches can either facilitate or hinder negotiation effectiveness. Utilizing strategies such as cultural adaptation, empathy, active listening, and flexibility can bridge cultural gaps, foster trust, and facilitate collaboration among partners from diverse cultural backgrounds. Conversely, neglecting cultural nuances or employing ethnocentric negotiation tactics may lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and ultimately, the failure of the joint venture. Therefore, understanding and integrating cross-cultural negotiation strategies are imperative for maximizing the success of international joint ventures in today's globalized business environment. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Hofstede's cultural dimensions' theory, intercultural communication theory and cognitive adaptation theory may be use to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of cross-cultural negotiation strategies on international joint venture success. Develop tailored training programs and resources to enhance negotiators' cultural intelligence and competency in cross-cultural negotiation strategies. Advocate for the integration of cross-cultural negotiation competency standards into international business education curricula at academic institutions.

Pola Komunikasi Gender dalam Politik

This study focuses on gender communication patterns in politics. The aim of this study is to analyze gender communication patterns, which are considered to still experience inequality in politics. The differences in communication styles depend on where he comes from, where he was born, his educational background, his age, and his gender. Whether we realize it or not, gender inequality occurs not only in society but also in the media as a gender constructor. Various gender injustices have occurred since the 19th century and are trying to break down patriarchal culture. Indonesia has a patriarchal culture that is still rooted, although it is slowly starting to erode due to the development of the modernization era. Women are now starting to dare to express their opinions in public spaces, such as in the political arena. But again and again, bitter pills always seem to be the daily intake of Indonesian women. Gender inequality is also felt by women who enter the world of politics. The incessant feminist movement has not changed the construction of women by the media. Gender inequality that occurs should be minimized with good gender-sensitive communication, without forgetting equality.

The Accommodation of Communication in the Family as an Adjustment of Cultural Values between Generations

Marriage is a cultural heritage based on a social system that forms certain habits. Generational differences in families often lead to diverse orientations and values regarding wedding rituals. Both mothers and daughters undertake Javanese marriage preparation, which may conflict with what they desire the marriage ceremony to include. These relationships are conflictual in preparing for the event because they involve two generations. This study aims to explore the communication that occurs between mothers and daughters in preparation for a wedding and is analyzed through a communication accommodation process lens. This study uses a qualitative approach, with in-depth interviews and observation as data collection techniques. A data analysis is conducted using thematic analysis techniques. The results indicate the existence of two contexts: the communication accommodation that takes place produces convergence that can solve problems between generations, and generational differences caused by changes in social culture cause differences in communication styles. The findings indicate that (1) marriage is a synchronous part of socializing for both mothers and daughters and (2) the emerging differences refer more to technical aspects. These findings show differences between generations in interpreting various things related to traditional weddings.

CROSS CULTURE COMMUNICATION DI PERUSAHAAN TONGKOK

Intercultural communication (cross cultural communication) is increasingly important in multinational companies in China because of the increasing number of foreign employees working there. This research aims to analyze the intercultural communication challenges that arise in Chinese companies and how to overcome them. The research was conducted through in-depth interviews with 15 foreign employees and 15 Chinese employees who worked in 5 Chinese multinational companies from various industries. The research results show that differences in communication styles, social norms and cultural values often lead to misunderstandings and conflicts between Chinese and foreign employees.Foreign employees often feel Chinese employees are too direct, not open enough and self-centered, while Chinese employees feel foreign employees are too blunt and disrespectful to superiors. Misunderstandings also often occur regarding decision making and problem solving. It is recommended that companies organize cross-cultural training, encourage open communication between departments and a culture of mutual respect to overcome these challenges. Intercultural communication skills need to be trained to all employees so that cooperation and productivity increase. Keyword: Cross Culture, Communication, Chinese Company

Exploring the Beliefs, Values, and Understanding of Quality End-of-Life Care in the Latino Community: A Spanish-Language Qualitative Study.

Context: Hospice services are underutilized by the Latino community in the United States. Previous research has identified that language is a key barrier contributing to disparities. However, very few studies have been conducted in Spanish to specifically explore other barriers to hospice enrollment or values related to end-of-life (EOL) care in this community. Here, we remove the language barrier in order to gain an in-depth understanding of what members of the diverse Latino community in one state in the USA considers high quality EOL and barriers to hospice. Methods: This exploratory semi-structured individual interview study of Latino community members was conducted in Spanish. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated to English. Transcripts were analyzed by three researchers, using a grounded-theory approach to identify themes and sub-themes. Main Findings: Six major themes emerged: (1) concept of "a good death"-spiritual peace, family/community connection, no burdens left behind; (2) centrality of family; (3) lack of knowledge about hospice/palliative care; (4) Spanish language as critical; (5) communication style differences; and (6) necessity for cultural understanding. The central theme of "a good death" was closely linked to having the entire family physically and emotionally present. The four other themes represent interrelated, compounding barriers to achieving this "good death." Principal Conclusions: Healthcare providers and the Latino community can work together to decrease hospice utilization disparities by: actively involving family at every step; addressing misconceptions regarding hospice; conducting important conversations in Spanish; and improving provider skills in culturally sensitive care, including communication style.

Intercultural Communication: Hampering and Facilitating Factors in International Business

Abstract Objective This paper aims at uncovering the hampering and facilitating factors in intercultural communication that professionals encounter in their business relationships. Methodology The data collection process involved conducting individual interviews and two rounds of focus groups with professionals who shared their experiences in working with another culture. The transcripts were analyzed using Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2012) with the assistance of Atlas.ti 9. Findings The key challenges that emerged were differences in communication styles: too direct versus too indirect; misunderstandings and misconceptions when communicating in non-native languages; differences in business customs, such as separating business from private life versus blurred business and personal relationships; differences in decision-making and stereotyping. Value Added We offer a new perspective about existing models and theories of intercultural dimensions, highlighting the risks they entail when superficially generalized. Our paper contributes to professional practice by illustrating how language, differences in the communication style, business etiquette and stereotyping can prevent successful interactions. We show that business English may facilitate international communication but may easily become a source of misinterpretation. Recommendations Intercultural flexibility can play a fundamental role in contextualizing communication and providing true meaning to businesses exchanges. Adjusting language, focusing on building trustful relationships and creating alignment processes can all be instrumental for more effective and successful business communication. Future research with business professionals from diverse cultural backgrounds would enrich our understanding of intercultural business communication.

Patient-embodied virtual reality as a learning tool for therapeutic communication skills among anaesthesiologists: A phenomenological study

ObjectiveIn medicine, especially in a preoperative setting, training of effective communication skills is challenging, since communication is often implicatively copied from professional environment. This phenomenological study describes the development and experience of two patient-embodied virtual reality experiences designed to be used as an educational tool. MethodTwo patient-embodied VR experiences from a first person patient perspective deployed negative or positive communication styles. The authors investigated the lived learning experiences of these VR tools through semi-structured interviews with ten anaesthesiologists adapting a thematic analysis framework. ResultsInterviews revealed acknowledgement of the importance of good communication skills. Overall, participants learned and adapted their style of communication ‘on the job’. Patient-embodied VR was effective for a full immersive experience as participants expressed to have felt as if they had been a patient. They were able to distinguish differences in communication styles and analysis of the reflection showed a shift in perception, implying effective immersive experimental learning. ConclusionsThis study elaborated the potency of experimental learning with VR in communication in a preoperative setting. Patient-embodied VR can influence beliefs and values and demonstrated effective as an educative tool. Practical implicationsThe findings of this study can contribute to further research and healthcare education programs avid to use immersive learning with VR.

The consequences of cultural difference: the international medical graduate journey in New Zealand.

To identify how differences in cultural and professional values between New Zealand born and trained doctors and International Medical Graduates (IMGs) affect the practice and retention of IMGs in New Zealand. A mixed-method approach was used. An anonymous 42-item online questionnaire was used to compare participants' cultural and professional values. Participants were 373 New Zealand doctors, 198 IMG, and 25 doctors born and raised elsewhere but who qualified in New Zealand, a group not identified prospectively. The qualitative component used interviews with 14 IMGs to identify cultural challenges faced and with nine New Zealand doctors to identify the challenges they faced working alongside IMGs. Qualitative data were transcribed and analysed thematically. There were differences in power distance, with the medically qualified in New Zealand doctors having the highest power distance, followed by the IMGs, suggesting a preference for a hierarchical environment at odds with the New Zealand culture. Interviews found cultural differences in communication styles and hierarchy contributed to professional challenges. The cultural transition was difficult for IMGs as they received minimal support. One-third of IMGs acknowledged their behaviours did not fit well in New Zealand. Complaints about IMGs increased when they reverted to default behaviours regarded negatively by New Zealand colleagues or patients. IMGs are open to change but face a lack of orientation and cultural education opportunities, hindering integration. Residency programs must recognise this disconnect and incorporate cross-cultural programmes in the curriculum. Such programmes would assist the adaption and retention of IMG doctors.

Linguistic analysis of phone interviews of Nobel laureates reveals differences in communication styles between economists and scientists

Language styles used by academics working in disciplines are different, possibly reflecting how different types of knowledge are conceived, communicated and taught. Most of the studies on the communication style of academics are based on analyses of pre-prepared academic writings and formal speeches. It is not known whether such differences in language styles are also practised in informal, colloquial communications. In this paper, we report a Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis of the telephone interviews given by 82 Nobel Prize laureates in the fields of natural sciences (chemistry, physics, physiology, or medicine) and economic sciences. LIWC analysis identifies differences in usage frequency of words in various language categories. The result shows a higher use of money- and power-related words by economic laureates and a higher use of second-person pronouns among science laureates. When second-person pronouns were used, economic laureates tended to use them as a general reference, while scientists tended to use them as courtesy sentences or discourse markers. These observations indicate that different language styles are used by scholars of different research fields even in their impromptu verbal communications. It is possible that word choices by economists are influenced by the content of economic studies, which are concerned with influencing the external environment and by their preference in describing processes and actions. A more involved and high level of cautions, alertness, and precision in conversion may be indicated in the speaking style of natural scientists.

Japanese international student-athletes’ adjustment experience at the National Collegiate Athletic Association

Currently, the number of International-Student Athletes (ISAs) in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is increasing over time and Japan is the biggest market for recruiting in Asia. Whereas international students are playing an increasingly important role in the NCAA, several studies have reported that ISAs face challenges in adjusting to their dual identities as students and athletes at universities in the US. Furthermore, it has been cleared Asian students studying at US universities have some challenges because of cultural and linguistic differences. However, it remains unclear whether the difficulties experienced by Japanese ISAs are the same as or different to the adjustment-related challenges experienced by other ISAs or Asian students. The purpose of this study is to clarify challenges for ISAs from Japan in adjusting to the United States’ universities. Situating in the ISA adjustment model and using a unique case study design, 13 Japanese ISAs at the NCAA Division I universities were interviewed, and data were coded by a continuous comparative analysis method. The results revealed that Japanese ISAs who participated in this study faced academic, social, athletic, personal-emotional, and institutional adjustment challenges. Particularly, Japanese ISAs differed from ISAs from other countries in several points; cultural differences, differences in communication styles, and systemic differences in academia and athletics between Japan and the US. For promoting adjustment of Japanese ISAs, this study suggests; gaining experience and getting information to understand and familiarize with the differences, building relationships with linguistic and culturally diverse people to understand various cultures, encouraging universities and coaches to understand specific difficulties for Japanese ISAs.

Culture Shapes the Distinctiveness of Posed and Spontaneous Facial Expressions of Anger and Disgust

There is a growing consensus that culture influences the perception of facial expressions of emotion. However, relatively few studies have examined whether and how culture shapes the production of emotional facial expressions. Drawing on prior work on cultural differences in communication styles, we tested the prediction that people from the Netherlands (a low-context culture) produce facial expressions that are more distinct across emotions compared to people from China (a high-context culture). Furthermore, we examined whether the degree of distinctiveness varies across posed and spontaneous expressions. Dutch and Chinese participants were instructed to either pose facial expressions of anger and disgust, or to share autobiographical events that elicited spontaneous expressions of anger or disgust. Using a supervised machine learning approach to categorize expressions based on the patterns of activated facial action units, we showed that both posed and spontaneous facial expressions of anger and disgust were more distinct when produced by Dutch compared to Chinese participants. Yet, the distinctiveness of posed and spontaneous expressions differed in their sources. The difference in the distinctiveness of posed expressions appears to be due to a larger array of facial expression prototypes for each emotion in Chinese culture than in Dutch culture. The difference in the distinctiveness of spontaneous expressions, however, appears to reflect the greater similarity of expressions of anger and disgust from the same Chinese individual than from the same Dutch individual. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to cross-cultural emotion communication, including via cultural products.

Contrastive Rhetorical Analysis of Business Undergraduates’ Sales Email Structure

Understanding the differences in communication styles is becoming increasingly important in business communication as more companies expand their operations to include local and international operations. The purpose of this article is to compare the structural moves employed in the Singaporean and Malaysian promotional genres from the standpoint of moves analysis and comparison. Argument arises on the similarity and dissimilarity of business discourses involving the features of genres between these two neighbouring countries. As a result, a structural linguistics analysis was conducted in order to investigate the variations in communicative purposes as well as the lexical frequency of the sales emails that were written. The comparison between Singaporean sales promotional letter and Malaysian sales emails moves is based on Bhatia's (1993) Singaporean sales promotional letter moves. According to Bhatia's sales letter framework, there are seven moves, whereas in this study, seven moves were identified in Sales Inquiry Emails and nine moves were identified in Sales Reply Emails. Furthermore, Bhatia (1993) classified the moves into two categories: those that were required and those that were optional, based on their frequency of appearance in the text. In terms of communicative patterns, the similarities and differences between the two texts and their respective contexts were discovered. The difference between Singaporean and Malaysian languages, for example, can be explained by the fact that the distribution and sequence of moves differ between the two languages.

Antecedents of disruptive behaviours involving radiographers at central hospitals in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe

IntroductionAlthough disruptive behaviours (DBs) are universal in healthcare, each healthcare setting, profession or department presents unique DBs antecedents. Gaining better insights into the antecedents of DBs is crucial in order to put together a tailor-made program designed to raise awareness, establish accountability, and provide resources to mitigate their impact. There are, however, a few studies exploring antecedents of DBs involving radiographers, more so in low resource settings like Africa. The aim of the study was to determine the antecedents of DBs involving radiographers employed by central hospitals in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out from January to March 2021 at central hospitals in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe. A self-administered questionnaire was used to capture the views of 100 randomly selected radiographers. ResultsThere was a significant agreement that the following are antecedents of DBs: frustration due to poor working conditions (Mean = 3.93.p < .0005); long waiting times for patients (Mean = 3.91.p < .0005); a sense of privilege and status for those at the top (Mean = 3.87.p < .0005); burnout or fatigue (Mean = 3.79.p < .0005); narcissism (Mean = 3.79.p < .0005); differences in communication styles (Mean = 3.68.p < .0005); divergence of opinions or thoughts (Mean = 3.59.p < .0005); personal conflicts or family problems (Mean = 3.57.p < .0005); self-protection against feelings of inadequacy (Mean = 3.42.p < .0005); dysfunctional organizational culture (Mean = 3.38.p < .0005) and cultural, generational or gender bias (Mean = 3.32.p < .0005). ConclusionThis study identifies the antecedents of DBs involving radiographers at central hospitals in Harare Metropolitan Province. It is crucial that any attempts at finding solutions to address the behaviours should be based on evidence of the antecedents in the setting concerned. Implications for practiceThis will help in the understanding of the antecedents of DBs involving radiographers so that context specific interventions to address these behaviours are formulated.

Different Perspective of Understanding between Indonesian and Malaysian in Communication Style

Since many people have different cultural groups or cultural values sometimes causes misunderstandings. The research used descriptive qualitative which to investigate the different perspectives of both cultures such as the problem of misunderstanding of communication, the difference in communication styles and also to investigate the contrasting perspective in oral or written communication. The respondents of the research are Indonesian and Malaysian who took on social media YouTube. In collecting the data, the researchers used the observation with a video on YouTube and used diary notes to write the essential data of the research. The results shown that even though Malaysia and Indonesia are neighboring countries and these two countries almost have similar cultures, there are some different perspectives of understanding, especially in communication. Two aspects of communication became the issues of these two countries such as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. The different perspectives of communication style which classified into two aspects, namely verbal communication and non-verbal communication. The different perspective of verbal communication style occurs by using the words used or intonation to communicate or transfer the meaning. Meanwhile, the different perspectives of verbal communication style can be seen in the mannerism such as gestures or mimicking of people.

Role of Leadership in handling conflicts arising due to Age Diversity in the workplace

A multi-generational workforce is a growing norm in workplace today. As different work together their work styles and expectations clash. Age Diversity and difference in communication styles results in conflicts. The value-in-diversity theory should be understood and effectively to the organizations advantage. Authentic and Transformational leadership styles should be adopted to ensure all generations are treated fairly and given equal learning opportunities and chance for career development. The paper discusses about Gen X and Y, their communication styles and the role of leadership in handling conflicts in the work place. Further recommendations for managing different generations are also discussed.