Difference In Caries Incidence Research Articles

SEAL Cambodia—Evaluation of a modified protocol for placement of Fuji VII® Fissure Sealants at one and two years

ObjectivesIn order to address the severe caries burden among Cambodian children and limited access to dental care this study had two objectives: (1) To evaluate the caries preventive effect of hand-mixed GIC Fissure Sealants (FS) placed on first permanent molars of 6–8 year-old Cambodian children using two protocols in the SEAL Cambodia Project and (2) validate the SEAL Cambodia population-based intervention. MethodsThe study had four groups, two cohorts, and investigated two clinical protocols (original and modified) for FS placement to compare caries preventive fraction. Three groups were followed up at 1y and two were followed up at 2y. The modified protocol involved control of the temperature of the material, the timing of mixing and placement, and adjustment of the occlusion. Data analysis examined differences in caries incidence by group. ResultsAt 1 and 2 y, 62.8%, and 68.0% follow-up rates were achieved, respectively. The baseline mean dmft for the first and second cohorts was 8.0 (SD 3.9) and 9.9 (SD 4.3) respectively. The original protocol did not render a statistically significant preventive benefit. A preventive fraction of 89.1% at 1 y and 32.3% at 2 y was achieved using the modified protocol in the second cohort (P < 0.05). Children with baseline dmft> 8 realised half the preventive fraction at 2 y compared to those with dmft <8 (22.3% and 45.8% respectively). ConclusionsThe modified FS protocol increased the caries preventive effect, although it was lower than that reported in other studies. Clinical significanceThis study builds evidence for the use of glass ionomer cement Fissure Sealants (FS) for the prevention of caries at a population level. It showed that improving the field-based clinical protocol for application of FS had a large impact on clinical success.

Sealants generally show equal performance regardless of tooth type and position.

Data sourcesMedline (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Virtual Health Library (including Bibliography Brazilian Dentistry and LILACS), Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, International Standard Registered Clinical/soCial sTudy Number registry, Directory of Open Access Journals, Digital Dissertations and metaRegister of Controlled Trials) and the reference lists of included trials.Study selectionRandomised clinical trials (RCT) on humans including at least one trial arm comparing clinical performance of pit and fissure sealants with any other active, control or placebo were considered.Data extraction and synthesisIndependently and in duplicate by two reviewers using piloted data extraction forms. Risk of bias was carried out by two reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Paule-Mandel random-effects meta-analyses of Relative Risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsSixteen trials were included with 2,778 participants (mean age 8.4 years). There was no significant difference in caries incidence or sealant retention rate for: mouth side; maxilla vs mandible; or tooth type for: 1st permanent molar vs 2nd permanent molar; 1st permanent molar vs 2nd primary molar or 1st primary molar vs 2nd primary molar (very low to low quality evidence). However, there was a difference between 1st permanent molars and premolars where sealed premolars were significantly less likely to develop caries or sealant loss (low to moderate evidence quality).ConclusionsFissure sealants seem to perform similarly for sealant retention and caries rate for different sides of mouth, arches and tooth types apart from between 1st permanent molars and premolars, where premolars have more favourable results. The quality of the evidence however, is very low to moderate and this should be borne in mind when interpreting the results.

Oral Health Education Program on Dental Caries Incidence for School Children

This 3-year retrospective controlled clinical trial assessed the effect of a school-based oral health education program on caries incidence in children. A total of 240 students, aged 5 to 7 years, from two public schools in Monte Sião, Brazil, were included in this study. A school-based oral health education program was developed in one of the schools (experimental group), including 120 students, while the 120 students from the other school did not participate in the program (control group). All children were initially examined for dental caries (dmf-t), and after 3 years, 98 children from the experimental group and 96 from the control group were again examined and answered a questionnaire on oral health issues. The between-groups difference in caries incidence on permanent teeth was calculated using Poisson regression analyses. Logistic regression was used to observe the association between caries incidence and other variables. More students from the experimental group stated knowing what was dental caries and declared that they use dental floss daily, but no significant differences in caries incidence was observed between the experimental and control groups. The school-based oral health education program is not adequately efficient to decrease caries incidence after three years, but some issues about oral health knowledge could be slightly improved.

Caries prevention effect of resin based sealants and glass ionomor sealants

To evaluate the effectiveness of resin-based sealants and glass ionomer sealants on caries prevention in the first permanent molars. A randomized controlled, examiner-blinded, 2-year clinical trial with parallel groups was conducted. A total of 419 children (664 first molars) who had at least one sound first permanent molar with deep fissures or fissures with signs of non-cavitated lesions were recruited. They were randomly allocated into three groups.Helioseal F, a light-cured resin-based sealants was used in group R (136 children with 219 first molars). FUJI VII, a light-cured glass ionomer sealants was used in group G (130 children with 218 first molars) and group N (153 children with 227 first molars) was blank control.Follow-up examinations were conducted at 6, 12, and 24 month after sealing to examine the sealants retention and caries incidence. Chi-square test was used to compare the differences of caries incidence among the 3 groups.Generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to analyze the effective factors of caries incidence. During the 2-year follow-up period, 3.0% (6/197) of the teeth in group R, 6.7% (13/193) of the teeth in group G, and 14.7% (29/197) of the teeth in group N were diagnosed as having developed a cavitated lesion. The difference in the incidence of caries among the three groups was significant(P < 0.05). No significant difference in caries incidence was found between group R and group G (P > 0.05). The tooth-level preventive fractions were 79.6% for resin-based sealants and 54.4% for glass ionomer sealants, respectively. Both resin-based sealants and glass ionomer sealants can effectively prevent the incidence of caries in the first permanent molars. The two sealants have similar caries prevention effect.

Clinical comparison of Fuji VII and a resin sealant in children at high and low risk of caries

The purpose was to compare the retention and caries preventive effect of Fuji VII and a resin-based sealant in children at high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) of caries. Fifty-seven schoolchildren (150 teeth) with completely erupted bilateral permanent first molars were included. The study was a split-mouth, randomized trial. Sealant retention and caries were evaluated after 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. After 2 years, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of caries between Fuji VII and Concise in the HR and LR groups. With Concise, LR children were less likely to have dental caries than HR. With Fuji VII, there was no difference in caries incidence between LR and HR. Retention of Concise was superior to that of Fuji VII. Our results suggest that Fuji VII and Concise sealants had similar caries preventive effects in children at high and low risk of caries.

Long-Term Effectiveness of Parent Education Using the “Baby Oral Health” Model on the Improvement of Oral Health of Young Children

Purpose. To determine the long-term effectiveness of comprehensive education given to parents and caregivers with respect to the incidence of preventable oral diseases, utilization of dental services, and retention of knowledge related to oral health. Methods. Group presentations on oral health were conducted for caregivers of infants (n = 161) using an interactive audio-visual aid. Followup occurred at 18 months. A comparison group (n = 181) was enrolled from the same community groups. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze findings. Results. There was a difference in caries incidence, knowledge levels of caregivers, and utilization of dental services (P < 0.05) when comparing the SGB to the SGFU. Conclusions. One-time exposure to parent education using a comprehensive interactive audio-visual aid has an effect on reducing caries incidence and increasing dental utilization. While most knowledge is retained by parents, there is some attrition in the information retained over an 18-month time period. This emphasizes the importance of repeated reinforcement of the same concepts over a shorter time span.

Replacement Rates may Vary for Amalgam Versus Nonmetal Restorations

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Prevalence and incidence of caries lesions in relation to placement and replacement of fillings: a longitudinal observational radiographic study of an adult Danish population. Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, et al. Caries Res 2009;43:286-93 . Reviewer Eleni D. Roumanas, DDS Purpose/Question Is there a difference in caries incidence and in the frequency of replacement of amalgam verses nonmetal restorations? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable

Effect of xylitol and xylitol–fluoride lozenges on approximal caries development in high‐caries‐risk children

To evaluate the effect of xylitol- and xylitol/fluoride-containing lozenges on approximal caries development in young adolescents with high caries risk. A 2-year double-blind trial with two parallel arms and a nonrandomized reference group. One hundred and sixty healthy 10- to 12-year-old children with high caries risk were selected. After informed consent, they were randomly assigned into a xylitol and a xylitol/fluoride group. They were instructed to take two tablets three times a day (total xylitol and fluoride dose 2.5 g and 1.5 mg, respectively). The compliance was checked continuously and scored as good, fair, or poor. A reference no-tablet group was also selected (n = 70) for group comparison. The outcome measure was approximal caries incidence. The dropout rate was 28%, and 41% exhibited a good compliance with the study protocol. No statistically significant differences in caries incidence could be found between the study groups (P > 0.05). Among a subgroup of children who demonstrated good compliance, the mean DeltaDMFSa value was significantly lower in the xylitol/fluoride group compared to the xylitol group, 1.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.3 +/- 4.6 (P < 0.05), while no difference could be displayed between any of the study groups and the reference group (P > 0.05). The results from this 2-year trial did not support a self-administered regimen of xylitol- or xylitol/fluoride-containing lozenges for the prevention of approximal caries in young adolescents with high caries risk.

A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a one-step conditioning agent in fissure sealant placement: 12 month results

To compare the retention of fissure sealants (FS) placed on occlusal surfaces following use of a self etching priming agent and traditional acid etch and to compare the caries incidence of occlusal surfaces sealed using the two techniques over 12 months. A randomised controlled trial set in Community Dental Service and Dental Hospital clinics (UK). Subjects (60) were recruited by 7 dental professionals who placed FS on mandibular permanent molar pairs. The technique used for enamel preparation prior to FS placement on the right and left side of the mandible was randomised. On one side of the mandible Xeno III (Dentsply, Germany) was used to prepare the occlusal enamel and on the other side phosphoric acid etch together with Prime and Bond (Dentsply, Germany) was used. Opaque Delton (Dentsply, USA) was used to seal all surfaces. Subjects were blinded to the techniques used. Subjects and operators recorded on individual questionnaires their impressions of the techniques used. Results were analysed using the SPSS statistics package. Thirty eight (63%) subjects were seen for review by the principal researcher 12 months after FS placement. The retention was significantly better in the etch group (P=0.003). No statistically significant difference in caries incidence was found between the test and control groups at 12 months. The best practice for placement of sealants remains enamel preparation with acid etch and use of an intermediate bonding layer.

Recording dental caries in archaeological human remains

AbstractDental caries is an important condition to record in archaeological collections, but the way in which recording is carried out has a large effect on the way in which the results can be interpreted. In living populations, dental caries is a disease that shows a strong relationship with age. Both the nature of carious lesions and their frequency change with successive age groups from childhood to elderly adulthood. There is also a progression in the particular teeth in the dentition which are most commonly affected and, in general, the molars and premolars are involved much more frequently than the canines and incisors. Lower teeth are usually affected more than upper, although the condition usually involves the right and left sides fairly equally. In the high tooth wear rate populations represented by many archaeological and museum collections, there is a complex relationship between the form of lesions and the state of wear, which adds yet another range of factors to the changing pattern of caries with increasing age. In the same populations, chipping, fracture and anomalous abrasion of teeth are also common, and these contribute similarly to the distribution and forms of carious lesion observed. Amongst the living, the pattern of ante‐mortem tooth loss is important in understanding caries and, in archaeological material, there is also the complicating factor of post‐mortem tooth loss. Finally, there is the question of diagnosis. There are diagnostic problems even in epidemiological studies of living patients and, for archaeological specimens, diagenetic change and the variable preservation of different parts of the dentition add further complications. For all these reasons, it is difficult to define any one general index of dental caries to represent the complete dentition of each individual, which would be universally suitable for studying a full range of collections from archaeological sites or museums. Variation in the nature of collections, their preservation, tooth wear, and ante‐mortem and post‐mortem tooth loss mean that when such a general index appears to differ between sites, there could be many other reasons for this, in addition to any genuine differences in caries incidence and pattern that might have been present. It is suggested here that the best approach is instead to make comparisons separately for each tooth type, age group, sex, lesion type and potential lesion site on the tooth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Twenty–Four Month Coronal Caries Incidence: The Role of Dental Care and Race

Objectives: To describe for a diverse sample of dentate middle–aged and older adults: (1) the 24–month incidence of coronal caries, and (2) its association with a broad range of clinical, behavioral, financial, attitudinal, and sociodemographic factors. Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study is a prospective observational longitudinal cohort study of 873 persons who at baseline had at least 1 tooth and were 45 years or older. In–person interviews and clinical examinations were conducted at baseline and 24 months, with 6–monthly telephone interviews between those times. A multinomial logistic regression was done to predict whether a participant was in one of four mutually exclusive groups at the 24–month examination (new decay only [NDO]; new filling(s) only [NFO]; both new decay and filling(s) [BOTH]; or neither [NONE]). Results: Only 33% of the 24–month participants were in the NONE group. There was no significant difference in caries incidence between regular attenders and problem–oriented attenders, regardless of whether teeth crowned at baseline, incident crowns, or incident root fragments were excluded. However, once differences in incident tooth loss and baseline clinical, behavioral, financial, and attitudinal differences were taken into account, regular attenders did appear to benefit by developing fewer coronal lesions and fewer dental symptoms than problem–oriented attenders. Baseline carious surfaces, filled surfaces, number of teeth, and bulk restoration fractures predicted caries incidence, but baseline cusp fractures did not. Persons with negative dental attitudes were more likely to be in the NDO and BOTH groups, and negative attitude toward brushing and flossing (but not their frequency) also predicted caries incidence. Conclusion: Certain baseline clinical conditions, approach to dental care, ability to pay for dental care, dental attitudes, race, and age group were predictive of coronal caries incidence, and regular attenders appeared to benefit from regular attendance.

Effect on approximal caries in teenagers of interrupting a school-based weekly NaF mouthrinse program for 3 years.

The aim of the present investigation was to follow the caries incidence in 126 13-yr-old children who experienced a 3-yr interruption of a supervised weekly mouthrinse program with 0.2% NaF solution (interrupted rinsing-, IR-group). 143 children, 13 yr old, who continuously participated in the NaF mouthrinse program, served as a comparison group (continuous rinsing-, CR-group). Dental caries and restorations were diagnosed on bitewing radiographs; thus only approximal tooth surfaces were considered. The caries incidence over the 3-yr period was 1.84 DFS in the IR- and 1.77 in the CR-group. The corresponding FS-values were 0.67 and 0.25, respectively. Two years later, i.e. when the children were 18-yr-old and the IR-group had had 2 yr back on the school-based mouthrinse program, they were examined again. The difference in caries incidence between 16 and 18 yr of age was still small, 1.32 DFS in the IR- and 1.22 in the CR-group. The corresponding FS-values were 0.63 and 0.49, respectively. Thus, this study showed that the 3-yr interruption of the NaF mouthrinse program resulted in a small, statistically non-significant increase in caries, mostly as regards the number of fillings, on approximal tooth surfaces.

Comparison of dental caries experience in children of different socio economic status

In this study, an attempt has been made to discover any differences in caries incidence at various socioeconomic levels, and all contributory factors. Two schools were chosen to participate, one affluent (School B) and the other from a relatively lower socioeconomic level (School A). 60 students were randomly selected from each school. The following results were enumerated from the study: Socio economic status was seen to be of similar proportions in the populations studied ‐ 40% skilled in School A, 53.3% in B; 43.3% semiskilled in A, 46.7% in B. However only School A had an unskilled group ‐ 16.7%. Caries incidence was 63.3% in School A and 70% in School B. The pattern in both schools was also similar when the caries incidence was examined from the different socioeconomic levels. The skilled groups had 42.1% and 47.6% of the caries experience in Schools A and B respectively, whilst the semiskilled groups made up 42.1% (A) and 52.3% (B). Unskilled group in School A had 15.8% of the sample's caries. The s...

Caries incidence in orthodontic patients with high levels of Streptococcus mutans.

The development of new carious lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances was studied in patients with high levels of caries inducing oral microflora ( S. mutans ) in saliva prior to treatment. All patients were given an oral hygiene education and fluoride applications prior to the active orthodontic treatment period, and were divided into one test and one control group. In the test group, chlorhexidine treatments were performed throughout the active orthodontic treatment period whenever the amount of S. mutans in saliva exceeded the level of selection. A difference in caries incidence was recorded between the groups primarily on buccal surfaces of bonded teeth; but this was not found to be statistically significant.

Clinical evaluation of patients eight to nine years after placement of removable partial dentures

Removable partial dentures, constructed following principles outlined in this study, provided reasonable service for an 8- to 9-year period for patients who were wearing them. The oral hygiene of the patients was less than ideal. Few teeth were lost by patients in the study. There were no significant differences in caries incidence, changes in sulcus depths, tooth mobility, or alveolar bone loss between patients who were wearing their dentures and those who were not. There were increased levels of gingival inflammation seen in regions covered by the removable partial dentures and in gingivae apical to clasp arms. Other than these findings, there seemed to be no direct evidence that the removable partial dentures were causing dental or periodontal breakdown.

Basic study on experimental rat caries. Serial observations of caries incidence and bacterial variation on rat molars in short-term experimental caries.

A short-term rat experiment was carried out in order to investigate the time course of the incidence of rat molar caries and the variation in the number of the oral cariogenic microorganisms or their biochemical properties. From the results obtained, an attempt was made to clarify the oral environment at the time of incidence of initial caries.In the time course of the caries incidence, carious lesions appeared as soon as rat were introduced to a sucrose diet and increased quickly. At day 15, carious lesions were found in about 80% of all the fissures. Moreover, the rate of caries incidence was unchanged for the first 6 days. According to the caries score, the mean number of carious lesions of the rat group which were fed a non-sucrose diet was lower than that of the experimental group, so that a difference in caries incidence was seen even in short-term experiments.As to the bacteria existing in the teeth, according to the incidence of the initial fissure caries, variation in the quantity of some microorganisms occured. Regarding S. mutans, the isolation rate and the number were not lower in the rats fed a non-sucrose diet than in the rats fed a sucrose diet.In biochemical tests, the strains of S. mutans derived from sucrose diet group strongly fermented sucrose, while a strain from the non-sucrose diet group had lower final acidities from glucose or starch than those of sucrose.From these aspects, regarding the incidence and progress of incipient caries, I suggest that biochemical factors of the various bacteria have stronger influence than their mere numbers, and it seems likely that the oral environmental factors, especially sucrose, have an important effect upon the biochemical behavior of oral microorganisms, and then the biochemical properties are changed to cariogenic. I believe that the early establishment and evaluation of oral environment factors such as diet and microorganisms are very important in caries prevention.