Dietary Restraints Research Articles

Development of Iron fortified potato fries through Vacuum assisted processing strategies.

Potato fries, a relatively an untapped food matrix for fortification, was fortified with iron using vacuum impregnation technique and impact of this fortification on quality attributes (structure, color, texture, flavor, acrylamide, sensory characteristics) of the product was assessed. Further, to reduce the dietary restraints of consumers for fried fries, fat reduction was achieved using vacuum frying. Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate was used as a fortificant to yield 3.15mg iron from 30g fries (RACC for snacks- Recommended Amount Customarily Consumed). Effect of iron fortificant level, blanching, vacuum and restoration time (independent variable) were evaluated on responses (iron impregnation level and firmness) of fries using box-behnken design of response surface methodology. Results showed that blanching time was the most significant variable affecting iron impregnation followed by iron concentration and vacuum time. Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate was found to be the most appropriate fortificant since reflecting the least colour and sensory changes in fries. A fortified raw potato fries when fried under vacuum, provided better retention of colour and reduced fat absorption (by 17.72%) with comparable crispiness (0.37kg/sec vs 0.35kg/sec), firmness (0.39kg/sec vs 0.38kg/sec), color (ΔE = 1.39) and sensory score (7.9 vs 8.1 on 9-point scale) with control fries.

Adaptation, validation and reliability of the Spanish version of eating pattern inventory for children EPIC-C in a sample of Mexican adolescents

Background: Eating behavior represents an important public health issue. This study shows the results of the adaptation and validation of the questionnaire eating pattern inventory for children (EPI-C) in the Spanish version, what can be very useful in Spanish-speaking contexts.Methods: The adaptation and validation of the questionnaire was carried out with a statistically representative sample of 417 adolescents of Mexico City. Different statistical analysis were applied.Results: The analysis of the adapted version reproduced the same factorial structure and psychometric properties as the original questionnaire. The adapted inventory consisted of 20 items, formed by 4 subscales dietary restraint (8 items), external eating (6 items), parental pressure to eat (3 items), and emotional eating (3 items) which explained the 68,8% of the total variable.Conclusions: The scores of the subscales were associated with the body weight of the adolescents with normal weight and overweight-obesity, with the level of the anxiety state, with the emotional eating and with the dietary restraints which suggests initial evidence of its validity and utility in Spanish speaking countries.

Eating behaviour and oxytocin in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma and different grades of hypothalamic involvement.

Patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (CP) often suffer from tumour or treatment-related hypothalamic lesions (HL). These lesions may alter production of oxytocin, which plays a major role in the regulation of eating behaviour and body composition. In CP with different degrees of HL, we investigated associations between HL, eating behaviour/eating attitudes, and oxytocin saliva concentrations (OSC). In a cross-sectional case-control study on 34 CP and 73 healthy controls, OSC were measured before, and 60minutes after breakfast by immunoassay. Eating behaviour, attitudes, and habits were assessed by standardized questionnaires. CP with anterior+posterior HL presented with more adverse eating behaviours/symptoms of eating disorders than CP without HL, CP with anterior HL, and controls. Eating behaviour in CP with anterior HL was similar to controls, except for their tendency towards high dietary restraints. Decreases in postprandial compared with fasting OSC were associated with adverse eating behaviour in CP and controls and with higher BMI in CP. CP with anterior HL and CP with anterior+posterior HL present with distinct patterns of eating behaviour. Reduced postprandial compared with fasting OSC is associated with weight problems in CP and with adverse eating behaviour and symptoms of eating disorders in both CP and controls.

Healthy and sustainable diets that meet greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and are affordable for different income groups in the UK.

To model dietary changes required to shift the UK population to diets that meet dietary recommendations for health, have lower greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and are affordable for different income groups. Linear programming was used to create diets that meet dietary requirements for health and reduced GHGE (57 and 80 % targets) by income quintile, taking account of food budgets and foods currently purchased, thereby keeping dietary change to a minimum.Setting/ParticipantsNutrient composition, GHGE and price data were mapped to 101 food groups in household food purchase data (UK Living Cost and Food Survey (2013), 5144 households). Current diets of all income quintiles had similar total GHGE, but the source of GHGE differed by types of meat and amount of fruit and vegetables. It was possible to create diets with a 57 % reduction in GHGE that met dietary and cost restraints in all income groups. In the optimised diets, the food sources of GHGE differed by income group due to the cost and keeping the level of deviation from current diets to a minimum. Broadly, the changes needed were similar across all groups; reducing animal-based products and increasing plant-based foods but varied by specific foods. Healthy and lower-GHGE diets could be created in all income quintiles but tailoring changes to income groups to minimise deviation may make dietary changes more achievable. Specific attention must be given to make interventions and policies appropriate for all income groups.

Family Meal Frequency Among Children and Adolescents With Eating Disorders

Previous studies on family meals and disordered eating have mainly drawn their samples from the general population. The goal of the current study is to determine family meal frequency among children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and feeding or eating disorder not elsewhere classified (FED-NEC) and to examine whether family meal frequency is associated with eating disorder psychopathology. Participants included 154 children and adolescents (M = 14.92 ± 2.62), who met criteria for AN (n = 60), BN (n = 32), or FED-NEC (n = 62). All participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination and the Family Meal Questionnaire prior to treatment at the University of Chicago Eating Disorders Program. AN and BN participants significantly differed in terms of family meal frequency. A majority of participants with AN (71.7%), compared with less than half (43.7%) of participants with BN, reported eating dinner with their family frequently (five or more times per week). Family meal frequency during dinner was significantly and negatively correlated with dietary restraints and eating concerns among participants with BN (r = -.381, r = -.366, p < .05) and FED-NEC (r = -.340, r = -.276, p < .05). AN patients' higher family meal frequency may be explained by their parents' relatively greater vigilance over eating, whereas families of BN patients may be less aware of eating disorder behaviors and hence less insistent upon family meals. Additionally, children and adolescents with AN may be more inhibited and withdrawn and therefore are perhaps more likely to stay at home and eat together with their families.

PWE-092 Psychosocial Impact of Food and Nutrition in People with IBD: A Qualitative Study

IntroductionFood and eating can be a source of pleasure, means of social interaction and peer acceptance. Having Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may alter these psychosocial factors because of painful or...

Effect of pig type, costs and prices, and dietary restraints on dietary nutrient specification for maximum profitability in grower-finisher pig herds: A theoretical approach

Linear programming has long been used in pig production to generate diets, subject to nutritional constraints, with minimum cost. More recently, the development of accurate animal growth models and the development of effective nonlinear optimisation techniques, in conjunction with linear programming, have allowed us to address the bigger problem of building feeding schedules that maximise profitability. A feeding schedule is defined as the number of diets fed, together with the energy and amino acid content, the quantity and the length of time each diet is fed. Profitability is measured as gross margin. This paper looks at the effects of three factors on such optimal feeding schedules for grower-finisher pig herds: pig type (genotype), feed costs and carcass payment scheme, and dietary restraints (ad libitum and restricted feeding). Our research has three findings. Firstly, optimal feeding schedules vary with pig type; the benefit of considering pig type, when developing feeding programs, is very substantial. Secondly, level changes in ingredient costs have a minor impact on optimal dietary nutrition and growing period while level changes in carcass payment schemes have a minor impact on optimal dietary nutrition but a major impact on the optimal growing period. Finally, feeding schedules that maximise lean growth do not necessarily result in maximised profit.

Spatial variability in growth and prey availability of lobsters in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Proximate composition, bulk tissue and amino acid compound-specific nitrogen isotopic analyses (CSIA) were used to determine whether dietary differences were responsible for the spatial variability in growth of spiny lobster and slipper lobster in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Abdominal tissues were collected and analyzed from both species at Necker Island and Maro Reef from 2006 to 2008. Protein and lipid levels did not differ significantly between locations in either species. Bulk tissue 15N of both species was significantly negatively correlated with growth for both species; however, the analysis assumed constant isotopic composition of autotrophs across this region. CSIA, which accounts for 15N variability at the base of the food web, indicated that spiny lobsters at both locations occupied the same trophic position whereas the slower-growing Maro Reef slipper lobsters fed at a lower trophic position relative to Necker Island slipper lobsters. Spatial variability in the abundance or diversity of preferred prey items appears to be responsible for the spatial variability in growth and the specific morphology and behavior of these species dictated how they coped with dietary restraints. These findings increase the understanding of NWHI coral reef ecosystem processes as well as highlight dangers of using consumer bulk tissue isotopic data without considering variation in the nitrogen isotopic composition at the base of the food web.

Differential effect of the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region on emotional eating during stress exposure following tryptophan challenge

Stress and negative moods, which are thought to be partly mediated by reduced brain serotonin function, often increase emotional eating in dieting women (restrainers). Because the short (S) allele polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with serotonin dysfunction, S allele compared to long (L) allele 5-HTTLPR genotypes may be more susceptible to stress-induced emotional eating. Consequently, serotonin challenge via tryptophan (TRP)-rich protein hydrolysate (TPH) may alleviate stress-induced emotional eating particularly in S/S allele carriers.We tested whether acute stress affects emotional eating in women with high or low dietary restraints depending on their 5-HTTLPR genotype and TPH intake.Nineteen female subjects who were homozygous for the short-allele 5-HTTLPR genotype (S′/S′=S/LG, LG/LG: restrainers vs. nonrestrainers) and 23 female subjects who were homozygous for the long-allele 5-HTTLPR genotype (L′/L′=LA/LA: restrainers vs. nonrestrainers) were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of stress-induced emotional eating following intake of TPH or a placebo.TPH intake significantly increased the plasma TRP/large neutral amino acid ratio (P<.0001) in the L′/L′ group (70%) compared to the S′/S′ group (30%). TPH reduced food intake in both groups, but in the L′/L′ group, it also reduced stress-induced negative mood (P=.037) and the desire for sweet, high-fat foods (P=.011) regardless of dietary restraint. Conclusions: Since TPH caused a greater increase in the plasma TRP/large neutral amino acid ratio in the L′/L′ group compared to S′/S′ group, the exclusive beneficial effects of L′/L′ genotype may be due to enhanced brain 5-HT function.

Factors modifying the association between birth weight and blood pressure

Sirs, The Brenner hypothesis states that glomerular hyperfiltration is associated with glomerular and systemic hypertension and, in the long run, with glomerular damage with proteinuria [1]. Such hyperfiltration is seen in cases of low glomerular numbers, such as following intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) [2]. Muhle et al. recently reported an interesting study that showed low glomerular numbers in sheep multiples, but an absence of arterial hypertension until young adulthood [3]. These authors suggest in their conclusion that this absence of arterial hypertension may be due to a multiple-hit cause of hypertension, of which they mainly mention sodium intake. I agree with their suggestion that multiple factors are responsible for final blood pressure levels, but propose that there are several additional factors that need to be considered that may be of general importance, possibly explaining some of the (absence in) differences between the experimental groups reported in Muhle et al.’s article. First, current body weight may be used as a marker for the metabolic demand on the kidneys. The authors state that the difference between multiples and singletons was <15%, whereas they show data that the difference between singletons (47.6±7.6 kg) and multiples (38.0±4.1 kg for twins and 38.4±1.7 kg for triplets) was almost 20%. For twins, this body weight corresponds with the reduction in glomerular numbers (21%), possibly indicating that, for these animals, no glomerular hyperfiltration is present and, therefore, no hypertension is expected. For the triplets, however, there is indeed an imbalance between the glomerular number reduction (37%) and weight reduction, whereas these animals also do not show an increase in blood pressure. Secondly, gender is known to modulate the effects of birth weight on blood pressure, with males being more affected. This is (in part) explained by testosterone, as gonadectomy in IUGR animals was found to prevent the rise in blood pressure [4]. Of the animals studied by Muhle et al., there were 56, 42 and 33% males in the singleton, twin and triplet group, respectively. The gender effects on blood pressure may therefore have masked the effects of birth weight. In addition to these possible modifying factors, it is possible that the effects of IUGR based on multiple pregnancies are different from those of IUGR due to other causes (such as smoking, hypertension or dietary restraints) [5], which could explain the lack of a difference in blood pressure in sheep multiples. Whether differences in this animal model will become apparent at a later age or after additional hits remains to be studied.

Pregravid Weight Is Associated With Prior Dietary Restraint and Psychosocial Factors During Pregnancy

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of pregravid weight status, previous dietary restraint, and psychosocial factors during pregnancy. We used data from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition study, which recruited 2,006 women at prenatal clinics before 20 weeks' gestation who were >16 years and English speaking. Institute of Medicine BMI cut points of underweight (<19.8), normal weight (19.8-26.0), overweight (>26.0-29.0), obese (>29.0-34.9), and an additional category extremely obese (> or =35.0), were used to categorize weight status. Eight psychosocial measures and dietary restraint were assessed with regard to BMI; perceived stress, trait anxiety, depressive symptoms, internal locus of control (LOC), chance LOC, powerful others LOC, self-esteem, and mastery. Linear regression was used to estimate associations, controlling for potential confounders. A significant trend was found between increasing pregravid weight categories and increasing scores for perceived stress, trait anxiety, depressive symptoms, powerful others LOC and dietary restraint, and decreasing scores for self-esteem and mastery. In adjusted models, pregravid obesity was independently associated with perceived stress, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Extreme obesity was independently associated with all measures except internal LOC. A strong linear association was found between increasing weight categories and dietary restraint. In conclusion, as pregravid weight increased, pregnant women were at greater risk of reporting higher scores on negative psychosocial state and dietary restraints, and reporting lower score on positive personal dispositions.

Maintaining large weight losses: The role of behavioral and psychological factors.

Few studies have examined predictors of weight regain after significant weight losses. This prospective study examined behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain in 261 successful weight losers who completed an 18-month trial of weight regain prevention that compared a control condition with self-regulation interventions delivered face-to-face or via the Internet. Linear mixed effect models were used to examine behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain, both as main effects and as interactions with treatment group. Decreases in physical activity were related to weight regain across all 3 groups, and increased frequency of self-weighing was equally protective in the 2 intervention groups but not in the control group. Increases in depressive symptoms, disinhibition, and hunger were also related to weight regain in all groups. Although the impact of changes in restraint was greatest in the Internet group and weakest in the face-to-face group, the latter was the only group with increases in restraint over time and consequent decreases in magnitude of weight regain. Future programs should focus on maintaining physical activity, dietary restraints, and frequent self-weighing and should include stronger components to modify psychological parameters.

Evaluation of a new Internet-based self-help guide for patients with bulimic symptoms in Sweden

The current study evaluated a new Internet-based self-help guide based on cognitive–behavioural therapy for patients with bulimic symptoms. Thirty-eight participants from a waiting list at an eating-disorder outpatient unit were assessed pre-treatment, post-treatment and at a 2-month follow-up using the Rating of Anorexia and Bulimia interview-revised version, an anamnesis questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90R). The SCL-90R Global Severity Index and most EDI-2 subscales showed significant differences from pre-to post-treatment and the 2-month follow-up, apart from ineffectiveness, impulse regulation and social insecurity. Expert ratings revealed a significant reduction in vomiting, dietary restraints and weight phobia, with the exception of binge eating from pre-treatment to the 2-month follow-up. Exercise increased significantly, indicating that participants changed their method of compensation. An Internet-based self-help guide for bulimic symptoms is a promising new tool and can be used effectively as the first step in a stepped-care model. Further evaluations with randomized controlled trials are necessary.

Gustation: intersensory experience par excellence.

On the face of it, basic tactile sensation might seem the only essential sensory requirement for the delivery of foods and beverages to the digestive system. In practice, however, the appropriate delivery of raw materials for the maintenance and repair of the body requires complex sensory and cognitive processes, such that flavour sensation arguably constitutes the pre-eminent example of an integrated multicomponent perceptual experience. To raise the profile of the chemical senses amongst researchers in other perceptual domains, I review here the contribution of various sense modalities to the flavour of foods and beverages. Further, in the light of these multisensory inputs, the physiological and psychophysical research summarised in this paper invites optimism that novel ways will be found to intervene when nutritional status is compromised either by specific dietary restraints, or by taste and smell disorders.