Dietary Therapy For Eosinophilic Esophagitis Research Articles

Efficacy of Dietary Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Several dietary approaches have been used to induce remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), yielding varied results. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus databases up to May 2024 to identify studies including dietary interventions for EoE used as monotherapy. Summary estimates with 95% CIs for achieving <15 eosinophils/HPF were calculated for each approach. Fixed or random effects models were used depending on heterogeneity (I2); publication bias risks were assessed using funnel plot analyses. Subgroup analyses results were compared using meta-regression. Forty-three studies with 2825 patients were included in quantitative summaries. The overall rate of histologic remission was 60.6% (95% CI, 54.6-66.5%). Effectiveness rates were 94.5% (95% CI, 92.3-96.4%) for elemental diets, 63.9% (95% CI, 58.5-69.2%) for six-food elimination diets, 54.7% (95% CI, 45.7-63.6%) for four-food elimination diets, 44.3% (95% CI, 36.1-52.8%) for two-food elimination diets, 46.4% (95% CI, 40-52.9%) for one-food elimination diets, and 39.5% (95% CI, 30.3-49.2%) for allergy testing-directed food elimination diets. Overall, superior efficacy was noted in children than in adults and in retrospective compared to prospective studies. Diet therapy remains an effective therapeutic asset for pediatric and adult patients with EoE, with increasing efficacy noted as the levels of dietary restriction increase.

Dietary Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Dietary Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЭОЗИНОФИЛЬНОГО ЭЗОФАГИТА У ДЕТЕЙ (ЧАСТЬ 1)

According to current recommendations, topical steroids (TS), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and diet therapy are used in the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in children. Path I of the bibliographical review presents the latest research on the mechanisms of action, efficacy and side effects of these groups of drugs, as well as the role of dietary therapy in EoE. An algorithm for the treatment and monitoring of children with EoE is given in accordance with the consensus recommendations. Directions for future research are predicting the response to TS treatment, development of the maintenance therapy, and studying new molecules as drugs.

Nutritional and Psychological Considerations for Dietary Therapy in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

The step-up empiric elimination diet, starting from one/two food groups of most local allergens remains the current gold standard for a dietary approach in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients. Milk, followed by wheat and egg, is the most frequent food that triggers EoE in pediatric and adult patients. Elimination diets, with restrictions over four food groups, may be limited to highly motivated patients, in which nutritional counseling is recommended. Malnourishment is uncommon in EoE patients and likely multifactorial (concomitant gastrointestinal eosinophilic disorders or IgE-mediated food allergies, feeding difficulties, abnormal feeding behavior). Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in EoE children on highly restrictive diets was lately described and may warrant specific psychological support. As for adults, quality of life may be impaired by symptom severity and dietary restrictions, aside from recently reported food impaction-related specific anxiety in up to 43% of patients. Severe symptoms, feeding dysfunction, and diet restrictions may negatively influence psychosocial adjustment for patients and their caregivers.

Unsedated transnasal esophagoscopy with virtual reality distraction enables earlier monitoring of dietary therapy in eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the esophagus that is responsive to medical treatments or dietary restrictions.1 With respect to dietary treatments, the choice of which protein to eliminate is complicated by the lack of effective testing. This has led to treatments of empiric elimination of one to six food antigens. Because symptoms often do not correlate with mucosal inflammation, usually serial esophageal mucosal assessments at intervals of greater than 6 to 8 weeks using sedated endoscopy have become the standard of care.

Nutritional approach to eosinophilic esophagitis: which diet and when.

Dietary elimination therapy has been for a long time an option for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and remains the only therapy targeting the cause of the disease. Different dietary approaches have been described along the last 3 decades, and cumulative evidence has defined the effectiveness and usefulness of each approach. Elemental diets are highly effective to induce EoE remission, but unpractical in most patients. Allergy testing-directed food restrictions resulted inefficient to induce remission in a significant proportion of patients (especially adults) and show a low concordance with the dietary causes of EoE. Empiric elimination diets are currently considered the most effective drug-free treatment for patients of all ages with EoE, after widely providing reproducible results. Highly restrictive empiric six-food elimination diets have paved the way to most efficient and less restrictive step-up approaches, which now include four-food and two-food elimination diets. The potential role of milk-elimination, especially in children, should be also considered. Multiple factors including demographics, nutritional status, patient and family lifestyles, social and financial support, and acceptance of repeated endoscopies influence the results of dietary therapy. Dietary therapy in EoE should be patient centered, and the patients and/or their families together with the medical provider should participate in the decision to set up this treatment. This article updates recent knowledge on dietary therapy for EoE and provides guideline to choose the most suitable alternative for patients with EoE, as well as practical tips to achieve the best results in clinical practice.

Nutritional approach to eosinophilic esophagitis: which diet and when

Dietary elimination therapy has long been an option for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and remains the only therapy targeting the cause of the disease. Different dietary approaches have been described along the last 3 decades, and cumulative evidence has defined the effectiveness and usefulness of each approach. Elemental diets are highly effective to induce EoE remission, but unpractical in the vast majority of patients. Allergy testing-directed food restrictions resulted inefficient to induce remission in a significant proportion of patients (specially adults) and show a low concordance with the dietary causes of EoE. Empiric elimination diets are currently considered the most effective drug-free treatment for patients of all ages with EoE, after providing widely reproducible results. Highly restrictive empiric six-food elimination diets have paved the way to most efficient and less restrictive step-up approaches, which now include four-food and two-food elimination diets. The potential role of milk-elimination, especially in children, should be also considered. Multiple factors including demographics, nutritional status, patient and family lifestyles, social and financial support, and acceptance of repeated endoscopies influence the results of dietary therapy. Dietary therapy in EoE should be patient centered, and the patients and/or their families together with the medical provider should participate in the decision to set up this treatment. This article updates recent knowledge on dietary therapy for EoE and provides guideline to choose the most suitable alternative for patients with EoE, as well as practical tips to achieve the best results in clinical practice.

Approaches to diet therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis.

The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in dietary therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). An empiric elimination diet step-up strategy is now well established as the initial approach for dietary treatment. The most common food triggers are by far cow's milk, followed by wheat and egg. Legumes seem to be important solely in Spain and other Mediterranean countries, where they are regularly consumed. Retrospective efficacy data on cow's milk elimination diet in children vary from 25 to 65%. The recently described esophageal prick test did not detect local reaction to the most common food triggers described for EoE. Within the step-up approach, the specific food group or groups to be first eliminated and whether if it will depend on the geographical setting and food consumption habits remain unknown. Prospective studies on cow's milk elimination diet in children and adults are definitely warranted. Better food allergy testing, identifying specific antigens involved in each food group, should be developed for an individualized therapy. As for disease prevention, we undoubtedly need to understand why foods we have been consuming since the Neolithic age have caused EoE just over the past few decades.

Illuminating Elimination Diets: Controversies Regarding Dietary Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune-mediated disease triggered by food antigens for which dietary elimination treatment can induce and sustain histologic remission. Our review aims to describe the state of the art regarding dietary treatment of EoE, highlighting a number of areas of controversy related to dietary therapy in EoE, including novel modalities for determining food triggers, making the empiric dietary elimination process more efficient, issues of cross-contamination and "dosing" of how much food to avoid or add back, costs and effects on quality of life, long-term efficacy, and the risk of developing immediate IgE-type reactions after initial dietary elimination. Elemental formulas, empiric elimination diets, and targeted allergy test-directed elimination diets are well-described treatments for EoE. Although elemental diets are most efficacious, their clinical use is limited by cost and the palatability of an exclusively liquid diet. While empiric elimination is less effective than elemental formula-based diets, they are more easily implemented and often sustainable. Since the comparative effectiveness of elimination diets with proton-pump inhibitors and swallowed topical steroids remains unknown, there are multiple areas to address with future research.

Dietary therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, immune-mediated esophageal disease triggered predominantly, but not exclusively, by food antigens. Presently, available food allergy tests are suboptimal to predict food triggers for eosinophilic esophagitis, especially in adults. Elemental diets (exclusive feeding with amino acid-based formulas) and empiric 6-food elimination diets (withdrawing milk, wheat, egg, soy, nuts, and fish/seafood for 6weeks) have consistently shown the best efficacy rates. However, their high level of restriction and need for multiple endoscopies have hampered their implementation in clinical practice. Currently, milk, wheat/gluten, and egg are the most common food triggers in children and adults from the United States, Spain, and Australia. Hence less restrictive empiric schemes, such as a 4-food elimination diet (dairy, gluten-containing cereals, egg, and legumes) or a 2-food elimination diet (dairy and gluten-containing cereals) have been lately developed with good efficacy rates (2-food elimination diet, 43%; 4-food elimination diet in adults, 54%; and 4-food elimination diet in children, 64%). Astep-up approach (2-4-6) might result in prompt recognition of a majority of responders with few food triggers, reducing the number of endoscopies and costs and shortening the diagnostic process. Standardization of food reintroduction, novel food allergy testing, and studies evaluating a milk elimination diet in children and the long-term outcomes of dietary interventions are warranted.

Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: What Do We Do?

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory disease of the esophagus triggered by foods and possibly environmental allergens. Common conditions that mimic EoE include gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia. These need to be excluded before confirming the diagnosis of EoE. Identification of food triggers for EoE using standard allergy tests remains challenging. Dietary therapy for EoE so far consists of test-directed elimination of foods, empiric elimination of common food allergens, or exclusive feeding of amino acid-based formulas, with variable success. No FDA-approved medications yet exist for EoE. Topical corticosteroids to the esophagus are being used. EoE is a chronic disease; therefore, long-term therapy seems to be necessary to avoid potential long-term complications such as esophageal remodeling and strictures. Optimal long-term therapies and follow-ups are still not established; therefore, discussion with patients and families regarding the choice of therapy is important to ensure the best possible outcomes from a medical and social standpoint. In this article, we discuss all the above issues in detail by using a hypothetical case; highlighting in a stepwise manner what is known with respect to diagnosis, work-up, and management of EoE; and discussing gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed in the future.

Elimination diets in the management of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis, an increasingly recognized chronic inflammatory disorder isolated to the esophagus, is triggered by an abnormal allergic response to dietary antigens. Current treatment includes swallowed topical steroids and dietary modification, which aim to resolve symptoms and prevent long-term complications such as formation of strictures. The dietary approach has become more widely accepted because long-term steroid therapy is associated with potential risks. Dietary treatment includes elemental and elimination diets. An exclusive elemental diet, which requires replacement of all intact protein with amino acid-based formula, offers the best response of all available therapies, with remission in up to 96% of subjects proving it to be superior to all other available therapies including topical steroids. However, compliance with this approach is challenging because of poor taste and monotony. The high cost of formula and the associated psychosocial problems are additional drawbacks of this approach. Empiric and allergy test-directed elimination diets have gained popularity given that elimination of a limited number of foods is much easier and as such is more readily acceptable. There is a growing body of literature supporting this type of therapy in both children and adults. This paper reviews the evidence for all types of dietary therapy in eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis – Recognition, Diet and Drugs

Eosinophilic Esophagitis – Recognition, Diet and Drugs