Differences In Attitude Scores Research Articles

University Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help for Psycho-Social Problems in Two Selected Public Universities in Tanzania: A Mixed Methods Study

Universities worldwide have established psychological help services to help students deal with ever-growing psycho-social problems. However, evidence shows that students do not prefer using the available services. Nevertheless, the available evidence offers limited information about university students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help in Tanzania. Thus, the present study examined university students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help for psycho-social problems. Data were collected from 740 students using questionnaires and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze students’ help-seeking attitudes. The independent sample t-test was used to determine the difference in students’ attitudes by age, sex, and year of study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of attitudes by students’ field of study. Thematic analysis technique guided the analysis of FGDs data. The findings revealed that most university students had positive attitudes toward seeking psychological help for the studied psycho-social problems. The FGDs findings revealed that students had positive attitudes mainly because they could get relief from the problems they faced, the presence of confidentiality to information shared, and the perceived competence of help service providers. Furthermore, the findings indicated a statistically significant difference in attitude scores for female students ( M = 40.56, SD = 3.78) and male students ( M = 39.64, SD = 4.62; t (723) = 2.9, p = 0.004, two-tailed). Moreover, university students’ attitudes differed significantly by fields of study, F (3, 723) = 8.12, p < .001. Promoting positive help-seeking attitudes among students might improve their utilization of psychological help services.

Effectiveness of an educational program for clinical educators to promote novice midwives' clinical judgment: A cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThere has been little research on education for clinical educators and particularly on education to promote clinical judgment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an educational program for clinical educators to promote the clinical judgment of novice midwives during delivery. MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in which a facility was considered a cluster. Eleven facilities (44 participants) were randomly assigned to the intervention group with the educational intervention and 10 facilities (33 participants) to the control group without the educational intervention. Inclusion criteria were midwives who had become clinical educators within five years. The educational program consisted of e-learning and a seminar. The primary outcome was educational skills. The secondary outcomes were attitude, knowledge, and satisfaction. Data on the satisfaction was collected only for the intervention group. Intention-to-treat and multi-model analyses using a random intercept model were used to analyze data. St. Luke's International University ethics review committee approved the study (20-A016). ResultsNo differences in baseline characteristics of participants and facilities were noted. There was no significant difference in educational skills scores at post-test between the intervention and control group (MD 1.88, 95 % CI [−0.55–4.31]). There was no significant difference in attitude scores at post-test between the two groups (MD 2.38, 95 % CI [−0.76, 5.51]). The knowledge scores at post-test were significantly higher in the intervention group (intervention group 2.68 ± 0.26, control group 1.57 ± 0.25; MD 1.10, 95 % CI [0.41–1.80], p = .002). ConclusionThe intervention group improved only in knowledge scores, with no effect on educational skills or attitudes compared to the control group. It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the program by conducting long-term follow-up and evaluation.

Students’ Attitude toward STEM Project-Based Learning in the Fun Cooking Activity to Learn about the Colloid System

This research revealed how the implementation of STEM Project-Based Learning (STEM PBL) in chemistry teaching on colloid system topics with heterogeneous groups of students in terms of habits, hobbies, goals, and gender-biased perceptions. Also, the research described students’ attitudes towards STEM PBL, and the linkages between their attitude and understanding. Participants consisted of 101 students of high schools. Qualitative data were obtained through documentation, and narrative responses in group reports. Quantitative data were obtained through the questionnaire of students’ attitudes toward STEM PBL and the comprehension tests. There are nine types of food products as STEM projects. The most frequent positive experience is that learning colloid topics is “fun”, while the most frequent negative experience response is “time-consuming”. The average score per item of attitude is higher in (1) the female's group, (2) the group who is used to cooking, (3) the group who has a passion, (4) the group who has a goal, and (5) groups that have gender-biased perceptions. There is no significant difference in attitude scores in the student group, except that the group with goals in the culinary field has a higher average attitude score than the group who have no aspirations. Students’ understanding is not closely related to the attitude.

The Effect of Teaching Fundamentals of Geriatric Life on Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes toward Aging

Introduction: Nurses are always involved with caring for elderly patients. They need to increase their knowledge and skills in the field of aging to provide effective care to elderly patients. Moreover, attitudes of nurses affect the quality of care for elderly people. Some interventions such as education are effective tools for improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes to better understand the problems of the elderly. The present study aims at determining the effect of teaching fundamentals of geriatric life on nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward aging.
 
 Methods: This was a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest with control group study. It was performed on 91 nurses working in Meybod (44 nurses) and Ardakan Hospitals (47 nurses). Training sessions on fundamentals of geriatric life were conducted for the experimental group. The training program consisted of five training sessions in the field of geriatrics . Data collection instruments included: Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz, and Kogan's Attitude Toward Older People Scale, which were completed three times before, immediately after, and two months after the intervention for both groups.
 
 Results: There was no significant difference in knowledge between the two groups before the intervention (p = 0.792). Yet, the knowledge score immediately and two months after the intervention showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.01). The mean score of attitude before intervention was no significant difference between groups (p = 0.069). However, there was a significant difference in attitude score immediately and two months after the intervention between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.01).
 
 Conclusion: Teaching fundamentals of geriatric nursing to nurses improved their knowledge and attitudes toward the problems and needs of the elderls. Using retraining courses in the field of aging is recommended for nurses.

Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Genetic Disorders and Attitude Towards Preventive Measures for Genetic Disorders among Undergraduates at Higher Educational Institute.

AbstractGenetic disorders may be hereditary or non-hereditary meaning that they are transfers from the parent’s genes. But insome genetic disorder’s defects may be caused by new mutations, altered phenotype or changes to the DNA. A changemay occur that brings about changes in the number or position of any or more genes. This changing of the structure ofparticular chromosomes is also called chromosomal mutation or chromosomal rearrangement. An evaluative approachwith simple random sampling technique were used for the study. The study sample consisted of (n=54) in selected highereducational institute. Pre-test were taken on first and total 2 hours intervention programme was administered on thegenetic disorders. Post -test was conducted after completion of intervention programme.Findings of StudyIn the present study it was found that all students ( 100 %) are in the age group of 18-21 years. Gender of students are50% male and 50% female. Study shows the student had average knowledge regarding genetic disorders and strongpositive attitude towards preventive measures for genetic disorders and after implementing intervention programme theknowledge level is increased and the very strong positive attitude was developed. There is a significant association ofattitude score with demographic variables such as previous history of genetic counseling. Study shows there is significantdifference in knowledge score between males and females. About attitude part After implementing interventionprogrammed. It shows males had more positive attitude than females about preventive measures for genetic disordersand there was no any significant difference in attitude score between males and females.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES & PRACTICES TOWARDS COVID-19: A CROSS SECTIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS IN A TERTIARY CARE SUPERSPECIALITY HOSPITAL, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

Introduction: Covid 19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the infection spread from Wuhan, China in December 2019, there after the virus infecting millions of populations worldwide. Healthcare professionals worked tirelessly to tackle the situation worldwide. Our main objective was to access the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals towards Covid-19 at NIMS Hospital, Rajasthan. Methodology: The study was a Cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, conducted during the second wave of covid. 160 Healthcare Professionals responded to the self-administered questioner, which had 15 questions in total to evaluate the KAP. The data was analyzed using SPSS software 23.0 andANOVAtest was performed. Result: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge 83.75%, 68.75% good attitude, and 55.63% was observed to have good practice. Signicant difference was seen in knowledge score across the professions and signicant difference in Attitude score across the age group. Signicant difference was observed in knowledge,Attitude and Practice score across the genders. Conclusion: The stakeholders must focus on training of HCPs for better practice of tackling with COVID-19. Special emphasis is required to impart Education, training on COVID, and emphasis on mental health of the healthcare professionals.

Effect of Educational Program Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on the Childbearing Intention in One-Child Women

Aims: Childbearing is a value in Islamic Iranian culture. Due to the decrease in the total fertility rate in Iran during the three decades, following the change in population policies in 1990-2010, having one child has become a common phenomenon in the country. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on childbearing intention in one-child women based on the theory of planned behavior. Materials & Methods: In this interventional study in Farooj in 2018, 90 one-child women were randomly selected and assigned into intervention and control. Before the intervention, the subjects were surveyed using demographic information, planned behavior theory, and Miller's fertility motivation questionnaires. Then, based on the educational needs, four 60-minutes training sessions were provided to the intervention group for two months, and the control group did not receive training. The questionnaires were filled out by the intervention and control groups immediately and three months after training. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software through a significance level of 0.05. Findings: There was no significant difference between the two groups before the intervention regarding the mean score of perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, positive motivation, and negative motivation towards childbearing intention and demographic variables (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in attitude scores, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the childbearing intention in one-child women in both intervention and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Social, cultural, religious, and especially economic conditions of the society are effective in improving the attitude of childbearing, which should be considered along with educational interventions to achieve better results from education.

Comparison of Knowledge and Attitude regarding Reproductive Health between Adolescent Girls of Urban and Rural Schools in West Bengal

Introduction: Adolescents can be key driving forces in building a future of dignity for all. They are an important resource for any country. Reproductive health covers all aspects of adolescent health. In order to lead healthy, responsible, and fulfilling lives, and to protect themselves from reproductive health problems, youngsters need adequate information about the physical and psychological changes that take place during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth. Methods: A comparative survey was conducted among 90 randomly selected adolescent girls from urban and rural schools of Bankura, West Bengal. Information was collected by administering structured knowledge questionnaire and 5-point attitude rating scale. Results: The findings revealed that 46.67% of girls from urban school and 51.11% of girls from rural school had excellent knowledge score and 65.56% of adolescent girls from urban school had positive and 61.11% of girls from rural school had fair attitude score towards reproductive health. There was no significant difference in knowledge score (t = -0.555 at p > 0.580) but significant difference in attitude score (t = 4.98 at p < 0.00) was there. There was a weak positive correlation found between knowledge and attitude scores of adolescent girls in both urban (r = 0.46) and rural (r = 0.335) schools. No significant association was found between knowledge and attitude scores and demographic characteristics of adolescent girls in both schools. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a gap in the level of attitude of adolescent girls of urban and rural schools. So there is a need to educate adolescent girls regarding some aspects of reproductive health.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) for undergraduate medical students in Sudan: sources of information, knowledge about terms, skills related to EBM and attitude toward EBM in Sudan

BackgroundEvidence-based medicine (EBM) is the use of the current best evidence for patient care. Medical students should critically appraise the research evidence to help them during their clinical practice in the future. We conducted this study to assess the skills, terms and attitude toward EBM.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional study for medical students from governmental universities. Students completed an online validated questionnaire consisting of several sections to assess skills, attitude and knowledge about terms related to EBM. We used a scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree) for the 11 questions assessing the attitude and a scale ranging from 1(Poor) to 5(advanced) for EBM skills.ResultsA total of 761 medical students with a mean age of 21.97 ± 1.64 participated in the study. 327 (43 %) of them were males. The most commonly used search engines were Google 690 (91 %) and Wikipedia 465 (61 %). Medical books 719 (94 %) and lecture notes 353 (46 %) were the most common sources for health information. The majority of students rated their skills related to EBM as average and below average for all questions (overall = 2.18 ± 0.8). Students rated their skills as poor (31 %) in locating professional literature, as average (34 %) in searching online databases, poor (42 %) in critical appraisal of a scientific publication reporting findings from clinical research and poor (36 %) in Critical appraisal of available scientific literature. Regarding attitude, the overall mean score was 2.83 ± 0.76. There is no significant difference in attitude score between students with or without EBM training (P = 0.2).The terms with the highest understanding were case-control study (45 %) and case report (44 %) for study design. Median (44 %) and sample size (43 %) for statistics. Incidence (46 %) and prevalence (44 %) for epidemiology.ConclusionsMedical students have a knowledge gap in skills and terms related to EBM and an average attitude towards EBM. The majority of them were using a nonscientific search engine to obtain medical information. There is a need to educate students about the proper steps for getting the scientific literature and EBM skills.

Survey on the Research Misconduct and Questionable Research Practices of Medical Students, PhD Students, and Supervisors at the Zagreb School of Medicine in Croatia.

This cross-sectional study evaluates the knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and behavior of final year medical students, PhD students, and supervisors at the School of Medicine of the University of Zagreb in relation to research misconduct, questionable research practices, and the research environment. The overall response rate was 36.4% (68%-100% for the paper survey and 8%-15% for the online surveys). The analysis reveals statistically significant differences in attitude scores between PhD students and supervisors, the latter having attitudes more in concordance with accepted norms. The results overall show a nonnegligible incidence of self-reported misconduct and questionable research practices, as well as some problematic attitudes towards misconduct and questionable research practices. The incidence of problematic authorship practices was particularly high. The research environment was evaluated as being mostly supportive of research integrity.

Knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers for implementation of preventing measures toward COVID-19 among residents of Tan Phu district, Ho Chi Minh city

Objective: The study aims to investigate the correct knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers of residents who live in Tan Phu district, HCMC, toward COVID-19 prevention, during the pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data collected via in-person interviews with the prepared questionnaire, from 416 participants aged 18 years older living in Tan Phu district, HCMC from September to October 2020. Results: In this study, the mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 8.40 1.25, more than 60% of participants had a positive, most of the participants had correct practice (>90%). There is a difference in the mean knowledge score among age groups, work status and marital status (p<0.05); There is a difference in attitude scores between age groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in practice scores between participants, and 8 barriers in COVID-19 prevention. The study also recorded 10 issues that people are concerned about in COVID-19 prevention and especially the number of infections - deaths cases(46.51%). Conclusion: The proportion of people with the right knowledge, attitudes and practices about COVID-19 prevention is relatively high. Our finding suggests that health education communication should focus on COVID-19 prevention and treatment guidelines; promote the mass media, especially messages from the Ministry of Health or the Government.

An Exploratory Study of Differences in Nutrition vs. Non-Nutrition College Students’ Attitudes Towards Dietary Protein

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore differences among nutrition and non-nutrition college students’ attitudes towards dietary protein consumption using the Dietary Protein Assessment Questionnaire (DPAQ). Preliminary evidence of the DPAQ demonstrated construct validity and internal consistency. Three factors were retained; factor 1 related to animal versus plant protein sources and their relationship with human and environmental health, factor 2 related to the health of organic protein sources, and factor 3 related to the adequacy of the protein RDA for weight loss and vegetarian diets. Methods The mean attitude factor scores (factor 1, 2, and 3) were calculated for nutrition and non-nutrition students. The attitude questions included a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly agree ” to “strongly disagree.” The questionnaire responses were then compared between nutrition and non-nutrition college students using the Mann-Whitney U Test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Scores differed significantly between nutrition and non-nutrition students for factor 2 (n = 57, median = 5, IQR = 4–6 vs. n = 53, median = 4, IQR = 3–6). There were no significant differences in attitude scores between groups for factor 1 or factor 3. Conclusions Nutrition students reported more positive attitudes towards conventional protein sources. Nutrition students were more likely to disagree that organic protein sources were healthier than conventional protein sources. Further testing is needed to increase generalizability of these results in order to create effective educational interventions for college students. Funding Sources None.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of I-NEED Program: Improving Nurses’ Detection and Management of Elder Abuse and Neglect—A 6-Month Prospective Study

Elder abuse and neglect (EAN) goes largely unrecognized and underreported globally by health care professionals. Despite acknowledging their role to intervene elder abuse, health care professionals lacked knowledge and skills in this issue. This is a single-blinded, three-armed, cluster randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the face-to-face Improving Nurses' dEtection and managEment of elDer abuse and neglect (I-NEED) intensive training program and I-NEED educational video in improving primary care nurses' knowledge, attitude, and confidence to intervene EAN; 390 primary care nurses were randomized equally into two intervention groups-ITP group (intensive training program) and ITP+ group (intensive training program and educational video)-and a control group. The knowledge, attitudes, and confidence to intervene EAN were measured using questionnaires at four intervals during 6-month follow-up. A total of 269 primary care nurses participated in this study. There was a significant increase in knowledge, attitude, and confidence to intervene EAN immediately post intervention observed in both intervention groups compared to the control group (p < .001). At the end of sixth month, there was an increase of knowledge favoring ITP group than the ITP+ group (p < .001). There is, however, no significant difference in attitude score between ITP and ITP+ group. There is a significant difference of confidence to intervene among the participants between both intervention groups with ITP+ participants reporting higher scores post intervention (p < .05). An intensive training module improved the knowledge, attitude, and confidence to intervene EAN. Other co-existing barriers for abuse victims getting help, resources, policy, and law of EAN need further highlights.

Can we improve coaches’ injury prevention views and implementation practices in the community female Gaelic sport of camogie?

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of a nationwide coach education workshop on the attitudes towards, willingness and perceived ability of camogie coaches to implement a Camogie Injury Prevention Programme (CIPP) and...

Comparison of Knowledge and Attitude Towards Orthodontic Treatment Among High School Students

Introduction: Adolescence is the time when a person attains awareness including the self-awareness about his/her health. Hence if proper knowledge is instilled during this time, it will be effective and good oral health behavior can last lifetime. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude towards orthodontic treatment among the students of public and private schools and compare between them.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed among 700 students (350 from private and 350 from government schools around Kathmandu valley) of grade 8-10. Questionnaire consisted of 14 questions about knowledge and 10 questions about attitude relating to orthodontic treatment. Each response as “yes” was given score ‘1’ and responses “no” and “don’t know” were given score ‘0’. Total score was calculated, followed by mean and compared between that of private and government schools and between genders.&#x0D; Result: No significant difference was found in the knowledge between the students of private and government schools. The difference in attitude score was found to be statistically significant (p=0.00). 54.29% of participants had never heard of an orthodontists, 48.57% never thought that crooked teeth have ill effects, and around 50% of participants were not aware that orthodontic treatment would improve the facial appearance. 47% of participants would not undergo treatment if it took 1-2 years, 53% would not agree for extractions and 42% were not willing to wear retainers.&#x0D; Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude level on orthodontics can be improved by incorporating the basic aspects of oral health in the syllabus of school education.

Knowledge and perception differences towards generic medicines consumption among consumers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the population behavioural influence towards generic medicines use in a Klang Valley. A self-administered questionnaire in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, was distributed conveniently. A total of 222 respondents have participated in the study (response rate 57.8%). The majority of the respondents (87.7%) have reported considerable amount of knowledge on the generic medicine availability in the market. In comparison of sociodemographic influence, only household size was found to influence the respondent’s knowledge and curiosity. For the perception, there was a statistically significant difference in attitude scores for respondents who had good level of knowledge (M = 3.322, SD = 0.516) and poor level of knowledge (M = 3.011, SD = 0.591) towards generic medicines; t(220) = –4.180, p &lt; 0.05. In terms of subjective norms, data findings indicate a statistically significant difference in scores for respondents who had good level of knowledge (M = 3.456, SD = 0.704) and poor level of knowledge (M = 3.057, SD = 0.616) towards generic medicines; t(220) = –4.393, p &lt; 0.05. Similarly, this study found a statistically significant difference in perceived behavioural control scores for respondents who had good level of knowledge (M = 3.605, SD = 0.548) and poor level of knowledge (M = 3.121, SD = 0.577) towards generic medicines; t(220) = –6.350, p &lt; 0.05. Therefore, these results reveal that good level of knowledge really influence the level of perceptions among consumers of generic medicines. It is imperative that more initiatives to be introduced by the government to promote the practice to prescribe generic drugs to the population. The need to educate both health professionals and patients on the availability of the cheaper and bioequivalence medicine should be put into formality, thus increasing the awareness of the patient of the generic medicine and next reduce the dependency of the costlier innovator brand medicine in the prescription at both public and private healthcare settings.

Effectiveness of different methods of health education on knowledge and attitude regarding palliative care among college students in urban Puducherry: a pre-post intervention study.

The World Health Organization estimates that around 6 million people need palliative care in India but not even 1% of the patients have access to it. To find the prevalence of knowledge on palliative care and compare the effectiveness of different methods of health education on attitude regarding palliative care among urban college students in southern India. A pre-post intervention study was conducted in three different arts, science and commerce colleges in urban Pondicherry in August 2017. Data regarding attitude change towards palliative care by three different modes of intervention in the three colleges: health talk (Group A), health talk with video (Group B) and health talk and interaction with a patient's caregiver (Group C) - before and after intervention - were collected using a predesigned pretested structured questionnaire. Among the 65, 75 and 67 participants in Groups A, B and C, respectively - the majority belonged to urban nuclear families; the mean age was 19.5 (0.9) years and Group C had only female students. The prevalence of knowledge about palliative care was found to be 9.2%. There was a difference in attitude scores among the three groups (p = 0.02) with Group C having the highest change of a score with a median of 2 (-1,5). Awareness about palliative care is very low among non-medical undergraduate college students of urban Pondicherry. The best method of health education in changing the attitude towards palliative care was interaction with patient's caregiver.

Attitude towards Mental Illness among Secondary School Students in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Secondary School students (SSs) are important members of the community; hence their attitude towards mental illness can be highly influential. Mentally ill individuals are not only suffering from the illness but also suffering from the stigmatizing attitude generated by the community. The objectives of this study were to determine attitude of SSs towards mental illness and its associated factors. A cross-sectional study design employing stratified random sampling was applied to select a sample of 402 students. Data was obtained using a self-administered Belief towards Mental Illness (BMI) questionnaire. Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to determine possible differences in scores of attitude. From a total of 21 BMI scale items, positive attitudes were found in eight items and negative attitudes were found in the remaining thirteen. The mean score of the full BMI scale was 2.47 (95% CI: 2.41, 2.54). The mean (95% CI) scores of dangerousness, poor social relations and incurability, and shame subscales were 2.68 (2.60, 2.76), 2.55 (2.48, 2.62), and 1.22 (1.09, 1.34), respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between attitude scores and the average mark of students (r = -0.257, p<0.0001). Moreover, significant differences in attitude scores were observed between students with a relative of mental illness and those without such a relative (p=0.004). There was an increasing trend of positive attitudes with increased educational level among 9th, 10th, and 11th graders (p-trend<0.0001) and with an increase in the educational level of the students father (p-trend=0.028). However, no significant difference in attitude score was found across categories of sex, religion, living condition of father, presence of a mentally ill neighbor, educational level of mother, or ethnicity. In conclusion, considerable numbers of SSs have negative attitudes towards mental illness. Implementation of programs that enhance positive attitudes towards mentally ill individuals is recommended.

Attitudes towards female managers in hospitals: Case study of Turkey

ABSTRACT Health sector is the one of the main fields of work for females; yet they are underrepresented in senior management positions. This study was conducted to evaluate the attitudes of hospital staff towards female managers in a state hospital in Ankara and also to determine the variation in attitudes according to socio-demographic and occupational characteristics of the employees. Attitude towards Women Managers Scale, developed by Berkman (2005), was used. The sample consisted of a total of 348 subjects including managers, physicians, nurses, and other healthcare staff. The study found significant differences in the total scores of attitudes towards female managers between male and female subjects. The differences in attitude scores “work ethic” dimension regarding the total working time and working title were statistically found. Employees with 16 years and above at work also the technicians& administrative staff had a more unfavourable attitude towards female managers. Regarding the level of education, employees with a high school education had the most unfavourable attitude in the “professional behaviour” dimension. Results indicated that hospital management can develop institutional policies addressing social gender equality, implement training programmes and projects to promote positive attitudinal changes among employees especially towards female ones.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of ambulance nurses in prehospital care in Malang, Indonesia

BackgroundNurses are responsible for staffing ambulances in Indonesia. However, those nurses may have limited knowledge and skills in prehospital care because the Indonesian nursing curriculum focuses mostly on in-hospital care. This study investigated the perceived knowledge, attitude, and practice of ambulance nurses in prehospital care in Malang, Indonesia. MethodThis was a cross-sectional study consisting of a paper-based survey involving 465 participants from 45 health care services in Malang, Indonesia. ResultsParticipants’ attitude score for prehospital care was the highest and knowledge of prehospital care was the lowest score. This study revealed that knowledge (p=0.022), attitude (p=0.012), and practice scores (p=0.026) were significantly different based on the training experience. The education level of participants contributed significantly to the difference in attitude (p=0.001) and practice scores (p=0.034). Participants’ experience had a significant contribution to the difference in attitude score (p=0.002). The knowledge (p=0.001) and practice (p=0.002) for prehospital care of hospital-based ambulance nurses were significantly higher than puskesmas-based ambulance nurses. ConclusionsThis study revealed that Indonesian ambulance nurses lacked prehospital care knowledge and skills. The findings from this study provide information to establish a national regulation covering human resources for prehospital care in Indonesia both for educational and clinical levels.