Dietary Plant Oils Research Articles

Effects of selected dietary plant oils on survival, growth, fatty acid profile, and enzyme activity of a tropical hybrid carp (Barbonymus gonionotus ♀ × Hypsibarbus wetmorei ♂) larvae

Hybrid lemon fin barb is a new tropical carp species developed by crossing silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus, ♀) with lemon fin barb (Hypsibarbus wetmorei, ♂) to cover the production gap in Malaysian aquaculture, as the tasty wild H. wetmorei is being overexploited. Different plant oils such as crude palm oil (CPO), linseed oil (LO), canola oil, sunflower seed oil and soybean oil were tested for the larval stage of this fast-growing and delicious carp species. Three-day old hybrid larvae were arbitrarily assigned to twenty 5-L tanks with a rate of 50 larvae L−1. After 20 days of the feeding trial, weight gain, total length gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of hybrid larvae fed diets containing CPO and LO were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of larvae fed with soybean oil. Survival of larvae fed CPO was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of larvae fed LO, canola oil and soybean oil diets. Total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) reported were high in hybrid larvae fed soybean oil followed by CPO while larvae fed CPO had the highest (p < 0.05) total body monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of larvae fed CPO, LO, sunflower seed oil and soybean oil were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) accordingly. The larvae fed the CPO diet had the highest (p < 0.05) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), total n-3 fatty acids and n-3/ n-6 ratio while dietary CPO and linseed oil increased larval body eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content. There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) in dietary linoleic acid (LA) and ARA provided by different plant oils on ARA in hybrid larval body. Moreover, among plant oils used in the experiment, CPO was fetched at the lowest price. In conclusion, the use of dietary CPO in hybrid lemon fin barb larval diets is more economical and feasible.

Dietary plant oil supplemented with arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid affects the fatty acid composition and eicosanoid metabolism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during smoltification

This study sought to investigate whether a “natural diet” (mimicking the fatty acid composition of freshwater aquatic insects eaten by salmon parr) during the freshwater (FW) life stage of pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected red blood cells and gill fatty acid composition as well as eicosanoid metabolism in gill during smolting at different temperatures. Before being transferred to seawater (SW), salmon parr were fed with a modified (MO) diet containing vegetable oils (rapeseed, palm, and linseed oils) supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) to completely replace the fish oil (FO). Fatty acid composition in red blood cells and gill tissues was determined before SW transfer and six weeks after. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with eicosanoid metabolism and Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in salmon gill was examined at different temperatures before SW transfer and 24 h after. The results showed the changes in fatty acid composition, including sum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ARA, EPA, and sum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) in both red blood cells and gill tissues at the FW stage were consistent with the fatty acid profiles of the supplied MO and FO fish diets; however sum EPA and DHA composition exhibited opposite trends to those of the FO diet. The proportion of ARA, EPA, and n-6 PUFA increased, whereas sum MUFAs and DHA decreased in the red blood cells and gill tissues of MO-fed fish compared to those fed with the FO diet at FW stage. Additionally, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (Flap) expression was downregulated in MO-fed fish prior to SW transfer. During the process of SW transfer at different temperatures, the MO diet remarkably suppressed NKAα1a expression in MO-fed fish both at 12 and 16 °C. The MO diet also upregulated phospholipase A2 group IV (PLA2g4) expression in gills at 8, 12, and 16 °C, but suppressed phospholipase A2 group VI (PLA2g6) expression in gills at 12 °C compared to FO-fed fish at 12 °C and MO-fed fish at 8 °C. The MO diet also upregulated Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression at 8 °C compared to FO-fed fish and increased Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) expression in MO-fed fish at 16 °C compared to both FO-fed fish at 16 °C and MO-fed fish at 8 °C. Our study also determined that both SW transfer water temperatures and diets during the FW period jointly influenced the mRNA expression of PLA2g4, PLA2g6, and Lpl, whereas 5-Lox was more sensitive to dietary changes. In conclusion, the MO diet affected the fatty acid composition in gill and in red blood cells. When transferred to SW, dietary ARA supplementation could promote the bioavailability for eicosanoid synthesis in gill mainly via PLA2g4 activation, and potentially inhibit the stress and inflammatory response caused by different water temperatures through dietary EPA supplementation.

Immune responses and acute inflammation in common carp Cyprinus carpio injected by E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as affected by dietary oils

Eicosanoids, resolvins, and lipoxins formed from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are the main lipid mediators in the inflammatory processes explaining the influence of dietary lipid sources on the immune system. The current study aimed to determine the effects of dietary plant oils instead of fish oil or LC-PUFA supplementation in these oils on fish immune and inflammatory responses under normal and LPS-stimulated conditions. Six iso-nitrogenous (ranging from 30.4 to 31.1%) and iso-lipidic (from 11.2 to 11.6%) diets were formulated using three oil sources: cod liver oil (CLO, as fish oil control); linseed oil (LO, rich in α-linolenic acid, ALA); sesame oil (SO, rich in linoleic acid, LA); a blend of LO and SO (SLO, v:v 1:1); and two pure plant oil diets supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid, DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or arachidonic acid, ARA (LO + ARA, LOA). Fish were fed the experimental diets to satiation for 42 days. On day 43, they were injected with E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 100 μg/fish. Fish plasma and tissues such as head kidney and liver were collected on day 42 and one day after LPS injection (day 44) for humoral immune variables and gene expression analyses, respectively. After 42 days of feeding, no influences of dietary oils were found on fish survival, growth, feed utilization, and humoral immune responses. On the other hand, LPS injection significantly stimulated immune responses and induced an acute inflammation in common carp through an increase of the complement activity and the up-regulation of genes involved in the innate immune system (c2), pro-inflammatory response (tlr-4, tnf-α, il-1, il-6, il-8, and cxc), eicosanoid metabolism (pla2, cox-1, 5-lox, and pge2), and anti-inflammatory response (tgf-β1 and nf-fki). Further, the expression of hsp70 was stimulated by LPS injection. The effects of dietary oil sources were observed after LPS injection, with a significant modification in the expression of almost all candidate genes. The highest pro-inflammatory responses induced by LPS were observed in CLO-fed fish while the mixture of plant oils (SLO) and LC-PUFA-supplemented diets induced significantly higher modulations in anti-inflammatory responses (il-10 and nf-kbi), general stress status (hsp70), and cytoprotection (gpx-1) compared to fish oil control and other pure plant oil groups. In conclusion, the immune response of common carp has been modified by the dietary fat sources. The fish oil-based diet supported an increase of the pro-inflammatory responses while the mixture of plant oil or LC-PUFA supplemented diets improved the anti-inflammatory responses and cytoprotection.

Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils

Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp.

The combined effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) TaqIB gene polymorphism and canola, sesame and sesame-canola oils consumption on metabolic response in patients with diabetes and healthy people.

Introduction: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a key regulating enzyme in the lipid metabolism pathway, and its gene polymorphism may be a candidate for modulating the metabolic responses to dietary intervention. We thus examined whether the effects of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism on metabolic profiles were modified by dietary plant oils. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of data collected during a randomized triple-blind cross over trial. A total of 95 patients with type 2 diabetes and 73 non-diabetes individuals completed a 9-weekof the intake of sesame, canola and sesame-canola oils. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each intervention period for biochemical analysis. Genotyping was done using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: In diabetes patients, B1B1 homozygotes of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism compared with B2 carriers (B1B2 + B2B2) had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure, apoB and apoB: apoA-1,and higher Lp(a) after the intake of sesame-canola oil, as well as lower insulin and HOMA-IR after the intake of sesame oil. There was also a significant effect of genotype on adjusted changes of apoB, apoB: apoA-1, insulin, HOMA-IR and QUICKI. A significant genotype-dietary oils combined effects were observed for diastolic blood pressure, and LDL: HDL, TC: HDL and TG: HDL ratios in diabetes patients. No independent or combined effects of dietary oils and genotypes on outcomes were found in healthy people. Conclusion: There was a modulatory effect of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism on some metabolic traits in response to plant oils in patients with diabetes. Taken together, the intake of sesame-canola and canola oils showed more favorable effects in diabetes patients with B1B1 genotype. Future investigations are needed to confirm these results.

Influence of dietary plant fats and antioxidant supplementations on performance, apparent metabolizable energy and protein digestibility, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of meat in broiler chicken

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary different antioxidants and plant oils on performance, apparent metabolizable energy and protein digestibility, meat quality and meat fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. In all, 480 male broiler chicks of 1‐day old were assigned in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2 × 5 (plant oil sources [soybean and rapeseed oils] and antioxidant sources [vitamin E, Thyme, Rosemary and Satureja essential oils] furthermore control treatment without antioxidant). The results indicated that at 1–42 d of age, growth performance and carcass yield of birds were not influenced by dietary plant oils and antioxidant supplementations. Dietary Thyme essential oil (300 mg/kg) resulted in an increase in crude protein digestibility and birds fed on diets without antioxidant showed increase in the apparent metabolizable energy (p < .01). Birds receiving the combination of soybean oil with Rosemary essential oil had lowest malondialdehyde concentration in comparison to birds receiving other treatments (p < .05) in the drumstick meat. Also, birds receiving the combination of soybean oil with vitamin E had lowest malondialdehyde concentration in comparison to birds receiving other treatments (p < .05) in the breast meat. The results indicated that treatments did not influence water holding capacity of meat. Also, dietary rapeseed oil and Thyme essential oil supplementations, separately, decreased saturated fatty acid (p < .01) and increased unsaturated fatty acid and unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (p < .01) of drumstick meat tissue in broiler chicken (p < .01). In conclusion, dietary rapeseed oil and Thyme essential oil increased in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the drumstick meat (p < .01) and a combination of dietary soybean oil, Rosemary essential oil and vitamin E decreased the lipid oxidation in the meat of broiler chickens (p < .05).

A combined in vivo and in vitro approach to evaluate the influence of linseed oil or sesame oil and their combination on innate immune competence and eicosanoid metabolism processes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary pure linseed oil or sesame oil or a mixture on innate immune competence and eicosanoid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Carp of 100.4 ± 4.7 g were fed to satiation twice daily for 6 weeks with four diets prepared from three lipid sources (CLO; LO; SO; SLO). On day 42, plasma was sampled for immune parameter analyses, and kidney and liver tissues were dissected for gene expression analysis. On day 45, HKL and PBMCs from remaining fish were isolated and exposed to E. coli LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 24 h. Results show that the SLO diet enhanced feed utilisation (P = 0.01), while no negative effects on growth or survival were observed in plant oil-fed fish compared to those fed a fish-oil based diet. Plant oil diets did not alter lysozyme and peroxidase activities or gene expression levels. Moreover, the diets did not affect the expression levels of some genes involved in eicosanoid metabolism processes (pla, pge2, lox5). Lys expression in HKL in vitro following exposure to LPS was up-regulated in LO-fed fish, while expression levels of pge2 were higher in SLO fish than in other groups (P < 0.05). The highest value for peroxidase activity in HKL exposed to LPS was found in the SLO-fed group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary plant oils did not induce any negative effects on fish growth, survival, and immune competence status. Moreover, a dietary combination of SO and LO improved the feed utilisation efficiency and seemed more effective in inducing a better immunomodulatory response to LPS through a more active eicosanoid metabolism process.

A combinated in vivo – in vitro approach to evaluate the influence of dietary plant oils on innate immune competence and eicosanoid metabolism process in common carp Cyprinus carpio

Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have several cardioprotective effects. Our aim was to investigate the effects of intakes of fish and Camelina sativa oil (CSO), rich in alpha-linolenic acid, on the atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions of LDL and HDL particles.Altogether, 88 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO (10 g of alpha-linolenic acid/day), fatty fish (4 fish meals/week), lean fish (4 fish meals/week) or control group for 12 weeks. 79 subjects completed the study. The binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans, LDL aggregation and activation of endothelial cells by LDL and cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL were determined in vitro.Intake of CSO decreased the binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans in a non-normalized model (p = 0.006). After normalizing with serum concentrations of non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB) or LDL cholesterol, which decreased in the CSO group, the change was no longer statistically significant. In the fish groups, there were no changes in the binding of lipoproteins to proteoglycans. Regarding other lipoprotein functions, there were no changes in any of the groups.Intake of CSO decreases the binding of lipoproteins to aortic proteoglycans by decreasing serum LDL cholesterol concentration, which suggests that the level of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the circulation is the main driver of lipoprotein retention within the arterial wall. Intake of fish or CSO has no effects on other lipoprotein functions.

Effect of Different Dietary Oils and Fat on Body Weight, Food Intake, Some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Female Albino Rats

The present study investigates the influence of different dietary plant oils included sunflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) corn oil (CO), and animal (AF) on different parameters in female albino rats. Twenty-two animals were divided equally and randomly into five groups, the treatment was performed by needle gavage. First group fed on basal diet and served as control. Second group fed on a basal diet with 0.3ml/rat animal fat orally. Third group fed on a basal diet with 0.3ml/rat sunflower oil orally. Fourth group fed on a basal diet with 0.3ml/rat olive oil orally. Fifth group fed on a basal diet with 0.3ml/rat corn oil orally. It continued for 28 days. Several parameters were measured during and after the study such as body weight, food intake, organ weight (kidney, liver and spleen) Haematological parameters (Hb, RBC, WBC, PLT, HCT and MCV), lipid profile (Total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL). Commonly plant oils and animal fat showed both benefits and harmful effects on the mentioned parameters; the corn oil and olive oil played important role through generating the healthy signs among other oils and animal fat. The present results concluded that both corn oil and olive oil may own positive effect than the other animal fat sunflower oil of people used in their daily diet.

The Effect of PUFA-Rich Plant Oils and Bioactive Compounds Supplementation in Pig Diet on Color Parameters and Myoglobin Status in Long-Frozen Pork Meat.

The study evaluated the effect of pig diet supplementation with rapeseed or linseed oil, and vitamin E or selenium, or both vitamin E and selenium on color parameters and myoglobin content of pork Semimembranosus muscle after long-term freezing storage during nine months. The influence of the type of the bioactive compounds added to pig diet on the content of myoglobin or oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin and deoksymyoglobin in Semimembranosus m. was also assessed. The results indicate that the presence of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pig diet improves the color of pork meat. Supplementation of dietary plant oils or dietary oils with antioxidants tended to increase significantly the concentration of oxymyoglobin and decrease the concentration of metmyoglobin in meat compared to the control group. The highest content of oxymyoglobin was observed in meat obtained from pigs fed diets with linseed oil. The best color scores (highest a* parameter) was noted for rapeseed oil group (with no addition of antioxidants). In conclusion, the addition of antioxidants to pigs’ forage supplemented with PUFA-rich oils is not recommended in order to improve color of long-term frozen pork.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid from Perilla frutescens var. japonica Oil Protects Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment through Regulation of APP Processing and Aβ Degradation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment. The major pathological hallmark of AD is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), which is produced from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through cleavage of β- and γ-secretase. Recently, dietary plant oil containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid has become an attractive alternative source to fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We investigated whether ALA isolated from perilla oil has direct effects on improvement of cognitive ability and molecular mechanisms in APP processing in comparison with DHA. In the present study, ICR mice were treated orally with ALA or DHA (100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days after i.c.v. injection of Aβ25-35. Administration of ALA resulted in a prevention of learning and memory deficit in Aβ25-35-injected mice compared with the control group, as observed in T-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. ALA supplementation also markedly ameliorated the Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide overproduction in the mouse brain, liver, and kidney, almost down to the levels in DHA-administered group. These effects of ALA on protective mechanisms were related to the regulation of APP processing via promoting nonamyloidogenic pathway such as up-regulation of soluble APP alpha, C-terminal fragment alpha/beta ratio, and A disintegrin and metalloprotease10 protein expressions. Furthermore, ALA inhibited the amyloidogenic pathway through the down-regulation of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme and presenilin2. ALA also enhanced Aβ degradation enzyme, insulin-degrading enzyme. In conclusion, the present study indicated a beneficial effect of ALA in improving the cognitive ability against Aβ25-35, and these effects were comparable to those exerted by DHA. Its neuroprotective effects are mediated, in part, by regulation of APP processing and Aβ degradation, and thus, ALA might be a potential candidate for prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.

Dietary plant oils delay early sexual maturation compared with marine fish oil in male European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) — Effects on testis histology and key reproductive hormones

Sexual precocity in farmed European seabass is correlated to reduced growth and flesh quality, and is one of the major challenges for the industry. We evaluated the effects of one marine (M) and one plant (P) oil mix, supplemented at 2 dietary inclusion levels, low (LF) and high (HF), on sexual maturation of European sea bass males. The feeding experiment was conducted on maturing unsexed fish kept in indoor tanks at 10:14 LD photoperiod and reducing water temperatures from October to December. Fish performance of all the fish population, males and females, testis histology, blood hormone levels and gene expression of selected sexual maturation related hormones in the brain and testis of male fish were studied. European seabass males fed the marine oil diets had higher mRNA expressions levels of Cyp 11b, Cyp 19a and Kiss2 in both brain and testis tissues compared with male fish fed plant oil diets. Moreover, high expression of brain Kiss receptor gene (Kissr4) was found in males fed a plant oil diet suggesting a late recrudescence phase of maturation (stages III & IV) in these groups. Histological analyses of testis were in agreement with the hormone gene expression observations where male fish fed with plant oil diets were in early to mid-maturing phase (stages III–IV), while marine oil fed males were at mid to late maturing phase (stages IV–V). No significant effects were observed between the low or high dietary fat treatments. The present results suggest that supplementing diets with plant oils delays maturation in male European seabass.

Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods

There is increasing evidence to indicate that nutrition is an important factor involved in the onset and development of several chronic human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type II diabetes and obesity. Clinical studies implicate excessive consumption of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans-fatty acids (TFA) as risk factors for CVD, and in the aetiology of other chronic conditions. Ruminant-derived foods are significant sources of medium-chain SFA and TFA in the human diet, but also provide high-quality protein, essential micronutrients and several bioactive lipids. Altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods offers the opportunity to align the consumption of fatty acids in human populations with public health policies without the need for substantial changes in eating habits. Replacing conserved forages with fresh grass or dietary plant oil and oilseed supplements can be used to lower medium-chain and total SFA content and increase cis-9 18:1, total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to a variable extent in ruminant milk. However, inclusion of fish oil or marine algae in the ruminant diet results in marginal enrichment of 20- or 22-carbon PUFA in milk. Studies in growing ruminants have confirmed that the same nutritional strategies improve the balance of n-6/n-3 PUFA, and increase CLA and long-chain n-3 PUFA in ruminant meat, but the potential to lower medium-chain and total SFA is limited. Attempts to alter meat and milk fatty acid composition through changes in the diet fed to ruminants are often accompanied by several-fold increases in TFA concentrations. In extreme cases, the distribution of trans 18:1 and 18:2 isomers in ruminant foods may resemble that of partially hydrogenated plant oils. Changes in milk fat or muscle lipid composition in response to diet are now known to be accompanied by tissue-specific alterations in the expression of one or more lipogenic genes. Breed influences both milk and muscle fat content, although recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of genetic variability in transcript abundance and activity of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and identified polymorphisms for several key lipogenic genes in lactating and growing cattle. Although nutrition is the major factor influencing the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods, further progress can be expected through the use of genomic or marker-assisted selection to increase the frequency of favourable genotypes and the formulation of diets to exploit this genetic potential.

Effects of 12 types of oils from plant seeds on lipid metabolism of mice

Mice were fed 12 types of dietary oils from plant seeds in order to study their effects on lipid metabolism. Cholesterol level was 202.40±44.08 mg/dl (highest) in mice fed gorosoe seeds, and it decreased in mice fed loofah seeds, magnolia seeds, and Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. (p&lt;0.05).HDL‐C level in mice fed gorosoe seeds was 175.80±27.66 mg/dl, LDL‐C level was 23.60±17.47 mg/dl, and TG level was 257.00±48.18 mg/dl. All of these levels were higher than those in mice fed other types of oils. Saturated fatty acid level in mice fed gorosoe seeds was 3.395%, whereas that in mice fed Chionanthus retusus lindl. &amp; paxton seeds was the highest.Liver weight of mice fed cherry blossom seeds and Chionanthus retusus lindl. &amp; paxton seeds was the highest, and pancreas weight of mice fed cherry blossom seeds was the highest (p&lt;0.05). Further, kidney weight of mice fed acacia seeds was the highest. Fat levels of internal organs of mice fed loofah seeds were the highest (p&lt;0.05). Further, body weights of mice fed loofah seeds, gorosoe seeds, and magnolia seeds were generally higher.Therefore, the study of dietary plant oils as an alternative energy source should be continued.Grant Funding Source : Sahmyook University

Influence of dietary plant oils on mammary lipogenic enzymes and the conjugated linoleic acid content of plasma and milk fat of lactating goats

A feeding experiment with 15 lactating goats and 3 dietary treatments was conducted to investigate supplementation of safflower or linseed oil on milk production and the fatty acid (FA) profile of blood plasma and milk, and to measure the mRNA abundance of stearyl CoA desaturase (SCD), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in mammary biopsies. Goats were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups with five goats per treatment consisting of a basal diet supplemented with chopped alfalfa hay at a level of 299.9g/kg (dry matter (DM) basis) as the control (CON); CON diet mixed with safflower oil (50g/kg of TMR DM) as a source of C18:2 (SO) or linseed oil (50g/kg of TMR DM) as a source of C18:3 (LO). The experiment lasted 8 wks which included a 2 wk adjustment period. Milk fat yield (P<0.01) and milk fat content (P<0.01) increased with oil supplementation, and oil supplemented TMR increased concentrations of glucose and triglyceride (TG) in blood plasma. While supplementing oils decreased the proportion of short- to medium-chain FA, they increased the C18 unsaturated FA including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in plasma and in milk. The SO and LO treatments increased the mRNA abundances of both SCD and LPL. Oil supplementation is a useful way to alter the milk fat and FA profile of goat milk. An increase in the fat content of goat milk due to the supplemented oils was accompanied by increased LPL and abundance of ACC mRNA. Induction of a substantial increase of CLA in milk by supplementing these oils suggests that they may have an effect on some mammary lipogenic enzymes.

Whole-body synthesis-secretion rates of long-chain n-3 PUFAs from circulating unesterified α-linolenic acid in unanesthetized rats

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), long-chain n-3 PUFAs important for brain and heart function, can be obtained from dietary fish products or by liver synthesis from alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA). Their daily human dietary requirements are not clear, and their liver synthesis rates in humans and nonhumans are unknown. We estimated whole-body (presumably liver) synthesis rates in unanesthetized rats by infusing [U-(13)C]alpha-LNA intravenously for 2 h and measuring labeled and unlabeled n-3 PUFA in arterial plasma using negative chemical ionization GC-MS. Newly synthesized esterified [(13)C]DHA, [(13)C]EPA, and [(13)C]docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) appeared in arterial plasma after 60 min of infusion, then their concentrations rose in an S-shaped manner. Esterified concentration x plasma volume data were fit with a sigmoidal equation, whose peak first derivatives provided synthesis rates of unlabeled EPA, DPA, and DHA equal to 8.40, 6.27, and 9.84 mumol/day, respectively. The DHA synthesis rate exceeded the published daily rat brain DHA consumption rate by 30-fold, suggesting that liver synthesis from alpha-LNA could maintain brain DHA homeostasis were DHA absent from the diet. This stable isotope infusion method could be used to quantify whole-body DHA synthesis rates in human subjects.

Influence of feeding level and dietary oil supplementation on apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of phosphorus and calcium in pigs fed low-phosphorus diets supplemented with microbial or wheat phytase

Two experiments were conducted with pigs fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum to evaluate the effect of energy (ME) intake implemented by variation of feeding level (FL) (exp. 1) or dietary plant oil content (exp. 2), on apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibilities (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), including measurements of lower myo-inositol phosphates at the ileal and fecal level. In exp. 1, 14 barrows (BW 7.3 kg) were fed one of two low-P corn-soybean meal diets providing either 600 U kg-1 microbial (Natuphos® 5000 G) or native wheat phytase at two FL (2.0 vs. 2.8 × ME maintenance requirement) according to a two-period cross-over design. The AID and ATTD of P and Ca were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed microbial phytase compared with wheat phytase. Furthermore, the recoveries of lower myo-inositol phosphates in the feces, but not in the ileal digesta, were higher (P &lt; 0.05) when microbial instead of wheat phytase was added to the diet. Increasing the feed intake improved (P &lt; 0.05) overall AID and ATTD of P, independent of the origin of the supplemental phytase. Additionally, the increase in FL improved (P &lt; 0.05) AID of P in pigs fed wheat phytase. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of FL on ileal or fecal recovery of myo-inositol phosphates. In exp. 2, eight barrows (BW 20.3 kg) were fed a low-P corn-soybean meal diet providing 600 U kg-1 microbial phytase (Natuphos® 5000 G) supplemented without or with 6% plant oil according to a two-period cross-over design. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of oil supplementation on AID and ATTD of P or Ca. In conclusion, an increase in FL improves AID and ATTD of P in pigs fed diets supplemented with microbial or wheat phytase, while increasing energy density had no effect. Key words: Feeding level, phytase, phosphorus, calcium, pigs, digestibility

FABP3 and FABP10 in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.)- General effects of dietary fatty acid composition and life cycle variations

The increased use of dietary plant oil supplementation combined with high dietary lipid loads challenges the lipid transport systems of cultivated fish species. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been thoroughly studied as intracellular fatty acid transporters in vertebrates, but no data have been reported in Atlantic salmon. In the present study, comparative characterizations were performed, and dietary influence of plant oil supplementation on FABP3 and FABP10 expression was studied for several tissues in two separate dietary trials. In trial I, groups (6 fish each) were fed diets for 42 weeks (body mass 142 ± 1 to 1463 ± 83 g) (mean ± S.D.), containing graded levels of rapeseed oil substituting for fish oil using a linear regression design. In trial II, groups (3 fish each) were fed 100% fish oil or 100% plant oil for 22 months (0.160 ± 0.052 to 2523 ± 590 g) (mean ± S.D.) and sampled at regular intervals. Liver and muscle tissues appeared to express several FABPs possibly linked to different metabolic functions. FABPs mRNA expression did not change with dietary inclusion of 75% rapeseed oil, whereas FABP3 protein expression seemed to be affected by dietary rapeseed oil inclusion. Significant changes in red muscle FABP3 mRNA expression correlate to significant changes in total β-oxidation capacity during the energy consuming process of smoltification.

Modulation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Induced Loss of Chicken Egg Hatchability by Dietary Soybean Oil

The main objective of the present study was to determine the minimum level of dietary plant oil supplementation that results in full recovery from loss of hatchability induced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Another objective was to define the changes in egg yolk fatty acid composition associated with the loss and recovery of hatchability. Shaver hens were assigned to groups of 8 and were fed a diet containing either no CLA plus 0.5% soybean oil (control) or 0.5% CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA) plus 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% soybean oil for 15 d. Supplementation with CLA (CLA plus 0% soybean oil) resulted in complete loss of hatchability of fertile eggs. Hatchability was progressively improved by increasing doses of soybean oil, and full recovery of hatchability compared with the control levels was achieved at 6% soybean oil. There was no further improvement in hatchability when 8% soybean oil was added to the CLA-supplemented diet. Loss of hatchability was associated with a 2- to 3-fold decrease in desaturase ratios (cis-9 C16:1/C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1/C18:0) in the egg yolk total lipids, indicating marked inhibition of Δ-9 desaturase in the chicken liver. In addition, the concentration of arachidonic acid was observed to decrease. Recovery of hatchability was associated with an increased proportion of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the egg yolk. However, there was no change in desaturase ratios, suggesting that Δ-9 desaturase inhibition persisted. Increased incorporation of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids might have compensated for the reduced levels of palmitoleic and oleic acid, thus allowing for the improvement in hatchability.

Dietary Echium Oil Increases Plasma and Neutrophil Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acids and Lowers Serum Triacylglycerols in Hypertriglyceridemic Humans

A wealth of evidence indicates that consumption of fish or dietary fish oils containing long-chain (n-3) PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with cardiovascular benefit, including a reduction in circulating triacylglycerol concentrations and reduced mortality from coronary heart disease. Shorter-chain dietary (n-3) PUFA such as alpha-linolenic acid from vegetable oils are inefficiently converted to EPA and DHA and do not possess the hypotriglyceridemic properties attributed to fish oils. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Echium oil, a plant oil containing the 18-carbon (n-3) PUFA stearidonic acid, on tissue fatty acid content and serum triacylglycerol concentrations in hypertriglyceridemic humans. Asymptomatic subjects with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia were enrolled in an open-labeled study. Subjects underwent a 4-wk lead-in period and were then instructed to follow the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 1 diet. Subjects (n = 11) whose serum triacylglycerol concentrations remained between 3.4 and 5.1 mmol/L (300 and 450 mg/dL) were instructed to consume 15 g of Echium oil daily for 4 wk. During the treatment period, serum triacylglycerol concentrations decreased by 21%, or 0.87 +/- 0.26 mmol/L (mean +/- SD) compared with baseline (P < 0.05); 8 of 11 subjects had a decrease in serum triacylglycerols ranging from 13 to 52% with a decrease from baseline of 30%, or 1.26 +/- 0.41 mmol/L (mean +/- SD). There were no significant changes in any other clinical laboratory variables. Concentrations of long-chain (n-3) PUFA, including EPA, increased (P < 0.05) in plasma and neutrophils when subjects consumed Echium oil. In conclusion, dietary plant oils rich in stearidonic acid are metabolized to longer-chain, more unsaturated (n-3) PUFA. These oils appear to possess hypotriglyceridemic properties typically associated with fish oils.