Dietary Supplement For Athletes Research Articles

Identification of antihypertensive peptides from lupine using a machine learning approach

Bioactive products with antihypertensive biological activity, isolated from natural sources, have been the subject of growing interest in recent years. This is due to their widespread use in medicine for the treatment and prevention of various diseases, as well as dietary supplements for athletes or their inclusion in diets for overweight people. One such source is Lupine. Lupine beans are delicious and useful. They can be used in food as a nutritional source of vegetable proteins. They are also rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and phytosterols. The approaches to screen antihypertensive peptides, based on information technologies and more concretely on machine learning, doubtlessly have higher throughput and rapid speed than the in vivo and in vitro procedures. Therefore, the scientific literature abounds with articles offering various artificial intelligence algorithms for predicting food-derived antihypertensive peptides. In this study, an Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm was developed for these purposes. The results showed that the AdaBoost model as a novel auxiliary tool is feasible to screen for antihypertensive peptides derived from food, with high throughput and high efficiency.

Effects of HMB on Endurance Performance in a Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Fernández-Landa, J, Todorovic, N, Santibañez-Gutierrez, A, Ostojic, SM, Calleja-González, J, Sekulic, D, and Mielgo-Ayuso, J. Effects of HMB on endurance performance in a healthy population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): e202-e210, 2024-β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been used extensively as a dietary supplement for athletes and physically active people. However, the ergogenic effect of HMB supplementation on endurance performance is still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aimed to assess HMB supplementation on endurance performance and V̇O 2 max . This SRMA followed PRISMA guidelines. Three electronic databases were searched (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science [WOS], and Scopus) from inception until April 3, 2023. In this SRMA, human experimental trials, controlled with a placebo group, assessing the effect of HMB supplementation on endurance performance in a healthy population were included. The quality of the studies was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The study protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO): CRD42022341790. Eleven studies involving 279 participants met the inclusion criteria. The results displayed a significant improvement on endurance performance (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.58 [0.28-0.87]) and V̇O 2 max (pooled SMD = 0.58 [0.21-0.95]) after HMB ingestion. Moreover, after the exclusion of the studies not evenly distributed around the base of the funnel plot, the results continued to be significantly positive in endurance performance (pooled SMD = 0.38 [0.22-0.53]) and V̇O 2 max (pooled SMD = 0.25 [0.09-0.42]). In conclusion, HMB (3 g·d -1 ) ingestion during 2-12 weeks significantly improves endurance performance and V̇O 2 max .

Suplementy diety dla sportowców w aspekcie przepisów antydopingowych

Motywacja w zakresie stosowania suplementów diety w sporcie jest duża i silnie skorelowana z potrzebą osiągania coraz lepszych wyników przez konsumenta. Dane pochodzące z Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej wskazują, że dziewięciu na dziesięciu dorosłych Polaków stosuje suplementację, a sportowcy wielokrotnie sięgają po kilka suplementów jednocześnie. Korzystanie z suplementów zależy przede wszystkim od rodzaju uprawianej dyscypliny sportowej i wzrasta wraz z intensywnością treningu oraz wiekiem respondentów. Opublikowane dane sugerują również, że sportowcy są skłonni przyjmować suplementy bez gromadzenia wiarygodnych informacji o zawartych w nich substancjach aktywnych. Dlatego w historii sportu udokumentowanych jest wiele przypadków dopingu, również tego niezamierzonego. Znaczącym problemem w przypadku stosowania suplementów diety przez zawodowych sportowców są również potencjalne zanieczyszczenia substancjami z listy Światowej Agencji Antydopingowej (World Anti-Doping Agency – WADA). Ocena dotychczasowego sposobu odżywiania powinna być pierwszym krokiem w doborze suplementacji. Proces ten powinien uwzględniać ocenę danych antropometrycznych, biochemicznych, klinicznych i środowiskowych sportowca. Zatem kompleksowe podejście do oceny takiej potrzeby powinno być zadaniem sztabu szkoleniowego. Decyzja zaś powinna się opierać na złożonej analizie potrzeb żywieniowych sportowca. Podstawą niniejszej analizy są raporty WAD-y oraz piśmiennictwo naukowe, a jej celem jest przybliżenie informacji na temat wykorzystania suplementów w sporcie, z uwzględnieniem danych dotyczących przepisów prawnych i potencjalnych zagrożeń wynikających z ich zastosowania.

The UHPLC-MS/MS determination of ostarine in food supplements for athletes

Ostarine, also called enobosarm or MK-2866, is one of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). A number of preclinical data suggest the beneficial use of these substances to increase muscle mass growth and bone density. Unlike anabolic steroids, they have suppressed androgenic side effects and are therefore thought to be useful in the treatment of health conditions associated with insufficient muscle growth. For the same reason, substances from the SARMs group are abused in sports and bodybuilding. They have been added on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list in 2008 and their use in sports is prohibited. In many countries, products containing these substances are available through a number of e-shops offering supplements for athletes. The positive effects on muscle growth and body fat loss and the absence of side effects are emphasized. Because SARMs are banned in sports and are not approved for any therapeutic use, they are marketed as “Research Only”. However, the products are sill quite popular among athletes. As with anabolic steroids, there are a variety of dosing regimens for both beginners and advanced athletes, which end up recommending a combination of three to four SARMs over several weeks. Although more extensive clinical data are lacking, case studies are beginning to appear describing liver damage or heart attack in people taking ostarine or other SARMs products. However, due to the lack of clinical data, no positive or negative effect on the organism is objectively confirmed. For these reasons, it is very appropriate to have an analytical method available that allows the rapid and correct determination of the ingredients in preparations that have ostarine declared in the list of ingredients. Equally important is the possibility of identifying this substance in preparations that should not contain any active substance and appear as purely natural products. For the ostarine determination a simple and fast UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. For extraction of ostarine the content of the studied capsule was weighted and transferred to a volumetric flask, which was then made up with methanol to 100 mL. The mixture was shaken for one hour. After filtration 10 μL of extract was transferred to a new flask and made up to 5 mL with 10% methanol with 0,1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate. This solution was used for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. An UHPLC system Infinity 1290 and chromatographic column Eclipse Plus C18 (50 × 2.1 mm; 1.8 μm) (both Agilent Technologies, USA) were used for the separation. 0.1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol were chosen as mobile phases for gradient elution. For the MS/MS detection 6460 Triple Quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) with negative ESI ionization were used. For dynamic MRM mode two transitions of m/z were chosen for the detection: 388.1 → 117.9 and 269.0. Limit of detection was 0.2 ng/mL and limit of quantification 0.5 ng/mL. The method was used for quantitation of ostarine in dietary supplements for athletes. The content of ostarine in one capsule ranged from 10 to 15 mg and did not differ from the quantity indicated on the label. The described method is suitable for the determination of ostarine and can be used in toxicological and forensic practice.

Elemental bioavailability in whey protein supplements

Whey protein (WP) as a dietary supplement for athletes and gym-users is characterized by a content of high-quality amino acids. The benefits of their consumption are well-known and mainly related to the improvements of strength and body composition. Nevertheless, there is a scarce information about the risk associated to their elemental composition. The aim was to evaluate the total content and bioavailability of twenty-five elements in twenty whey protein powder samples, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and to evaluate the possible risk associated to the excessive daily intake of such products. Results showed that Na, K, Ca and Mg were the most predominant elements. After Hierarchical Cluster Analysis three different groups of whey protein supplements were observed. ANOVA analysis indicates that the concentration of the Na, K and Mg above mentioned elements is the key for the observed classification. The average elemental bioavailable fraction in the stomach is 45 % whereas in the intestine is 64 %. Most of the elements tested (nineteen) show gastric bioavailability higher than 60 %, being Al the lowest (37 %) and Co the highest one (76 %). According to our results, previously published data and recommendations of producers, WP samples can be considered save from the elemental composition point of view.

N1-Methylnicotinamide: Is it Time to Consider it as a Dietary Supplement for Athletes?

Exercise is considered to be a "medicine" due to its modulatory roles in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. The intensity and duration of exercise determine the mechanism of energy production by various tissues of the body, especially by muscles, in which the requirement for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) increases by as much as 100-fold. Naturally, athletes try to improve their exercise performance by dietary supplementation with, e.g., vitamins, metabolites, and amino acids. MNAM, as a vitamin B3 metabolite, reduces serum levels and liver contents of triglycerides and cholesterol, and induces lipolysis. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and prohibits liver cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis through the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1). It seems that MNAM is not responsible for the actions of NNMT in the adipose tissues as MNAM inhibits the activity of NNMT in the adipose tissue and acts as an inhibitor of its activity.NNMT-MNAM axis is more activated in the muscles of individuals undergoing the high-volume-low-intensity exercise and caloric restriction. Therefore, MNAM could be an important myokine during exercise and fasting where it provides the required energy for muscles through the induction of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. Increased levels of MNAM in exercise and fasting led us to propose that the consumption of MNAM during training, especially endurance training, could boost exercise capacity and improve performance. Therefore, in this review, we shed light on the potential of MNAM as a dietary supplement in sports medicine.

Regulatory Framework of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements for Athletes: An Interpretive Approach.

A varied and well-planned diet can meet the nutritional needs of an athlete; however, in certain cases, it could be advisable to increase the intake of some vitamins, minerals or other components through the controlled intake of fortified foods or dietary supplements. In the European Union, a high number of sport foods and supplements are marketed; athletes could at times consume them indiscriminately or even choose products that have not been evaluated and approved by scientific evidence. In this sense, it is necessary to know and interpret the specific regulations for these products in order to make adequate use of them. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the current status of the European regulatory framework, focusing on: (1) regulation of the marketing and labelling of both fortified foods and supplements; (2) regulation of the use of substances used as ingredients in fortified foods; and (3) regulation of nutritional claims and/or health properties associated with nutrients, ingredients and other related substances. This review can facilitate knowledgeable decision making by sports nutrition professionals in order to counsel or manage adequate food choices as well as help consumers make better-informed food decisions. Other experts, such as producers who ensure food safety, might also be interested in this review.

Carnosine, Small but Mighty-Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation.

Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine’s biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.

Mechanism of Action and the Effect of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Different Types of Physical Performance - A Systematic Review.

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been used extensively as a dietary supplement for athletes and physically active people. HMB is a leucine metabolite, which is one of three branched chain amino acids. HMB plays multiple roles in the human body of which most important ones include protein metabolism, insulin activity and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The ergogenic effects of HMB supplementation are related to the enhancement of sarcolemma integrity, inhibition of protein degradation (ubiquitin pathway), decreased cell apoptosis, increased protein synthesis (mTOR pathway), stimulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and enhancement of muscle stem cells proliferation and differentiation. HMB supplementation has been carried out with various groups of athletes. In endurance and martial arts athletes, HMB supplementation revealed positive effects on specific aerobic capacity variables. Positive results were also disclosed in resistance trained athletes, where changes in strength, body fat and muscle mass as well as anaerobic performance and power output were observed. The purpose of this review was to present the main mechanisms of HMB action, especially related to muscle protein synthesis and degradation, and ergogenic effects on different types of sports and physical activities.

Multidrug-resistant TB, ADHD treatment, dietary supplements for athletes

Multidrug-resistant TB, ADHD treatment, dietary supplements for athletes

Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes

Dietary supplements are widely used at all levels of sport. Changes in patterns of supplement use are taking place against a background of changes in the regulatory framework that governs the manufacture and distribution of supplements in the major markets. Market regulation is complicated by the increasing popularity of Internet sales. The need for quality control of products to ensure they contain the listed ingredients in the stated amount and to ensure the absence of potentially harmful substances is recognized. This latter category includes compounds prohibited under anti-doping regulations. Several certification programmes now provide testing facilities for manufacturers of both raw ingredients and end products to ensure the absence of prohibited substances. Athletes should carry out a cost–benefit analysis for any supplement they propose to use. For most supplements, the evidence is weak, or even completely absent. A few supplements, including caffeine, creatine, and bicarbonate, are supported by a strong research base. Difficulties arise when new evidence appears to support novel supplements: in recent years, β-alanine has become popular, and the use of nitrate and arginine is growing. Athletes seldom wait until there is convincing evidence of efficacy or of safety, but caution is necessary to minimize risk.

Nutrition and Exercise

The nutritional aspects of exercise are topics of popular interest, misconception, and active research. In this article, the authors review basic concepts of muscle metabolism; information concerning the role of exercise in weight loss; dietary supplements for athletes, including nutrition for competition; and eating disorders among those performing vigorous exercise.