Different Types Of Stones Research Articles

Абразивные пилы Среднего Зауралья и некоторые аспекты их использования в древности

In the Middle Transurals, stones started to get sawed with abrasive saws in the Neolithic era and was widely used in the Eneolithic. The author studied 129 abrasive saws and 153 items with traces of sawing. They respectively originate from 26 and 22 archaeological sites. Usually there are one or two saws at the site (11 and 5 sites, respectively). But some sites appeared to have dozens of them (Shaitanskoye Lake I – 13; Ust-Vagilsky hill – 19; Yurino IV – 22). They are found both in settlements, sites, and in sanctuaries. Saws are mainly represented by fragments from 1.5 to 24.5 cm long. Moreover, they were broken intentionally. There are few whole saws preserved, usually their length is 10–20 cm. The thickness of the saws ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 cm. Saws up to 0.6 cm thick predominate and constitute 46.3 %. Fifteen saws have two working blades each. 30 abrasive saws are made of fragments of grinding plates and are both one-sided and two-sided. The saws cut into the processed material from 0.2 to 2.5 cm deep. Most often (56.8 %) the items were sawed 0.2 to 0.5 cm deep. The most intense deterioration (3.6 and 4.4 cm) is found in two saws. The working edges of abrasive saws were usually formed by grinding. At the same time, the opposite edge of the saws nearly always remained untreated. The deterioration of stone saws and sawing traces in various objects were analyzed and showed that sawing boiled down to mostly splitting thin blanks used to make knives and arrowheads. There are very rare traces of saws on polished chopping tools such as axes (1) and adzes (5). Abrasive saws were also used to design teeth on comb stamps or grooves on so-called ironings. Besides, saws could be used to cut out patches out of fragments of richly ornamented broken vessels. Saws were made of 8 types of mineral raw materials. It appeared possible to identify mineral raw materials for102 saws. Two-thirds of them are made of slate (41.2 %) and granodiorite (35.3 %). The next most popular material is mica slate which constitutes 11.8 %. The remaining saws are made of sandstone (5 items), quartzite, carbonaceous shale, brown ironstone (2 items each) and quartzite sandstone (1 item). The experiments made it possible to determine the sawing speed and the deterioration rate of the saw material. It is established how long and how much workforce it took to saw. The research managed to compare the efficiency of sawing different types of stone with saws made of materials with different hardness. The experiment results reveal the peculiarities of abrasive sawing of stone. The peculiarities were the methods for securing the blank and securing the saw in the intended cutting line. Sawing with a two-handed saw, as well as using fine-grained abrasive, significantly increased the processing efficiency.

Dry stone structures and Penedès geology. A pilot study

Dry stone constructions have traditionally been made only from geographically close materials. Usually, farmers and shepherds used stones in the soil of their farmlands, where they were useless, to build new useful structures directly related to their productive activities. Different types of stones allowed a wide variety of constructions. Furthermore, due to their origin related to economical activities, the presence of each kind of construction depends on the needs of the local people. So, these are the reasons why, regarding shape and utility, in each town is possible to find different dry stone buildings. We hypothesized that there could be a clear relation between the information from types of stones in geological maps of a region and the dry stone constructions present in that region, so we could make a first prediction of the possible dry stone constructions in a town before looking them in the field, using geological maps. In this paper, we confirm this hypothesis in the case of the Catalan region of Penedès, in Spain.

Friction and Contact Temperatures in the Cleaving of Bone and Wood Using Stone Tools – A Case Study in Palaeolithic Tribology

During archaeological fieldwork wedge-shaped quartz stones that show clearly visible "glossy patches" composed of high quartz have been found. It is generally accepted that these tools have been used to cleave or punch wood and bone materials. For the transformation from quartz to high-quartz to occur, the temperature should exceed 574 °C. The hypothesis tested in this manuscript is that the phase change in the stone tool results from frictional heating during the cleaving action. Dry sliding friction measurements were carried out on a reciprocating tribometer using four types of stone, representing the punch tool, and pine, oak and bovine bone, representing the work piece. Measured coefficients of friction were approximately 0.1 on oak, 0.2 on pine and up to 0.35 on bovine bone, with some minor fluctuations for the different types of stone. These coefficients of friction were inserted into a computational model describing the flash temperatures in a moving contact, from which it was shown that the hypothesis might hold in the case of lydite-bone contact. This means that the glossy patches on the stone tools may have been caused by frictional heating during the cleaving of bone.

The Late Bronze Age casting moulds from Poroszló-Aponhát

Three stone casting moulds are known from the Late Bronze Age mega-settlement of Poroszló-Aponhát, discovered in 1969 and 1971 during excavations led by Pál Patay. The moulds were made of different types of stone, all examined by petrographic analysis. Due to the ‘dig in spits’ excavation method, two moulds were found in diverse arbitrary spit levels, while one could be connected to a pit. This article discusses their exact location, material, possible use, and potential analogies. In addition to an analysis of the site that relied on nearby raw materials, we also present a collection of all settlements with metalworking activity of the period (Fig. 7). The results show that Poroszló-Aponhát was one of the leading settlements of the Ha B1 period in many respects, including metallurgy.

Dual-Energy CT Applications in Urological Diseases

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a medical imaging technique that uses two different energy levels of X-rays to provide more detailed information about the composition of tissues and materials within the body. DECT technology is still relatively new but different applications have been developed for the urological field. For example, it can be used to analyze the composition of stones to determine whether they are likely to be made up of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or other minerals. This information can help guide treatment decisions, as different types of stones may require different approaches to treatment. The availability of iodine maps helps the differentiation between benign and malignant tumors of the urinary tract, including the bladder, kidneys, and ureters. The iodine maps generated by DECT can provide information on tumor vascularity, which can help in staging and determining the aggressiveness of the tumor. DECT can assess blood flow in the kidneys and detect vascular disorders such as renal artery stenosis or aneurysms. This can be critical for early detection and management of these disorders, which can reduce the risk of renal failure and improve outcomes. DECT is a valuable tool in the urological field that can provide clinicians with detailed and accurate information for the diagnosis and treatment planning of various urological conditions. In this narrative review, we propose an overview of the possible application of DECT in the field of urological diseases.

A narrative review on efficacy of homoeopathic medicine Pareira brava in urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis orNephrolithiasis commonly known as renal calculi, kidney stones, or urine calculi, are terms used to describe the disease of renal stones. Since many years, mankind has been afflicted with this condition, which, if left untreated, may progress to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The multiple aetiology and risk factors of renal stone disease affect about 12% of the world's population. Understanding the process of stone production is extremely difficult because there are many different types of stones, including calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The conventional medical system has used a variety of medications and procedures, including PCNL and ESWL, to treat urolithiasis. However, the rate of recurrence is remainshigh. Extracts from plants are now utilized to treat kidney stones. There is evidence that homoeopathic medications are employed as curative therapies as well. One of the treatments that homoeopaths usually recommend for kidney stone disease is Pareira Brava. Therefore, use of homoeopathic intervention is attempted in the current review in an effort to shed insight on the evolutionary changes in stone production technology and to lower the recurrence rate.

Impact of fungi on historical monument with reference to Mahadev temple Bastar of Chhatisgarh

Materials of built heritage are at risk of bio-deterioration caused by diverse populations of microorganisms living in biofilms. The microbial metabolites of these biofilms are responsible for the deterioration of the underlying substratum and may lead to physical weakening and discoloration of stone. Fungal ability in production of pigments and organic acids have crucial role in discoloration and degradation of different types of stone in cultural heritage objects. Additionally, stone objects may support novel communities of microorganism that are active in bio-deterioration process this investigation focused on mycological analyses of microbial biofilm from Mahadev temple, Bastar of Chhattisgarh state which is made of sand stone and which were heavily colonized by fungi. The eight fungal species on sand stone were isolated. Aspergillus sp. was common in stone structure. The identified micro fungi cause discoloration as well as mechanical exfoliation of building stone material that was analyzed through mechanical hyphae penetration and production of dark pigments and organic acids.

Inspecting the healing process in an artificial stone used for repair works containing crystallines

Stone has been a basic building material of different monuments and structural components such as foundations and masonry. At the same time, dif-ferent types of stones have been used for decorative architectural elements, such as cornices, reliefs, colonnettes, and corbels. The maintenance of stone ele-ments is essential for the continuity of these structures. Many studies have been performed to produce stones with artificial materials. This study aims to present a new approach to artificial stone with self-healing capability. Crystallines have been implied in two different dosages: 0.8 and 1.6% w./w, to achieve this goal. The addition of the crystalline admixtures affected the physical properties, de-creasing the porosity and the capillary absorption, proving the sealing properties of the admixtures. The self-healing efficiency has been tested with the sorption test, recovery of compressive strength, and 3D acoustic microscopy. The crys-talline admixtures accelerate the self-healing, increasing the sealing efficiency by 20% and recovering compressive strength by 15%. The analysis by 3D to-mography provided results that confirm the healing of the crack hasn't occurred only on the surface but extended to a certain depth.

Case report on:- A case report on management and outcomes of vesicle calculi with right ureteric calculi

Stone diseases that affect the urinary system include urinary tract stones. One common disorder of the urinary system is stones in the urinary tract. According to where they occur, the four different types of stones are categorized as well as urethra, bladder, kidney, and ureteral stones. The patient healed fast and was released after receiving a series of systematic and successful treatments, including completing the one-stage operation. Whole urinary calculi can be eliminated after a single therapy, and urolithiasis persisting over the entire term is uncommon. After seven days of treatment, the clinical improvement response was outstanding and considerable. After receiving Unani therapy for a month without surgical intervention, a U.S.G. finding was suggestive of the absence of any calculi in the left kidney and ureter. The formulations prevented urinary supersaturation of lithogenic chemicals and proved safe and efficient. Clinical findings: For the past four years, problems included abdomen ache, frequency, hesitation, and a burning sensation while passing pee. There was a history of blood in the urine on several occasions. He then proceeded to Rural hospital Wardha. Diagnostic evaluation: After being admitted, the patient had an abdominal computed tomography (C.T.) scan.The findings revealed right ureteric calculi and vesicle calculi. The results of a routine urinalysis indicate that the blood's WBC count is 4,578/L and that the creatinine (Cr) level is 140 mmol/L. Therapeutic intervention: Catheterization and bilateral nephrostomy were our first treatments, which resulted in grey pyuria. Simultaneously, piperacillin-tazobactam was widely utilized as an anti-inflammatory agent. Outcome: The patient's health has improved once all interventions have been completed. The patient's lower abdomen pain and burning when urinating have subsided, and she is now stable. Conclusion: Rarely occurs urolithiasis with an entire challenging course.

STONE INDUSTRY OF LEILATEPE CULTURE

One of the characteristic features of Leilatepe archaeological culture of the Chalcolithic period (end of the 5th millennium BC - first half of the 4th millennium BC) is a unique stone product. This culture was studied mainly on the basis of monuments in the territory of Azerbaijan. Extensive excavations were carried out in Leilatepe, Beyuk Kesik I, Poylu II, Galayeri settlements belonging to the Leilatepe culture and numerous stone tools were discovered. Similar tools were also discovered as a result of the limited excavations carried out in residential areas – Agili Dere, Selakhan, etc. belonging to this culture. The bearers of this culture led a sedentary life and were mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. The discovered stone tools and their purpose of use gives us reason to come to such a conclusion. Thus, during the excavations a large number of quern stones, graters, sickle teeth, etc., typical for early farming, made of different types of stones, were found. The explorations showed the superiority of flint tools over obsidian products in all other monuments belonging to the Leilatepe culture, except for the Galayeri settlement. Along with these, other tools and products made of stone – a detail of a potter’s wheel, maces, scepters, balance weights, etc. was found from the mentioned Leilatepe culture monuments. The stone industry of the Leilatepe culture is closely related to the traditions of Eastern Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia. At the same time, close analogies of some specific stone samples of Leilatepe culture were found in Maikop culture monuments.

A primate model for the origin of flake technology

When and how human ancestors first used tools remains unknown, despite intense research into the origins of technology. It has been hypothesized that the evolutionary roots of stone flake technology has its origin in percussive behavior. Before intentional stone flaking, hominins potentially engaged in various percussive behaviors resulting in accidental flake detachments. We refer to this scenario as the ‘by-product hypothesis.’ In this scenario, repeated detachments of sharp stone fragments eventually resulted in intentional flake production. Here, we tested the circumstances of accidental flake production as a by-product of percussive foraging in wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) from Brazil, the only nonhuman primate known to habitually produce sharp-edged flakes through a percussive behavior. We conducted field experiments where we tested the potential for accidental flake production during nut cracking. We provided three different types of stone with varied material properties as anvils to assess the circumstances in which accidental production of sharp-edged flakes occurs during nut cracking. A further freehand knapping experiment, with the raw material that exhibited accidental flake detachments, allows a direct comparison of flakes that have been intentionally produced by an experienced knapper and flakes produced during nut cracking by capuchin monkeys. Our results show that raw material quality and morphology significantly affect the rate of sharp-edged flake production as well as the resulting lithic signature of this behavior. In addition, accidental flakes produced during capuchin nut cracking on highly isotropic raw material are similar in many respects to intentionally produced flakes by a human knapper. Our field experiments highlight the fact that nut-cracking behavior can lead to the unintentional production of substantial quantities of sharp-edged flakes and therefore supports the ‘by-product hypothesis’ as a potential mechanism for the emergence of hominin flake technology.

Archaeological Evidence for Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic Marble Vessel Making at Ada Höyük

Stone vessels generally appear in chronological order dating back to the Epipaleolithic period. Although several chronological and typological evaluations of vessels made of different types of stones have been made so far, there is little information about their production techniques. The focus of this study is the production of marble vessels as well as on some other finds of Ada Höyük, a settlement, which was investigated as part of the Uşak Protohistoric Period Survey Project (UPDAP). They are generally defined as grave goods or daily use objects according to their context. This article aims to date marble vessels from Ada Höyük through typological analogies and to assess their chaîne opératoire and production technology.

Artificial Thermal Decay: Influence of Mineralogy and Microstructure of Sandstone, Calcarenite and Marble

Within a major framework of studies around artificial weathering and its effects on different lithotypes, in this work we study the effects of thermal stresses after artificial thermal decay on different types of stones used in historical buildings: a sandstone, a calcarenite and a marble. The sandstone belongs to the so called “Macigno” Formation and mainly outcrops along the northern Apennine (North Western Tuscany) and it has been widely used around Tuscany for building purposes (e.g., in Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoia, etc.); the analysed calcarenite (Gravina) comes from the surrounding of Matera Town and has been deeply used for the construction of the ancient buildings of the town itself; and the marble comes from the Carrara marble district (Northern Tuscany), a highly used stone throughout the centuries as ornamental stone. All these types of stone for their physical and mechanical properties, and aesthetic appearance, have been extensively used as both ornamental stones and as construction materials. To reproduce a plausible effect of natural thermal decay of the stones due to day-to-night and season-to-season fluctuations, we subjected the samples to artificial thermal decay. We carried out different thermal cycles on the samples by using a stove at 150°C and a muffle furnace at 300°C and 450°C. We analysed the physical and mechanical properties before and after each cycle to compare and evaluate the effects of thermal stresses on the stones. Among the different analyses: mass and volume measurements, water absorption tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thin-section observations and determination of chromatic alterations through image analysis and Munsell charts method. It was then possible to evaluate the influence of both mineralogy and microstructures on thermal decay of the studied stones (variations in fabric and modifications on physical and mechanical properties).

Experimental Modeling of Large Diameter Holes Based on Materials of Bronze Age Stone Axes

In the Urals, there are more than a hundred products with large-diameter holes, some of which are made using a copper tube. Experiments on hollow drilling in the expedition of S. A. Semenov have shown great complexity of this method. In experiments on drilling it was planned to identify labor costs for the manufacture of copper tube, and also reveal various aspects of drilling techniques. The article presents the results of experiments on drilling different types of stone (soapstone, marble, serpentine and jade) with a copper tube. Experiments have shown that drilling with a brace is 1.5 times more effective than drilling with a borer. And using a copper tube as a drill increased the speed of making holes by 4–7 times. It also turned out that the abrasive used is very important for drilling efficiency. The most effective abrasive was emery, whose deposits are known in the southern Urals. The results obtained allow the authors to establish with great accuracy what drills and with application of what equipment stone axes of Bronze Age were drilled. A comparison of the experimental drills with bronze age drills shows that drilling with a copper tube was often, but not always, performed using a special machine tool. Labor-intensive making stone axes with large diameter holes especially made of strong row materials attest about high social status of their owners.

Assessment of Stone Protective Coatings with a Novel Eco-Friendly Encapsulated Biocide

The conservation of stone monuments is a constant concern due to their continuous weathering, in which biofouling plays a relevant role. To enhance the effectiveness of biocidal treatments and to avoid environmental issues related to their possible toxicity, this research aims at formulating and characterizing a coating charged with an eco-friendly biocide and showing hydrophobic properties. For this purpose, zosteric sodium salt—a natural biocide product—has been encapsulated into two silica nanocontainers and dispersed into a tetraethoxysilane-based (TEOS) coating also containing TiO2 nanoparticles. The coatings were applied on four different types of stone: brick, mortar, travertine, and Carrara marble. The effectiveness of the coating formulations and their compatibility concerning the properties of coated stones were assessed. The results showed that all coatings conferred a hydrophobic character to the substrate, as demonstrated by the increase of the static contact angle and the reduction in the capillary water absorption coefficient. The transmission of water vapor of the natural stones was preserved as well as their natural aspect. Furthermore, the coatings were homogeneously distributed on the surface and crack-free. Therefore, the protective capability of the coatings was successfully demonstrated.

Composition chimique des calculs urinaires et caractéristiques épidémiologiques associées en République Démocratique du Congo

To compare the chemical composition of the upper and lower urinary tract stones in Congolese patients, and to identify factors associated with the different types of stones. Stones from 119 patients originating from the upper tract and 75 from the lower tract were analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry. Among 119 patients with upper tract stones, age ranged from 10 to 81 years with a mean (SD) of 45.8 (13.6) years; males were the majority (55.5%). The main types of stones identified were whewellite (79%). For the 75 patients with lower apparatus stones, age ranged from 4 to 87 years with a mean (SD) of 51.6 (21.6) years; the majority were males (89.3%). The main types of stones were whewellite (44%) and anhydrous uric acid (22.7%). Overall, the factors associated with calcium oxalate included: site [4.95 (95% CI 2.35-10.44)] and diameter [3.03 (95% CI 1.45–6.25)]; patient's place of residence [0.05 (95% CI 0.01–0.29)] was associated with calcium phosphate. Infection stones were associated with; site [0.19 (95% CI 0.06–0.63)] and diameter [0.10 (95% CI 0.03–0.38)]. Finally, age 0.26 (95% CI 0.09–0.71) and stone site [0.23 (95% CI 0.07–0.68)] were associated with uric stones. The epidemiological and chemical profile of upper and lower tract stones were different. Several factors were associated with the chemical and crystalline composition of stones in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Endoscopic identification of urinary stone composition: A study of South Eastern Group for Urolithiasis Research (SEGUR 2)

Introduction and objectivesTo assess the surgeon's ability to evaluate the composition of the stone by observation of endoscopic images. Materials and methodsA series of 20 video clips of endoscopic treatments of urinary stones of which was also available the result of infrared spectroscopy was uploaded to a YouTube site accessible only to members of the South Eastern Group for Urolithiasis Research (SEGUR) who were asked to identify the composition of the stones. ResultsA total of 32 clinicians from 9 different countries participated in the study. The average number of correct detections of participants was 7.81 ± 2.68 (range 1–12). Overall accuracy was 39% (250 out of 640 predictions). Calcium oxalate dihydrate stones have been correctly detected in 69.8%, calcium oxalate monohydrate in 41.8%, uric acid in 33.3%, calcium oxalate/uric acid in 34.3% and cystine in 78.1%. Precision rates for struvite (15.6%), calcium phosphate (0%) and mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate (9.3%) were quite low. ConclusionsObservation of the stone during the endoscopic procedure was not reliable to identify the composition of most stones although it gave some information allowing to identify with a good sensitivity calcium oxalate dihydrate and cystine stones. Nevertheless, photo or video reporting of the intact stone and its internal structure could should be encouraged to implement results of still mandatory post-operative stone analysis. Endourologists should improve their ability of visual identification of the different types of stones.

Identificación endoscópica de la composición de los cálculos urinarios: un estudio del Southeastern Group for Lithiasis Research (SEGUR 2)

Introduction and objectivesTo assess the surgeon's ability to evaluate the composition of the stone by observation of endoscopic images. Materials and methodsA series of 20 video clips of endoscopic treatments of urinary stones of which was also available the result of infrared spectroscopy was uploaded to a YouTube site accessible only to members of the South Eastern Group for Urolithiasis Research (SEGUR) who were asked to identify the composition of the stones. ResultsA total of 32 clinicians from 9 different countries participated in the study. The average number of correct detections of participants was 7.81 ± 2.68 (range 1-12). Overall accuracy was 39% (250 out of 640 predictions). Calcium oxalate dihydrate stones have been correctly detected in 69.8%, calcium oxalate monohydrate in 41.8%, uric acid in 33.3%, calcium oxalate/uric acid in 34.3% and cystine in 78.1%. Precision rates for struvite (15.6%), calcium phosphate (0%) and mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate (9.3%) were quite low. ConclusionsObservation of the stone during the endoscopic procedure was not reliable to identify the composition of most stones although it gave some information allowing to identify with a good sensitivity calcium oxalate dihydrate and cystine stones. Nevertheless, photo or video reporting of the intact stone and its internal structure could should be encouraged to implement results of still mandatory post-operative stone analysis. Endourologists should improve their ability of visual identification of the different types of stones.

Consultation on kidney stones, Copenhagen 2019: lithotripsy in percutaneous nephrolithotomy

PurposeTo evaluate the balance between existing evidence and expert opinions on the safety and efficacy of new technological improvements in lithotripsy techniques for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).MethodsA scoping review approach was applied to search literature in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. Consensus by key opinion leaders was reached at a 2-day meeting entitled “Consultation on Kidney Stones: Aspects of Intracorporeal Lithotripsy” held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in September 2019.ResultsNew-generation dual-mode single-probe lithotripsy devices have shown favourable results compared with use of ballistic or ultrasonic lithotripters only. However, ballistic and ultrasonic lithotripters are also highly effective and safe and have been the backbone of PCNL for many years. Compared with standard PCNL, it seems that mini PCNL is associated with fewer bleeding complications and shorter hospital admissions, but also with longer operating room (OR) time and higher intrarenal pressure. Use of laser lithotripsy combined with suction in mini PCNL is a promising alternative that may improve such PCNL by shortening OR times. Furthermore, supine PCNL is a good alternative, especially in cases with complex renal stones and large proximal ureteric stones; in addition, it facilitates endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS).ConclusionRecent technological improvements in PCNL techniques are promising, but there is a lack of high-level evidence on safety and efficacy. Different techniques suit different types of stones and patients. The evolution of diverse methods has given urologists the possibility of a personalized stone approach, in other words, the right approach for the right patient.

Enhancement of graffiti removal from heritage stone by combining laser ablation and application of a solvent mixture

In this study, it was evaluated the combined cleaning treatment based on laser ablation followed by the application of chemical products for removing alkyd graffiti paint from two different types of stone. Three different laser treatments (operated in Q-switched, long Q-switched and free short running modes) were applied to the stone samples. The best two treatments were then followed up by application of a chemical product (a low toxic ternary solvent mixture). The Q-switched and the long Q-switched laser treatments in combination with the chemical agent were more effective than either of the laser treatments alone, leaving fewer paint remains, but with minimal damage to the stone.