Replacement Of Fish Meal In Diets Research Articles

Physiological Response of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles to an Acute Stress Challenge: The Impact of Partial and Total Dietary Fishmeal Replacement by an Insect Meal

This study aimed to explore the effect of FM substitution by defatted Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (dTM) on the response of European seabass to an acute stress challenge. An FM-based diet was used as a control and two other isoproteic/isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 50 and 100% of FM by dTM. Each diet was tested in quadruplicate groups of 15 fish (69 ± 5 g) fed until visual satiety for 16 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were subjected to 1 min air exposure followed by 1 h of recovery before sampling. The haematological profile, plasma metabolites, and humoral immunity biomarkers, as well as hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, were analysed. A clear response to acute stress was observed by a significant increase in haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, and almost all evaluated plasma metabolites and humoral parameters, regardless of dietary treatment. The obtained results demonstrated that partial substitution of FM by IM did not affect the stress response of seabass. However, total FM replacement increased the hepatic activity of total peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in fish fed TM100.

Dietary fishmeal replacement by Clostridium autoethanogenum protein meal influences the nutritional and sensory quality of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) via the TOR/AAR/AMPK pathways

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is a promising protein source for aquaculture; however, how CAP influences fish quality is worth extensive research. We randomly allocated 630 turbot with initial body weights of about 180 g into 6 groups, with fishmeal-based control diet or diet with CAP replacing 15% (CAP15), 30% (CAP30), 45% (CAP45), 60% (CAP60), or 75% (CAP75) of fishmeal protein. After a 70-d feeding trial, the fillet yield (P = 0.015) and content of protein (P = 0.017), collagen (P < 0.001), hydroxyproline (P < 0.001), C20:5n-3 (P = 0.007), and ∑n-3/∑n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (P < 0.001) in turbot muscle was found to decrease linearly with increasing CAP. However, turbot fed CAP15 diet maintained these parameters (P > 0.05). By contrast, the muscle hardness increased linearly with increasing CAP (P = 0.004), accompanied by linear reduction of muscle fiber volume (P = 0.015) and expression of myogenesis-related genes, including ctsd (P < 0.001), ctsl (P = 0.093), and murfl (P < 0.001). Phosphorylation of Akt (P < 0.001), TOR (P = 0.001), 4EBP-1 (P < 0.001), and S6 (P < 0.001) decreased linearly; however, phosphorylation of AMPK (P < 0.001), eIF2α (P < 0.001), and the abundance of ATF4 (P < 0.001) increased with increasing CAP, suggesting that the TOR signaling pathway was inhibited, and the AAR and AMPK pathways were activated. Additionally, expression of genes related to protein degradation, including myf5 (P < 0.001), myod (P < 0.001), pax7 (P < 0.001), and ctsd (P < 0.001), decreased linearly with increasing CAP. In conclusion, CAP could be used to replace up to 15% of fishmeal without negatively impacting turbot quality. However, higher levels of CAP decreased fillet yield, muscle protein content, and muscle fiber diameter while increasing muscle hardness, which could be attributed to the inhibition of the TOR pathway and activation of the AAR and AMPK pathways.

The use of fishery and aquaculture by-products with Nannochloropsis sp. allows total dietary replacement of wild-caught fishmeal, fish oil and soy protein in European sea bass juveniles

Five experimental diets (CTRL, 50FMFO, 50FMFO-50MIC, 0FMFO-50MIC, 0FMFO-100MIC) were formulated to replace wild-caught fishmeal (FM), wild-caught fish oil (FO) and soy protein using fisheries, aquaculture by-products (BP) and microalgae (MIC). Fifty European sea bass juveniles were distributed in 15 tanks (initial body weight 46.66 ± 0.04 g) and reared in a recirculating aquaculture system for 88 days. Temperature, salinity, oxygen and photoperiod were kept constant throughout the experiment (22 ± 0.5 °C, 25 g L−1 and 8.0 ± 1.0 mg L−1, 12:12 light/dark, respectively). Growth, feed intake (FI), proximal composition, nutritional index, apparent digestibility, somatometric indexes, blood plasma biochemistry and digestive enzyme activity were evaluated. Also, gut microbiota composition was assessed through next-generation sequencing. Results showed that growth performance and feed digestibility were not affected by FM, FO and soy replacement using BP and MIC. Dietary replacement of 100% FM and FO with circular substitutes and 50% replacement of soymeal with microalgae increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and chymotrypsin. Moreover, the inclusion of BP and MIC had positive effects on the gut microbiota richness and abundance. In conclusion, the utilization of BP and MIC represents a valuable alternative to FM and FO as well as soy protein in feed for European sea bass juveniles.

Effects of the Replacement of Dietary Fishmeal by the Blend of Tenebrio molitor Meal, Chlorella Meal, Clostridium Autoethanogenum Protein, and Cottonseed Protein Concentrate on Growth, Protein Utilization, and Intestinal Health of Gibel Carp (Carassius gibelio, CAS Ⅴ)

The trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM) by the blend of Tenebrio molitor meal (TMM), Chlorella meal (CM), Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) on growth, protein utilization and intestinal health of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio, CAS Ⅴ). The FM-based diet was used as the control, and the blended proteins (TMM: CM: CAP: CPC) at ratios of 1 : 1:8 : 2 (BLEND A), 1 : 1:6 : 4 (BLEND B), and 1 : 1:4 : 6 (BLEND C) were used to replace FM at three levels (33%, 67%, 100%), respectively. The results showed that, compared to the control group, growth performance increased significantly when dietary FM was fully replaced by BLEND B (P&lt;0.05), while decreased by BLEND A (P&lt;0.05). The complete substitution of FM with BLEND B significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and tight junction-related genes (P&lt;0.05), improving intestinal tissue morphology and health. And it also significantly increased intestinal trypsin activity (P&lt;0.05), upregulated the mRNA expression of amino acid sensory receptor-related and amino acid or peptide transport-related genes (P&lt;0.05), increased protein apparent digestibility coefficient (P&lt;0.05). The 100% substitution of FM with BLEND A significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine il-10 (P &lt;0.05), reduced intestinal villus height (P&lt;0.05), and decreased protein apparent digestibility coefficient (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, BLEND B could completely substitute dietary FM and was beneficial to the growth and health of gibel carp. Dietary digestible essential amino acids index (DEEAI) was found as an important indicator and should be higher than 79.5% to meet the maximum growth of fish.

Utilization of sustainable agri-waste watermelon rind for fishmeal in Labeo rohita diets: Effects on nutritional indices, hemato-biochemical properties, histoarchitechtural traits, amino acid and fatty acid profiles

Fish meal (FM) remains an essential protein source with certain limitations like cost and sustainability in the aquaculture industry. Underutilized agricultural wastes with nutraceutical potential could be the feasible solution. This study paved the way for new avenues in the form of economically sustainable low-cost feed for betterment of aquaculture, by evaluating watermelon rind (WMR) as fish meal replacement in diets for Labeo rohita (rohu). Dried water melon rind was incorporated into five isonitrogenous diets (control, 25% fish meal replacement (FMR), 50% FMR, 75% FMR, and 100% FMR then fed to triplicates groups of L. rohita fingerlings. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. There were significant (p<0.05) improvements in nutritional indices of fish fed with 50% FMR. The digestive enzyme analysis showed a promising result in fish fed with 50% FMR diet compared to the control and other experimental diets indicating that fishmeal replaced with 50% FMR diet will be suitable for the digestion in the experimental fish rohu. Finally, histological alterations of organs showed a reduction in the damage of tissues in fish fed with WMR inclusion diets. Enrichment of amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) was observed in the fish muscle. Overall, our results confirm that the 50% fishmeal replacement diet with watermelon rind is a promising alternative for fish meal displaying no adverse effects. Thus, the study concludes that the partial replacement of fishmeal by WMR provides new insights into nutrient utilization, and growth performances, digestibility, and biochemical compositions of freshwater fish L. rohita.

Dietary Replacement Effect of Fish Meal by Tuna By-Product Meal on Growth and Feed Availability of Red Sea Bream (Pagrus major).

The effect of substituting fish meal (FM) by tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth and feed availability of red sea bream (Pagrus major) was investigated. Six experimental diets were crested to be isonitrogenous (51.5%) and isolipidic (14.5%). The control (Con) diet contained 55% FM. FM substitution in the Con diet was made in increments of 20 percentage points (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), named as the TBM20, TBM40, TBM60, TBM80, and TBM100 diets, respectively. Juvenile red sea bream were stocked into 18, 300 L flow-through tanks (50 fish/tank). Red sea bream were hand-fed with each diet until satiation for 8 weeks. No statistical differences in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed consumption were found among red sea bream fed the Con, TBM20, and TBM40 diets. Furthermore, feed utilization of fish fed the TBM20, TBM40, TBM60, and TBM80 diets was comparable to red sea bream fed the Con diet. The biological indices, biochemical composition, and hematological parameters of fish were not statistically altered by dietary FM replacement with TBM. The greatest economic profit index was achieved in the TBM40 diet. In conclusion, the replacement of 40% FM with TBM in red sea bream diet appears to be the most recommendable approach without producing retarded growth and feed availability, but maximizing EPI to farmers.

Dietary Fishmeal Replacement by Methanol-Extracted Cottonseed Meal with Amino Acid Supplementation for Juvenile Cobia Rachycentron canadum

The present study aims to evaluate methanol-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as a potential replacement for fishmeal (FM) in aquafeeds for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Five isonitrogenous (41% crude protein) and isolipidic (11% crude lipid) diets were formulated with 0 (i.e., the full fishmeal diet, as Control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the dietary protein from FM replaced by methanol-extracted CSM with L-lysine (L-Lys) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) and supplemented to the established requirement levels for cobia. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish with an average initial weight (±SEM) of 11.35 ± 0.23 g/fish for 9 weeks. Percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed diets with 25% and 50% of FM protein replaced by methanol-extracted CSM were higher or comparable to those of fish fed the Control diet. Those responses were gradually reduced with increasing levels of CSM substitution, resulting in significant (p &lt; 0.05) negative linear trends. Condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values significantly decreased with increasing dietary CSM inclusion, as did whole-body protein and lipid composition. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of fish fed CSM diets were not significantly different compared to that of fish fed the Control diet. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities from fish fed diets with 50% or greater of CSM were lower than those of fish fed the Control and CSM25 diets. These results indicated that the inclusion of CSM did not induce any apparent stress on juvenile cobia. Additionally, methanol-extracted CSM with Lys and Met supplementation was able to replace up to 20~30% of crude protein provided by FM in the diet of cobia without drastically affecting the growth performance or body composition.

The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) residue could partially replace the dietary fish meal in the juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) residue is a by-product of P. americana meal after extracting active ingredients with ethanol, and it still contains high protein, lipid, and a certain amount of active ingredients, may be a potential fish meal alternative. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to replace 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of dietary fish meal with P. americana residue, and defined as Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3, Diet 4, and Diet 5, respectively. The juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an initial body weight of 2.98 ± 0.01 g was fed with respective diets for 10 weeks, which was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fish meal replacement by P. americana residue on the growth performance, proximate composition, amino acid profile, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile O. niloticus. There were no significant differences in the final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate among five diet groups, while the highest feed conversion ratio and the lowest protein efficiency ratio were recorded in Diet 4. There were no significant differences in the contents of crude protein, total lipid, ash, and total amino acid in the whole fish body among all groups. The Diet 1 and Diet 2 had higher activities of trypsin, α-amylase, and chitinase in the intestine and α-amylase in the liver. The highest serum urea content was detected in Diet 4, while the lowest liver urea content and the highest serum total protein content were detected in Diet 3. A higher liver catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and serum lysozyme activities were detected in Diet 2, and the lowest serum malondialdehyde content was detected in Diet 2. In conclusion, dietary fish meal replacement by the P. americana residue had no negative effects on the growth performance and body composition of juvenile O. niloticus, and significantly improved the antioxidant capacity and immunity, while feed utilization rate was reduced when dietary fish meal replacement levels exceeded 75%.

Fish meal replacement by Brachytrupes portentosusas for Oreochromis niloticus: Effect on growth, feed utilization, fatty acid profiles, hematology, and histological changes

In the aquaculture section, the scarcity of sustainable feed components is the major challenge. Insects may become an important, sustainable resource for expanding the raw material repertoire. Herein, this study evaluated the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with giant cricket meal (GCM) on growth, feed utilization, fatty acids profiles, hematology, and histological changes of Nile tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with a FM-based diet (without GCM or GCM0), the other four diets were prepared to replace FM with 55, 111, 164, and 217 g/kg of GCM (referred to as GCM55 - GCM217). A total of 300 fish (approximately 7.27 ± 0.01 g/fish) were randomly allocated to triplicate groups with 20 fish per tank and fed until satiation twice daily. The results showed a linear and quadratic relationship were observed between growth parameters and dietary replacement of GCM levels. Although the total replacement of FM by GCM217 significantly diminished, but GCM55 – GCM164 replacement was higher than a control group and improved the feed conversion ratio. The condition factor was similar among dietary treatments, but the hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were affected by GCM inclusion levels (P < 0.05). Whole-body dry matter and ash were linearly and quadratically increased up to GCM164, and slightly decreased in the GCM217 group. Dietary GCM inclusion regulated whole-body composition in a dose-dependent manner. Muscle fatty acids were affected by dietary GCM replacement with a linearly decreased in 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, and the quadratic effect was observed for 22:6n-3. Dietary inclusion of GCM quadratically increased hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, and globulin, and linearly improved red blood cell and hemoglobin levels. However, GCM inclusions higher than 164 g/kg were linearly and quadratically increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase compared to a control group. A mild degree of vacuole enlargement was found in GCM164, while a high degree of irregular shape, cytoplasm vacuolization, and swelling was found in GCM217 group. In addition, intestinal morphometrics of GCM217 group detected a significantly linear and quadratic decrease in villi height. Results of the present study suggested that the dietary replacement of FM by GCM could replace up to 164 g/kg without negatively affecting growth, feed utilization, and improved blood hematology and serum proteins of Nile tilapia, even if mild histomorphological changes of hepatocytes were observed. In addition, replacing FM with GCM111 obtained the highest growth performance without any negative effects to Nile tilapia.

Effects of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement with Composite Mixture of Chicken Meal, Krill Meal, and Plant Proteins on Growth, Physiological Metabolism, and Intestinal Microbiota of Chinese Perch (Siniperca chuatsi)

This trial aimed to investigate the influence of graded replacing fish meal (D1: 0.00%, D2: 27.27%, and D3: 54.55%) with mixed protein ingredients (i.e., chicken meal, krill meal, fermented soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate) on the growth performance, muscle nutritional composition, blood biochemical indices, gut bacterial community, and transcriptome of Chinese perch. Two hundred seventy Chinese perch were divided into three groups (90 per group) and the diet lasted for 56 days. Results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly lower, and the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the D3 group than in fish fed D1 (P&lt;0.05), with no significant differences between the D1 and D2 groups (P&gt;0.05). The muscle crude protein content was highest in the D2 group, and the crude fat content was significantly different in the order: D3 &gt; D1 &gt; D2 (P&lt;0.05). The levels of serum triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the D2 group were significantly lower than those in the D1 group (P&lt;0.05), but there was no significant difference compared to the D3 group (P&gt;0.05). The microbial community structure changed significantly. Mycoplasma showed the highest abundance in the D1 and D2 groups (P&lt;0.05), and Cetobacterium peaked in D2 group, and significantly higher than that in D1 group (P&lt;0.05). Network analysis and cohesion index calculation showed that both network complexity and cohesion peaked in D2 group, and Cetobacterium was highly correlated with the cohesion index (P&lt;0.05). Further, muscle transcriptome analysis results showed that compared with the control group, differentially expressed genes were clustered (Q &lt; 0.05) in the arginine and proline metabolism pathways in D2 group. Fish in D3 group significantly (Q &lt; 0.05) affected genes involved in KEGG pathways of ribosome, circadian rhythm, thermogenesis, insulin signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis. In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, the replacement of 27.27% of fish meal by the compound protein did not have a negative impact on the growth performance of Chinese perch and could improve muscle quality, lipid metabolism, and the interaction of intestinal microbiota.

Effects of Dietary Fishmeal Replacement with Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Digestion, Hepatic Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity, and Innate Immunity of Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of the replacement of fishmeal (FM) by soybean meal (SM) in diets on growth performance, digestion, hepatic metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Four iso-lipidic and iso-nitrogenous diets replacing 0, 15, 30, and 45 FM protein by SM protein were formulated, named FM, SM15, SM30, and SM45, respectively. Results indicated that the specific growth rate (FM = 1.55, SM15 = 1.50, SM30 = 1.48, and SM45 = 1.34%) of fish showed a significant linear trend ( P &lt; 0.05 ). With increasing dietary SM, the activity of trypsin (262.02, 179.34, 144.41, and 123.92 U/mg·prot) significantly decreased (linear trend, P &lt; 0.05 ). The content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a significant linear trend and quadratic trend, and the maximum was observed in fish fed the diet with 45% protein from SM ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The mRNA expression of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (m-tor) and ribosomal protein S6 (rps6) showed a significant linear trend ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The content of malondialdehyde (81.82, 92.91, 79.64, and 126.45 nmol/mg·prot) showed a significant linear trend and quadratic trend; the minimum was observed in fish fed the diet with 30% protein from SM ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The activity of acid phosphatase (328.45, 300.08, 254.03, and 223.51 U/mg·prot) significantly decreased with increasing dietary SM substitution levels (linear trend, P &lt; 0.05 ). A significant quadratic trend was observed in the mRNA expression of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β, while the maximum was observed in fish fed the diet with 45% protein from SM ( P &lt; 0.05 ). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the replacement of FM by SM in diets can decrease the growth performance, digestion, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity and affect the hepatic metabolism of juvenile large yellow croaker. The minimum negative effect was obtained when 30% of FM was replaced by SM.

Partial dietary fishmeal replacement with soy products in grow‐out‐stage Burbot

AbstractObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to determine how soy products affect Burbot Lota lota maculosa growth and gastric evacuation. The secondary objective was to determine the digestibility of common soy products in Burbot.MethodsA 130‐day feed study was conducted with subadult (grow‐out stage) Burbot to evaluate performance with 25% of the dietary fish meal replaced with soybean meal or soy protein concentrate compared with a control diet formulated to resemble a salmonid diet. Additionally, diets from the feed study, along with chironomid meal (a natural forage item), were used to determine Burbot gastric evacuation rates using fish naive to soy. These diets, containing over 12% soy, were applied to fish from the same cohort of Burbot used in the initial feed study. A digestibility assessment was conducted using diets with 30% of the fish meal replaced with soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, and a fermented soybean meal.ResultNo differences in growth performance were observed. The gastric evacuation assessment revealed that soy protein concentrate was evacuated at a significantly higher rate than chironomid meal; however, no other differences in gastric evacuation rates among diets were detectable. Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly higher in the soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, and fermented soybean meal treatments relative to the control diet. Apparent lipid digestibility was significantly lower in the soybean meal diet relative to the control diet; however, neither diet was significantly different from the soy protein concentrate or fermented soybean meal treatments.ConclusionSoy protein is highly digestible in grow‐out‐stage Burbot, these fish can be produced to market size on diets with ≥25% of the fish meal (relative to the experimental control diet) replaced with soybean meal or soy protein concentrate with no impact on growth performance relative to a salmonid diet formulation.

Comparative evaluation of soybean meal vs. extruded soybean meal as a replacer for fishmeal in diets of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Effects on growth performance and muscle quality

A 56-day feeding trial was performed to compare the impacts of replacement of dietary fishmeal by soybean meal (SM) or extruded soybean meal (ESM) on the growth performance and muscle quality of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (initial weight: 6.32 ± 0.01 g). Nine isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared by substituting 0% (FM, control), 12% (SM12/ESM12), 24% (SM24/ESM24), 36% (SM36/ESM36) and 48% (SM48/ESM48) of fishmeal with SM or ESM respectively. Results indicated that contents of anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, glycinin and β-conglycinin) in ESM were significantly lower than those in SM. The weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, activities of intestinal trypsin and lipase, as well as expressions of myogenic regulatory factors (myf5, myod and mrf4) and protein synthesis-related genes (akt, pi3k, tor and s6) in fish muscle decreased linearly and quadratically with increasing replacement levels of dietary fishmeal by SM or ESM. Expressions of mstn and protein degradation-related genes (foxo1, murf-1, mafbx, capn2 and ctsl) in muscle showed a trend opposite to growth parameters responding to dietary SM or ESM levels. Significant differences in all the above parameters were observed in the SM36, SM48 and ESM48 groups, accompanied by the declines in contents of most muscle free amino acids. The increase of dietary fishmeal replacement level by SM linearly and quadratically decreased muscle hardness, water holding capacity (WHC), pH and total collagen content. Markedly lower values were found in the SM36 and SM48 groups. However, ESM could replace up to 36% of dietary fishmeal without significantly impacts on above muscle quality parameters. Additionally, reduced myofiber density and sarcomere length were observed in the SM36, SM48, ESM36 and ESM48 groups. However, at the same substitution level, dietary ESM relieved the effects of SM on myofiber morphology to some extent. In conclusion, according to broken-line regression on SGR, the optimal replacing level of fishmeal by SM and ESM for olive flounder was 22.07% and 34.39% respectively. The improved replacement level of fishmeal by ESM, in terms of fish growth, muscle hardness and WHC, may be due to the fact that dietary ESM alleviated the adverse impacts of SM on digestive enzyme activity, muscle growth-related genes expression, muscle pH, collagen content and myofiber morphology of fish.

Application prospect of replacement of fish meal with spray-dried egg meal in diets for swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with spray-dried egg meal (SEM) on growth performance, anti-oxidative capacity, mTOR pathway, and cholesterol metabolism in juvenile Portunus trituberculatus. The results showed that the highest percent weight gain was observed in crabs fed diet with 10% replacement of fish meal with SEM. Essential amino acids in the muscle and hepatopancreas significantly decreased with the increase of dietary replacement levels of fish meal with SEM. The lowest content of MDA in hepatopancreas was occurred at those fed diet with 40% replacement of fish meal with SEM, the activities of T-AOC, GSH-PX and content of GSH in hepatopancreas significantly increased with dietary SEM replacement fish meal increasing from 10% to 50%. The expression of akt, eif4e1a, eif4e2, eif4e3, and 4ebp1 significantly up-regulated, however, the expression of tor was showed significantly linear down-regulated, and the highest expression of akt, eif4e2 and 4ebp1 were found in crabs fed diet with 20% replacement of fish meal with SEM, the highest expression of eif4e1a was observed in those fed diet with 10% replacement of fish meal with SEM, the highest expression of eif4e3 was occurred in crabs fed diet with 30% replacement of fish meal with SEM. In cholesterol metabolism, the expression of abcg1 and lrp2 significantly down-regulated and the expression of npc1 significantly up-regulated with increase of replacement level of fish meal with SEM. The content of T-CHO in hemolymph and hepatopancreas significantly linear increased. In conclusion, based on quadratic broken-line regression analysis of PWG against the dietary replacement of fish meal with SEM, the optimal replacement level of fish meal with SEM was estimated to be 15.94% for juvenile swimming crab.

Chemical and Physical Properties of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fillet Following Prolonged Feeding with Insect Meal-Based Diets.

A 25-week experiment was undertaken to explore the effect of partial replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM) with black soldier fly meal (Hermetia illucens) (BS), mealworm meal (Tenebrio molitor) (MW), and a 1 : 1 mixture of both insect meals (BSMW) on fillet quality in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A total of 96 fish with an average initial body weight of 248 ± 28 g were stocked into a recirculating aquaculture system and fed in four different dietary groups (control, BS, MW, and BSMW). No mortality was recorded in any of the groups. At the end of the feeding period, 24 fish (n = 6 for each treatment, weight between 690 and 822 g) were used for analysis. There was no alteration in filleting yield or other slaughter indices within experimental groups, except the hepatosomatic index. Among quality attributes, pH 24 hr postmortem exhibited a significant difference (p < 0.05). In respect of the fatty acid profile, the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 1.17 and 1.40 but was not significantly modified by the partial replacement of FM. Similarly, the proximate composition of the fillets was not significantly different between the control and experimental diet groups. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acids ranged between 0.67 and 0.79 in the fillets, without significant differences between groups. The atherogenic index was increased in the BS group, as compared to the others; however, the thrombogenicity index of fillets was not significantly affected. Similarly, the conventional quality traits of the fillet, such as cooking, drip, and thawing losses, did not differ within treatments. This study demonstrates that the dietary inclusion of black soldier fly and/or mealworm meals used for African catfish at the tested inclusion level has negligible impact on fillet properties.

Dried porcine soluble benefits to increase fish meal replacement with soy protein concentrate in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea diet

AbstractThe effect of dried porcine soluble (DPS) supplementation on replacement of dietary fish meal with soy protein concentrate (SPC) for large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, was assessed in a feeding trial conducted in inshore net pens. Five isoproteic and isolipidic diets were tested. A basal diet (BD) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and SPC was used as an alternative ingredient to replace 40% (F24) and 60% (F16) of the fish meal in BD at an equal protein basis. DPS was added at 5 g/kg in F24 (FD24) and F16 (FD16). Fish weighing 33.6 ± 7.4 g were fed with the test diets in 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 m net pens for 9 weeks. The fish meal replacement level significantly affected weight gain, feed conversion ratio, phosphorus retention efficiency, body phosphorus content, and ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production (RCP), while the DPS supplementation level significantly affected weight gain. The weight gain of fish fed FD24 was higher than that of fish fed F16, while no significant difference was found in weight gain between fish fed BD and fish fed FD24, F24, FD16 and F16. The feed cost, RCP and phosphorus waste of fish fed BD were higher than those of fish fed FD24, F24, FD16 and F16. Fish fed FD24 exhibited the best production performance, and the production performance of fish fed F24 and FD16 was close to that of fish fed BD. The present study indicates that the fish meal level in large yellow croaker diet could be lowered to 240 g/kg with SPC alone as a fish meal substitute, and could be further reduced to 160 g/kg by supplementation of 5 g/kg DPS. Therefore, DPS supplementation can benefit to increase fish meal replacement with SPC in large yellow croaker diet.

Effects of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement with Alternative Protein Ingredients and Their Combinations on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Fillet Composition, and Biochemical Parameters of Red Seabream (Pagrus major).

The experiment was conducted to evaluate alternative protein ingredients in a low-fish meal (FM) diet for red seabream (Pagrus major). Twelve experimental diets were formulated. Control diet (CON) was designed to contain 60% FM. Other experimental diets were formulated by replacing 50% of FM from the CON with soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten (CG), meat meal (MM), and/or chicken byproduct meal (CBM). Four diets were designed including one of SPC, CG, MM, or CBM as FM replacer and designated as SPC, CG, MM, and CBM. Six other diets were formulated by adding two ingredients as SPC and CG, SPC and MM, SPC and CBM, CG and MM, CG and CBM, or MM and CBM, and designated as SCG, SMM, SCM, CMM, CCM, and MCM, respectively. The 12th diet (MIX) was formulated by including SPC, CGM, MM, and CBM. Triplicate fish groups (50.2 ± 0.1 g) were hand-fed for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of fish was significantly improved by MM and MCM diets compared to CG, SCG, CMM, and CCM diets. WG of CON, SPC, CM, SMM, SCM, and MIX groups were comparable with MM and MCM groups. The lowest WG was observed in CG and CMM groups. Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly higher in MM group compared to SPC, CG, SGC, and CMC groups. FE of MCM group was significantly higher than CG and SCG groups. Fillet linolenic acid (C18:2n-6) level in CG group was significantly higher than CON, MM, CM, SCM, CCM, and MCM groups. Serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in MCM and MIX groups. Therefore, a high level of dietary CG reduces the growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream. A mixture of MM and CBM seems to be more efficient in replacing FM from red seabream diet.

Replacement of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal improves growth, energy metabolism, and innate immune response in Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata: Penaeidae)

Abstract Fishmeal (FM) is considered a preferred source of protein for aquatic feed due to its good palatability and digestibility, a balanced amino acid profile, and a low level of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Shortage of FM supply and increases in price, however, are major challenges faced by feed producers and aquaculture farmers. Fermented soybean meal (FSBM) has been proposed to partially replace FM because of its high nutritional value and low cost. The optimal FSBM concentration for substituting FM and effects of FSBM substitution on growth performance, energy metabolism, and immune response nevertheless remain unclear. We evaluated the effects of shrimp diets containing FSBM at 0% (FM), 25% (FSBM25), 50% (FSBM50), 75% (FSBM75), and 100% (FSBM100) on the shrimp Penaeus vannameiBoone, 1931. FSBM50 led to a significantly higher weight gain (postlarvae 1927.36 ± 46.64%, young juveniles 237.00 ± 8.25%, and juveniles 153.96 ± 2.18%) than the other experimental and control diets in different stages of the shrimp. The FM group consumed less oxygen than the experimental diet groups. FSBM75 and FSBM100 led to a significantly higher ammonia-N excretion than FM, FSBM25, and FBSM50. All experimental diet groups exhibited a significantly higher O:N ratio (8.3 ± 0.8–9.4 ± 1.7) than the FM group (7.1 ± 0.2). Shrimp fed with FSBM25- and FSBM50-containing diets exhibited an increased total hemocyte count, and FSBM25, FBSM50, and FSBM100 led to a significantly higher superoxide anion production than FSBM75 and FM. FSBM substitution in shrimp diets resulted in a significantly higher phagocytic activity than the FM diet, suggesting that FSBM substitution improves the cell-mediated immune response in shrimps. In challenge trials with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), all experimental diets led to a higher survival rate than the FM diet, and in Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge trials, FSBM50 led to a higher survival rate than the other experimental and control diets, indicating that FSBM substitution in shrimp diets could improve the defense capacity of shrimps against WSSV and V. parahaemolyticus.

Effects of dietary replacement of fishmeal by cottonseed meal on the growth performance, immune and antioxidant responses, and muscle quality of juvenile crayfish Procambarus clarkii

The current research was aimed to determine the impacts of cottonseed meal substitution levels for fishmeal on the growth performance, immune indices, antioxidant ability, and muscle texture of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to feed the crayfish for 8 weeks. The basal diet contained 20% fishmeal (FM), while the other four experimental diets substituted fishmeal in FM diet with cottonseed meal at levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, referred to as CM25, CM50, CM75, and CM100 respectively. A total of 750 crayfish with an average initial weight of 4.00 g were selected and randomly allocated to fifteen cages. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of crayfish. Weight gain and specific growth rate declined, and feed conversion rate, asparate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase activities appear to increase as cottonseed meal substitution levels increased. Serum total cholesterol levels declined in crayfish fed CM100 diet compared to crayfish fed the FM diet. Serum phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities, and muscle hardness and mef-2a mRNA expression were the highest for crayfish fed fishmeal-based diet and showed no significant difference among other four groups. Dietary cottonseed meal levels did not significantly influence hepatopancreas index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor, serum glucose, triglyceride, albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine contents, as well as the contents of acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, and muscle texture profile (cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, and chewiness) and mef-2b and mstn mRNA expression. High dietary fish meal replacement by cottonseed meal tended to upregulate mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase. Taken together, dietary cottonseed meal reduced growth performance and feed utilization, induced hepatopancreas oxidative stress, and influenced some serum and muscle parameters. The gossypol content and unbalanced amino acid profile are considered the limiting factor influencing the fish meal replacement by cottonseed meal.

Replacement of Dietary Fishmeal with Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein on Lipidomics and Lipid Metabolism in Muscle of Pearl Gentian Grouper.

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is an economical and alternative protein source. Here, three experimental diets were formulated with CAP replacing 0% (CAP-0), 30% (CAP-30), and 60% (CAP-60) of fishmeal to investigate the alterations of structure integrity, fatty acids profiles, and lipid metabolism in the muscle of pearl gentian grouper. With increasing levels of CAP substitution, the percentages of 16 : 0 or 18 : 0 were decreased in triglycerides (TG) and diacylglycerols (DG); 18 : 1 or 18 : 2 was increased at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in phosphatidylethanolamines; 20 : 5n-3 was increased in TG and DG. The phosphatidylcholines (PC) (18 : 3/20 : 5), PC(22 : 6/17 : 1), and sphingomyelins (d19 : 0/24 : 4) were identified as potential lipid biomarkers between CAP treatments. The CAP-30 treatment enhanced lipolysis and lipogenesis, while the CAP-60 treatment inhibited lipogenesis. In conclusion, fishmeal replacement with CAP affected the lipid characteristics and lipid metabolism, whereas it did not affect the structural integrity and fatty acids profiles in the muscle of pearl gentian grouper.