Diethyl Chlorophosphate Research Articles

Real time monitoring of nerve agent mimics: Novel solid state emitter for enhanced precision and reliability

Chemical nerve agents are hazardous compounds that terrorists can exploit to pose a significant threat to public safety and national security. The nucleophilic behaviour of these agents enables their interaction with acetyl cholinesterase in the body, leading to paralysis and potentially fatal consequences. Therefore, developing robust and efficient detection methods for these agents is crucial for preventing their misuse. In this manuscript, (E)-12-(1-hydrazineylideneethyl)benzo[f]pyrido[1,2-a]indole-6,11-dione (HBID) is developed as a novel colorimetric and fluorometric probe for the detection of specific chemical nerve agent simulants in both liquid and vapor phase. HBID reacts rapidly with diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), a common nerve agent simulant, leading to a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity. Under optimized conditions, HBID exhibits high sensitivity, good recyclability, fast response and low limit of detection (0.092 µM). NMR and mass spectral studies suggest that the reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of HBID to DCP, forming a phosphate ester. Additionally, the developed sensor demonstrates viscosity-sensitive AIE phenomena thus greatly expanding its potential applications in biological systems. This sensitivity enables precise detection and visualization of viscosity changes within cellular environments, making the sensor an invaluable tool for studying complex biological processes. The developed probe also detects pH within biologically relevant range (4–6). In practical applications, the probe-treated strips efficiently detected DCP vapor in real time, showing a noticeable fluorescence response. Further, the probe has a strong potential to detect the presence of DCP in the soil samples.

On-spot detection of diethylchlorophosphate through device fabrication, pen and spray method based on intramolecular charge transfer modulated sensor molecule extending application to cell imaging

BackgroundDetecting diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), a highly toxic chemical simulant for nerve agents like Sarin, Soman, and Tabun, is crucial due to its prevalence in warfare scenarios, as well as its presence in contaminated soil and air. Traditional detection methods often struggle with sensitivity and versatility, limiting their effectiveness in real-time, on-the-spot applications. Effective detection is vital for safety, environmental monitoring, and mitigating the risks associated with these hazardous substances. There is a pressing need for advanced sensors that can offer high sensitivity, specificity, and practicality in various environments. ResultsIn our study, we developed and introduced two ICT-based fluorocolorimetric sensors, TPAHY and TPAPD, designed for the detection of DCP. These sensors exhibit remarkable sensitivity, with limits of detection (LOD) at 23.31 nM for TPAHY and 28.42 nM for TPAPD. TPAHY proves to be an efficient sensor for the on-spot DCP detection, showcasing practical applications such as fluorescent sprays, pens, and detection devices. Upon addition of DCP, TPAHY undergoes a distinct colorimetric shift from yellow to orange, coupled with an enhancement of orange fluorescence. Conversely, TPAPD demonstrates a colorimetric transition from colourless to yellow and experiences fluorescence quenching from blue emission. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we conducted studies using density functional theory (DFT) and lifetime measurements, providing deeper insights into the sensor behaviours. SignificanceThe development of TPAHY and TPAPD provides reliable, sensitive, and versatile solutions for monitoring DCP. TPAHY not only serves as a useful tool for detecting DCP in various field applications but also extends its utility to biological imaging, as demonstrated in HeLa cell studies. This dual functionality enhances its relevance for both environmental monitoring and broader scientific investigations. These sensors represent a significant advancement in the detection of toxic chemicals, offering improved safety and research capabilities.

Porphyrin complex-based reversible fluorescent film sensor for differentiating and detecting sarin mimics vapor

This study presents a TAPP-based fluorescent sensor for diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), a surrogate for sarin, addressing the critical challenge of detecting nerve agents. The sensor can form a reversible weak bond interaction with the PO group in sarin by using the reversible weak bond complexation mechanism in the porphyrin cavity, which is the key to realize the reversible function of the sensor. In this study, we constructed a fluorescence probe that combines the advantages of physical process and chemical reaction process sensing, which not only ensures selectivity, but also realizes continuous and reversible real-time detection of DCP. The sensor demonstrates excellent photochemical stability and sensitivity, with an actual detection limit of 10 ppt and a theoretical detection limit of 1 ppt. In addition, it can differentiate challenging interferents like HCl through response kinetics, offering a practical, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solution for nerve agent detection in high-risk environments.

A portable and versatile fluorescent platform for high-throughput screening of toxic phosgene, diethyl chlorophosphate and volatile acyl chlorides

Highly toxic phosgene, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) and volatile acyl chlorides endanger our life and public security. To achieve facile sensing and discrimination of multiple target analytes, herein, we presented a single fluorescent probe (BDP-CHD) for high-throughput screening of phosgene, DCP and volatile acyl chlorides. The probe underwent a covalent cascade reaction with phosgene to form boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) with bright green fluorescence. By contrast, DCP, diphosgene and acyl chlorides can covalently assembled with the probe, giving rise to strong blue fluorescence. The probe has demonstrated high-throughput detection capability, high sensitivity, fast response (within 3 s) and parts per trillion (ppt) level detection limit. Furthermore, a portable platform based on BDP-CHD was constructed, which has achieved high-throughput discrimination of 16 analytes through linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Moreover, a smartphone adaptable RGB recognition pattern was established for the quantitative detection of multi-analytes. Therefore, this portable fluorescence sensing platform can serve as a versatile tool for rapid and high-throughput detection of toxic phosgene, DCP and volatile acyl chlorides. The proposed “one for more” strategy simplifies multi-target discrimination procedures and holds great promise for various sensing applications.

Chromo-fluorogenic detection of Sarin, Tabun, and mustard gas mimics triggering the ring-opening reaction in a spirolactam-based probe

Nerve agents are becoming serious issues for the healthy and sustainable environment in modern civilization. Strategically, we have designed and introduced a Schiff base triggered dual chromo-fluorogenic probe BASO via condensation reaction between rhodamine B hydrazide and 3-formyl chromone, which can selectively recognize different toxic target analytes helping a reference to a healthy and sustainable environment. The BASO probe displays enhanced pink photoluminescence extraordinarily due to the introduction of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas mimics diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP), and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2CEES), in a 1:1 water–dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture while native one was non-fluorescent. The opening of the spirolactam ring owing to the addition of DCP, DCNP, and 2CEES shows a noticeable pink colorimetric and pink color fluorometric change, which is readily detectable by the naked eye in the µM range in neutral medium and found to be better than numerous available chemosensor (Table S1). We have also fabricated simple paper strip-based test kits as portable and displayable handy photonic tools for on-site detection without any expensive instrumental techniques. The probe BASO has also been employed for detecting the vapor phase and soil sample analysis as a practical applicability. The simple, rapid detection techniques make our probe unique and have significant utility for the recognition of DCP, DCNP, and vesicant or blistering agents mimicking 2CEES.

A Pyrene Coupled Azaine-linkage Chromo-fluorogenic Probe for Specific Detection of Sarin Gas Stimulant, Diethylchlorophosphate.

Owing to the extreme toxicity and easy synthesis protocol of G-series nerve agents, developing an efficient sensor for selective detection is necessary. Although various traditional methods are utilized to identify these nerve agents, chromo-fluorogenic probes have gained attractive attention from the scientific communities. In the present contribution, we have introduced a new symmetrical aza-substituted chromo-fluorogenic sensor, BPH, for specific detection of sarin gas, one of the fatal G-series nerve agents surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). BPH shows a noticeable naked eye colorimetric change from pale yellow to light pink in the presence of DCP, displaying highly intense bright greenish cyan color photoluminosity under a 365nm UV lamp,which is also manifested from the color chromaticity diagram. A BPH-staining paper stirps-based test kit experiment has been demonstrated for the on-site detection of nerve agent mimics. A more attractive and efficient application of BPH as a sarin gas vapor phase sensor mimics DCP in solid and solution phases. The BPH-based chromo-fluorogenic sensor shows excellent selectivity toward DCP with a detection and quantification limit in the µM range. This report invokes a new way for the researchers to detect DCP employing a simple chromo-fluorogenic sensor, which could be prepared by a time-saving,straightforward, handy protocol from the cost-effective starting materials.

Chromogenic Detection of the Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Simulant DCP Mediated by Rhodium(II,II) Paddlewheel Complexes.

Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) pose a great threat to humanity. Possessing extreme toxicity, rapid lethality, and an unassuming appearance, these chemical warfare agents must be quickly and selectively identified so that treatment can be administered to those affected. Chromogenic detection is the most convenient form of OPNA detection, but current methods suffer from false positives. Here, nitrogenous base adducts of dirhodium(II,II) acetate were synthesized and used as chromogenic detectors of diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), an OPNA simulant. UV-vis spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the sensitivity and selectivity of the complexes in the detection of DCP. Visual limits of detection (LOD) for DCP were as low as 1.5 mM DCP, while UV-vis-based LODs were as low as 0.113 μM. The dirhodium(II,II) complexes were also tested with several potential interferents, none of which produced a visual color change that could be mistaken for OPNA response. Ultimately, the Rh2(OAc)4(1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene)2 complex showed the best combination of detection capability and interferent resistance. These results, when taken together, show that dirhodium(II,II) paddlewheel complexes with nitrogenous base adducts can produce instant, selective, and sensitive detection of DCP. It is our aim to further explore and apply this new motif to produce even more capable OPNA sensors.

A pyrene-based chromo-fluorogenic probe for specific detection of sarin gas mimic, diethylchlorophosphate.

Nerve agents are becoming serious issues for the healthy and sustainable environment of modern civilization. Therefore, its detection and degradation are of paramount importance to the scientific community. In the present contribution, we have introduced a chromo-fluorogenic pyrene-based probe, (E)-2-methoxy-3-(pyren-1-ylimino)-3,8a-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-ol (PMCO)to detect sarin stimulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in solution and gaseous phases. On inserting DCP in PMCO solution, a visual colorimetric change from yellow to clear colourless in daylight and highly intensified blue fluorescence was observed instantly under a 365 nm portable UV lamp light. PMCO has outstanding selectivity and high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 1.32 μM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) medium and 77.5nM in 20% H2O-DMSO. A handy strained paper strip-based experiment was demonstrated to recognize DCP in a mixture of similar toxic analytes. A dip-stick experiment was performed to identify DCP vapour, and may be used as an effective photonic tool. We also demonstrated real sample analysis utilizing different DCP-spiked water samples and validating DCP detection even in various types of soils such as sand, field, and mud. Therefore, this present study provides an effective chemosensor for instant and on-site detection of toxic nerve agents in dangerous circumstances.

Highly specific and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic detection of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas stimulants: a multianalyte recognition approach.

Nerve agents are the most notorious substances, which can be fatal to an individual because they block the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Fighting against unpredictable terrorist assaults and wars requires the simple and quick detection of chemical warfare agent vapor. In the present contribution, we have introduced a rhodamine-based chemosensor, BDHA, for the detection of nerve gas-mimicking agents diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) and diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and mustard gas-mimicking agent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), both in the liquid and vapor phase. Probe BDHA provides the ability for detection by the naked eye in terms of colorimetric and fluorometric changes. It has been revealed that the interaction between nerve agents mimics and probe BDHA facilitates spirolactam ring opening due to the phosphorylation process. Thus, the highly fluorescent and colored species developed while probe BDHA is colorless and non-fluorescent due to the intramolecular spirolactam ring. Moreover, probe BDHA can effectively recognize DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the µM range despite many toxic analytes and could be identified based on the response times and quantum yield values. Inexpensive, easily carried paper strips-based test kits were developed for the quick, on-location solid and vapor phase detection of these mustard gas imitating agents (CEES) and nerve gas mimicking agents (DCP and DCNP) without needing expensive equipment or skilled personnel. More remarkably, the test strips' color and fluorescence can be rapidly restored, exposing them to triethyl amine (TEA) for cyclic use, suggesting a potential application in the real-time identification of chemical warfare agents. To accomplish the on-location application of BDHA, we have experimented with soil samples to find traces of DCP. Therefore, the chromo-fluorogenic probe BDHA is a promising, instantaneous, and on-the-spot monitoring tool for the selective detection of DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the presence of others.

Specific detection of sarin gas Mimicking, diethylchlorophosphate employing solvent mediated in-situ generated hydroxyl functional group in a phthalimide-chromone coupled fluorogenic probe

Nerve agents are particularly hazardous substances and can result in fatality due to suppressing acetylcholinesterase function. This article introduced a fluorescent probe, (E)-5-(((4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-2H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)amino)isoindoline-1,3-dione (CMAD), which was exceptionally effective at detecting the sarin replacement diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), both in solution and vapor phase, respectively which exhibited quick response, excellent sensitivity and specificity. As a result of the gradual addition of DCP into the solution of the probe, the photoluminescence intensity at 476 nm is markedly increased, exhibiting bright cyan color fluorescence because of inhibition of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, which is also clearly reflected in the estimation of photoluminescence quantum yield of phosphorylated CMAD (0.55 relatives to 4-aminophalimide) and the color chromaticity (CIE) diagram. The lowest detection limit and limit of quantification are 3.25 µM and 10.8 µM, respectively, within the stockpiles of other analogous analytes. Additionally, for on-the-spot detection, the probe may also be utilized in the test strips with superior selectivity for DCP. The ability to identify and measure DCP in the gas phase has also been established using a dip-stick and dipped-vial-conical-flask analysis. Moreover, we also performed the smartphone-based technique for the practical utility of CMAD for the on-spot quantification and detection of sarin gas in real threat situations. The effective demonstrations of practical usage, including soil analysis, inspire additional applications in different fields. Therefore, probe CMAD is a reliable, on-site monitoring fluorescence probe for precisely identifying DCP in the presence of additional competing nerve agents.

A Phenanthroimidazole-Based Luminophore for Selective and Specific Identification of Sarin Simulant, Diethylchlorophosphate.

The simplicity of synthesis, significant toxicity of organophosphorus-containing nerve agents, and ease of use of their in-terrorism attacks highlight the necessity to create efficient probes and precise methods for detecting these chemicals. This study developed luminogenic probe 4-(1H-phenanthrene imidazole-2-yl) benzaldehyde, PB for selectively recognizing lethal chemical sarin mimicking diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) with µM detection limit. Following the addition of DCP to the PB solution, the fluorescence changed from bluish-cyan to green simultaneously; after the insertion of triethylamine (TEA) into the PB-DCP phosphorylated solution, the fluorescence of the original one came back, and it occurred five times. A paper strip-based test kit and dip-stick experiments have been executed to demonstrate the practical applicability of our sensor PB and instant, on-site recognition of the target analyte DCP. An experiment has been investigated using a smartphone and red-green-blue (RGB) color analysis, which offers a novel way for the fast, on-site visual detection and quantification of DCP in actual samples. It also reduces equipment costs, speeds up detection times, and substantially simplifies the operation procedure.

UiO-66-NH2 initiated cascade reaction: Constructing a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for ultrasensitive detection of nerve agent simulant

BackgroundHighly toxic organophosphorus nerve agents often exist in the form of gas in the environment and can damage human neuroregulatory system by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, fluorescent probes based on small organic molecules bring a secondary burden to environment, and their sensitivity and specificity for sarin simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) detection are unsatisfactory. Nanozyme cascade systems with signal amplification can be used for highly sensitive identification of analytes, but are rarely used in ratiometric analysis of DCP. Combination of enzyme cascades and ratiometric fluorescence ensures the accuracy and sensitivity of the output signal. ResultsWe prepared a self-assembled nanohybrid (Ag–AuNCs@UiO-66-NH2) by metal-organic framework material and gold nanoclusters. On the one hand, UiO-66-NH2 with enzyme-like activity was used to hydrolyze DCP into diethyl phosphate (DEP) and chloridion (Cl−). Cl− hindered aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) of AuNCs by binding with Ag+ and decreased the fluorescence of AuNCs. On the other hand, ligand metal charge transfer effect (LMCT) of UiO-66-NH2 was blocked by DCP to enhance the fluorescence of UiO-66-NH2. Combining ratiometric analysis and nanozyme cascade reaction, an ultra-sensitive fluorescence sensor for detecting DCP was constructed, and ensured the accuracy of experimental results. In addition, Ag–AuNCs@UiO-66-NH2 was embedded into the agarose hydrogel substrate, the resulting agarose hydrogel film allowed quantitative assessment of DCP vapor and high sensitivity was demonstrated (detection limit as low as 1.02 ppb). SignificanceA strategy combining enzyme cascade with ratiometric fluorescence was proposed, which improved the accuracy and sensitivity of the analysis results. The soft-solid platform based on agarose hydrogel film was constructed to realize the quantitative monitoring of sarin simulant gas. The LOD value obtained in this work is much lower than the immediately life-threatening or health threatening concentration of sarin.

Doping/breath figure method triggered reversible diethylchlorophosphate vapor sensing

Aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) is the key reason why thin-film fluorescence sensing studies have lagged. A facile two-step strategy combining doping with breath figure method (BF) is capable to suppress the ACQ effect without sacrificing the sensing property of the molecule. In this work, two long-wavelength fluorescent probes, Me4BOPHY-1 and Me4BOPHY-2, were synthesized by introducing one or two diethylaminophenyl group in the α-position of Me4BOPHY. Upon addition diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) to the solution of the probes, the initial intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process is restrained. Thus, the intense fluorescence from Me4BOPHY core was released together with a dramatical color change. As the typical ACQ probes, Me4BOPHY-1 and Me4BOPHY-2 can’t be used in vapor-detection directly due to their weak fluorescence in the solid-phase. By means of being doped with polystyrene solution and being spin-coated under the optimal relative humidity conditions, porous films for DCP vapor detection were prepared with a high detection performance of a 162-ppb low detection limit. Moreover, it is exciting that these films show two outstanding characters of anti-interference to HCl gas and reversibility, which have not been reported in previous studies. This work breaks the application boundary of ACQ materials and provides an inspiration for the development of thin-film fluorescence sensors.

An efficient phenanthroimidazole-based luminogen for specific and selective detection of sarin gas surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate

The nerve agent's extreme toxicity makes it a prominent target to detect them to save global harmony. In the present contribution, we have introduced a phenanthroimidazole-based luminogen, BIB, for specific and selective detection of sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) within the stores of various analogous toxic analytes. BIB displayed a highly distinct ratiometric fluorescence response toward detecting toxic sarin gas, mimicking DCP among all the other guest analytes showing a fluorogenic color change from blue to bluish-green color fluorescence under the exposure of a 365 nm UV lamp irradiation, which is wholly reversed due to the introduction of triethylamine (TEA). The reversibility is prominent in both the liquid and vapor states of DCP. Our probe BIB can selectively detect DCP with a low detection limit to µM range and superior to many available literatures. BIB's reversible and ratiometric response for detecting DCP provides a potential application as a portable and displayable photonic sensing tool for on-site detection. The successful demonstrations of BIB for practical application in detecting sarin gas encourage the researcher to explore the probable applications of imidazole-based luminogen as a photonic sensing device for recognizing various target analytes.

A selective chromo-fluorogenic chemosensor for visual detection of solution and vapor phase of sarin, tabun mimics diethyl chlorophosphate, diethyl cyanophosphonate

The abuse of nerve agents has become a severe threat to peaceful modern civilization. Hence, it is of paramount importance to the scientific communities to detect and degrade them for a modern society. In the present contribution, we have introduced a selective chromo-fluorogenic probe (AMP) based on neutral red dye for visual detection of the solution and vapor phase of sarin & tabun mimics, namely diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) and diethyl cyanophosphonate (DCNP), respectively. A ratiometric UV–visible absorption spectral change with colorimetric visualization from yellow to bright pink is observed in the presence of both mimics. A “turn-off” photoluminescence from yellow color to non-fluorescence is observed in the presence of both mimics. The spectral and chromo-fluorgenic behavior is reversed in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). The sensitivity of AMP towards the detection of targeted analytes is recorded in the μM range. Additionally, filter paper-based strips are fabricated for the actual applicability of the current probe to identify trace amounts of both analytes in the presence of various types of analogous target analytes. The vapor phase sensing and two types of soil analysis are also employed to check the sensor's potential in real-life applications. The present report has revealed prompt, sensitive, selective, in-situ, accurate sample detectors of sarin & tabun gas in actual threatening situations.

An efficient imine-linkage colorimetric probe for specific recognition of saringas surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate

The severe toxicity and easy availability of nerve agents have caused an increase in the need to develop effective methods for identifying these lethal substances. Among the traditional platforms employed for this kind of purpose, chromophore-based chemosensors have garnered a significant amount of attention. In this study, we have designed, prepared, and characterized (N1E,N4E)-N1,N4-bis((Z)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl) allylidene)benzene-1,4-diamine, BDPA, a simple chromogenic probe of symmetrical diimine, having the extreme capability to sensing diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), the mimic of chemical warfare agent sarin not only in solution but also in solid and vapor phases with highly selective and sensitive manner. In the presence of DCP, a remarkable color change from light yellow to blue is observed in pure acetonitrile solvent and also shows pink color in 10 % acetonitrile–water by the naked eye, comes back to its former state after the introduction of triethylamine (TEA) which is found to be five times recyclability by alternately adding DCP and TEA. The detection limit of BDPA with DCP has been estimated in the nanomolar range, and also, response time towards sarin surrogate DCP is withina few minutes (∼5–6 min.).To determine its practical usability, we have developed a portable test kit that uses paper strips to assess the capability of BDPA for in-situ recognition and measurement of DCP. A dipstick method has also been executed to recognize gaseous DCP within the stores of analogous hazardous analytes to prove the effectiveness of the sensor, BDPA. A smartphone-based readout novel technique, i.e., RGB analysis, has provided an innovative platform for the instant, on-site, visual identification and measurement of DCP in remote areas. The current work presented an incredible probe and method for conveniently and instantly detecting and quantifying sarin gas mimics in actual dangerous circumstances.

A portable and accessible Probe: Smartphone assisted colorimetric nerve agent detection

Due to the extreme toxicity and volatility of organophosphorus nerve agents, the development of colorimetric sensors plays a vital role in detecting these agents in both solution and vapors. Herein, we have developed a low-cost probe based on 2-Anilino-6-dibutylamino-3-methylfluoran (ODB-2) for the detection of nerve agents. This probe can achieve a sensitive response to diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in both solution and vapors. The limit of detection (LOD) for DCP in solution was determined to be 0.36 µmol/L, while the LOD for DCP in vapors was determined to be 0.13 ppb. Meanwhile, the response time to reach 80 % of the discoloration endpoint was only 5.2 s, which meet the requirements for practical application. The detection mechanism of this sensor was studied by using 1H NMR, MS, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR. Furthermore, we integrated ODB-2 into the self-assembled portable detection system, enabling on-site and real-time monitoring of DCP vapors with the LOD of 0.23 ppb. The use of this affordable detection system is highly significant for detecting nerve agents.

A benzoxazole-triphenylamine conjugated fluorogenic probe for specific detection of sarin gas mimic diethylchlorophosphate.

In this study, an excellent chromo-fluorogenic PMPA probe, (E)-4-(((4-(benzoxazole-2-yl)phenyl)imino)methyl)-N,N-diphenylamine, is introduced for the detection of sarin gas mimic diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in solution and gaseous phases. On adding DCP into PMPA solution in a pure DMSO and water-DMSO (4 : 1) medium, it exhibits a hypsochromic shift from yellow to colorless and from no fluorescence to highly intense blue-violet photoluminescence via the formation of a phosphorylated PMPA-DCP product due to the inhibition of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The sensor could detect DCP in the presence of several other notorious guest analytes with a detection limit in the μM range. Moreover, to accomplish the on-spot detection of DCP and explore the practical applicability of the probe, a paper strip-based test kit, "dip-stick" method, and, more interestingly, a real sample analysis was demonstrated in spiked soil samples.

A chemodosimetric chemosensor for the ratiometric detection of nerve agent-mimic DCP in solution and vapor phases.

Nerve agents are among the most deadly and lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Rapid identification is crucial for specialized individuals to take action against dangerous drugs. This paper describes the synthesis and characterisation of a probe (MNFZ) based on the methoxy naphthalene-furoic hydrazide group. The probe rapidly (100 s) detects and quantifies the nerve-agent simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in both solution and vapor phases. This sensor uses a new recognition center, furoic hydrazide, where the nitrogen atom of the imine group (CN) attacks the electrophilic core phosphorus atom of DCP, followed by the hydrolysis of the imine group in the acetonitrile (ACN) solution to produce the corresponding aldehyde MNPA. The development of ICT character resulted in a distinct red-shifted ratiometric fluorescence response to DCP, with a very low limit of detection (12.2 nM). The probe is an efficient chemosensor due to its high selectivity over other organophosphorus compounds as well as its chemical stability across a wide pH range. DFT calculations, 1H NMR and HRMS were performed to finalize the sensing mechanism. Lastly, the as-designed sensor was successfully used to build a highly sensitive portable kit in test strips and a cotton biopolymer for simple and safe real-time monitoring of DCP.

Highly selective and sensitive chromogenic recognition of sarin gas mimicking diethylchlorophosphate.

The high-level toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents severely threaten national security and public health. Generating trustworthy, accurate methods for quickly identifying these poisonous chemicals is urgently necessary. In this study, we have presented an azine-based colorimetric sensor (HBD) for the highly sensitive and selective identification of poisonous sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). Our introduced sensor shows a purple color in contact with DCP, which is fully reversible upon the addition of triethylamine (TEA). The detection limit of our sensor for the toxic nerve agent mimic DCP is in the μM range. We have fabricated a test kit to verify the capability of HBD for on-the-spot identification of DCP to execute its practical use. To prove that HBD is an effective chemosensor, dip-stick investigation was conducted to detect DCP in the vaporous stage in the presence of different OPs, inorganic phosphates (IPs), and many other deadly analytes. A cellphone-based display method was also undertaken for on-the-spot recognition and measurement of DCP in isolated regions.