Dietary Lysine Concentration Research Articles

Ammonium phosphate is a potential nitrogen supplement in nitrogen-limiting diets for growing pigs

Reduced protein diets may be limiting in dietary nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion and lysine content on growth performance of growing pigs. Pen-housed growing pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments to test the impact of NPN inclusion and dietary lysine content for 28 days. NPN inclusion increased feed efficiency and lean depth ( P < 0.05). Final body weight increased with greater lysine ( P < 0.05) but was not impacted by NPN ( P > 0.05). Ammonium phosphate may be an appropriate N source in N-limiting diets for pigs.

Dietary L-Lysine Requirement of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Alevins

The suitable dietary L-lysine concentration for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins was assessed by a dose response feeding trial. Six experimental diets were made with graded L-lysine concentrations of 2.29%, 2.81%, 3.32%, 3.80%, 4.27%, and 4.78% of the dry matter, respectively, each of which was fed to triplicate groups of 100 alevins (initial body weight: 0.30 ± 0.01 g) in 18 plastic baskets (water volume 240 L). The alevins were cultured in a flowing freshwater system and fed manually to apparent satiation four times a day for 12 weeks. The survival rate of alevins did not differ significantly among the dietary groups. The specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and body protein deposition (BPD) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in dietary lysine concentration up to 3.80% and then reduced as lysine level further increased. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) had an inverse trend to SGR. The whole-body crude protein content of the alevins increased significantly with increasing dietary lysine level, while crude lipid content showed the opposite trend. In comparison, the contents of morphological indices, whole-body moisture, and ash were not affected significantly (p > 0.05) by the different dietary lysine concentrations. The highest contents of lysine, arginine, and total essential amino acids (EAAs) were observed in the group with 4.27% dietary lysine concentration, which did not differ significantly from those in the 3.32%, 3.80%, and 4.78% groups but was significantly higher than those in the 2.29% and 2.81% groups. Similarly, valine had the highest content in the group with 4.78%. The variations in dietary lysine had no significant impacts on other EAA and non-EAA contents except glycine, which increased with increasing dietary lysine level. Second-order polynomial model analyses based on SGR, PER, BPD, and FCR evaluated the optimum L-lysine requirements of coho salmon alevins as 3.74%, 3.73%, 3.91%, and 3.77% of the diet or 6.80%, 6.78%, 7.11%, and 6.85% of dietary proteins, respectively.

216 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance of 12.4 to 31.3 kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars

Abstract A total of 1,156 PIC 800-sired pigs (12.4 kg BW) were used in a 27-day experiment to estimate the SID lysine requirement of pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg BW. Forty-eight pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn, with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized design with 9 to 10 replicate pens (10 pens for treatments 1, 3, 5 and 9 pens for treatments 2, 4) per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations evaluated were 1.12, 1.19, 1.26, 1.33, and 1.40%. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to equal NE concentrations across treatment. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. For significant quadratic effects, breakpoint analysis was conducted (two slope regression or quadratic broken line analysis) using nonlinear regression analysis to estimate for SID lysine requirement. A linear (P < 0.05) response was observed for BW to increase as SID lysine level in the diet increased. Increasing SID lysine increased average daily gain (ADG) quadratically (P = 0.05) with a plateau observed above 1.357% SID Lys. Additionally, increased SID lysine yielded a quadratic effect on G:F (P < 0.05) with a plateau above 1.327% SID lysine. There was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) observed for cost of gain (COG), with no benefit to COG when feeding above 1.201% SID lysine. However, there was a linear response (P < 0.05) observed for return over feed cost (ROFC) as SID lysine increased due to increased BW. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on feed intake or mortality and morbidity. These data indicate that the estimated SID lysine requirement for PIC 800-sired pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg to be 1.327 and 1.357 for optimal feed efficiency and ADG, respectively.

131 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Concentration Curve on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs of DNA Genetics

Abstract A total of 1,125 pigs (31.4 kg BW) of DNA genetics were used in a 109-d experiment to evaluate the effect of SID Lys feeding curve of pigs from 31.4 to 133.3 kg BW. Forty-five pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations were evaluated on a curve (corresponding to 90, 95, 100, 105, and 110% of the DNA Genetics SID lysine recommendations) using a 6-phase feeding program throughout the experimental period. The 100% curve concentrations used were 1.16% for phase 1 (31.4 – 47.5 kg), 1.02% for phase 2 (47.5 – 64.4 kg), 0.92% for phase 3 (64.4 – 81.8 kg), 0.79% for phase 4 (81.8 – 98.9 kg), 0.72% for phase 5 (98.9 – 117.1 kg), and 0.65% for phase 6 (117.1 – 133.3 kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and formulated for equal NE concentrations across treatment within diet phase. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. A linear (P < 0.05) increase was observed for BW, average daily gain, and G:F as SID lysine level in the diet increased. There was a linear increase observed (P < 0.05) for lysine intake (g/d and g per lb. gain) as SID lysine level of the diet increased. While no difference (P > 0.10) was observed for NE intake, caloric efficiency improved linearly (P < 0.05) as lysine level in the diet increased. Furthermore, return over feed cost improved linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary SID lysine level increased. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on mortality and morbidity. A linear response (P < 0.05) for hot carcass weight and loin depth was observed as SID lysine level increased. Additionally, a quadratic response was observed (P < 0.05) for fat depth and percent lean as SID lysine level increased. These data indicate the SID lysine level that optimized growth and carcass measurements for DNA pigs ranging from 31.4 to 133.3 kg to be above the 105% curve, corresponding to 1.22, 1.071, 0.966, 0.83, 0.756, and 0.683 for diet phases 1 through 6, respectively.

Excess Dietary Lysine Increases Skeletal Muscle and Plasma Trimethyllysine in Rats

Trimethyllysine, a carnitine precursor, is a cation. This study was designed to determine whether dietary potassium and lysine concentration or oral lysine supplementation affects tissue carnitine and trimethyllysine concentration in rats. In Experiment 1, rats were fed a control diet, a low or high potassium diet, or a high lysine diet. In Experiment 2, rats were given by gavage a solution containing either L-proline (control) or L-lysine. In Experiment 1, rats fed the high lysine diet had significantly lower plasma total carnitine concentration than controls. Rats fed the high lysine diets had significantly higher concentrations of free trimethyllysine in skeletal muscle and plasma relative to control rats and rats fed the high potassium diet. Rats fed the low potassium diet had a similar increase in skeletal muscle free trimethyllysine. In Experiment 2, rats given lysine had significantly lower plasma total carnitine concentration, and significantly greater skeletal muscle and plasma trimethyllysine concentration relative to controls. We conclude that dietary potassium and lysine, and oral lysine, have a significant effect upon the distribution of carnitine and trimethyllysine in rats. The distributional changes caused by lysine, however, seem to be due to effects other than exchange of lysine for carnitine or trimethyllysine in tissues.

Nitrogen and lysine utilization efficiencies, protein turnover, and blood urea concentrations in crossbred grower pigs at marginal dietary lysine concentration.

Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and lysine utilization efficiency (LUE) are key indicators of sustainable pork production and vary depending on nutritional and non-nutritional factors. The objective was to study NUE and LUE together with concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and other metabolites in growing pigs fed diets with marginal Lys concentrations at 11-13 wk (40.5 kg mean BW) and 14 to 16 wk (60.2 kg mean BW). The cereal grain-soybean meal-based diets contained 10.6 and 7.9 g Lys/kg DM in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Feed intake and BW were measured for 508 individually penned pigs, and blood samples were collected 5 h after morning feeding at weeks 13 and 16. A subgroup of 48 barrows was used in a nitrogen (N) metabolism trial at weeks 13 and 16. In this subgroup, the mean N retention of pigs (27.3 g N/d) and mean LUE (70%) were not different between the periods, but NUE was higher in period 1 (47%) than in period 2 (43%) (P < 0.001). After administration of a single dose of 15N labeled glycine and measurement of 15N recovery in urine, the calculated whole-body protein turnover did not differ between the periods. The rate of protein synthesis was positively correlated with NUE (P < 0.001), but protein degradation was not. Excretion of urea-N in urine accounted for 80% of the total urinary N and was positively correlated with BUN. The N retention of all 508 pigs was estimated using an equation that was derived from the N metabolism data. N retention was on average 31.4 g/d, equal in both periods, and higher in barrows than in gilts in period 2, but not in period 1 (P = 0.003). The calculated NUE was, on average, 47% and was lower in barrows than in gilts (P < 0.001) and higher in period 1 than in period 2 (P < 0.001). The calculated LUE was, on average, 71%, and was lower in barrows than in gilts in period 2, but not in period 1 (P < 0.001). The BUN concentration was higher in barrows than in gilts (P < 0.001) and higher in period 1 than in period 2 (P < 0.001). BUN concentration was negatively correlated with NUE in Periods 1 (r = -0.50) and 2 (r = -0.15) (P < 0.05). We concluded that the maximum LUE was in the range of 70-72% under the conditions of this study, and only small differences between the periods and sexes existed. Protein synthesis, rather than degradation, appears to affect NUE. BUN concentration may be useful for estimating NUE in a large group of animals fed a diet with a marginal Lys concentration.

PSXV-7 Nutrient Digestibility Evaluation in Finisher Pigs from Diverse Feed Efficiency Groups

Abstract Feed efficiency (FE) is a critical trait in swine production to improve the overall production efficiency and profitability and is an important goal for pig breeding companies. FE is a complex trait involving utilization and storage of dietary nutrients in different organs, and more especially in skeletal muscles. However, whether nutrient digestibility in the pig is altered by genetic selection for FE is less clear. Thus, this study investigated the variation in apparent total tract nutrient digestibility (ATTD) in finisher boars selected for high (HFE) or low (LFE) FE within a Large White dam and sire line. A total of 130 boars were selected at 23 wk of age based on their genomic-enabled breeding value for FE and fed ad libitum a corn-soybean meal-based diet using feeding stations that recorded individual feed intake and body weight. Fecal and diet samples were analyzed for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein (CP), energy, ash, phosphorus, and calcium to determine ATTD using acid-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. There was no difference in ATTD values between genetic lines (P &amp;gt; 0.10). However, HFE pigs had greater (P = 0.03 ATTD of CP compared with LFE pigs. Based on the estimated protein deposition and the average feed intake one week before sampling, calculated dietary digestible lysine content diet met the requirements for the average pig. However, HFE pigs had a reduced feed intake, implying that they might have experienced a shortage of lysine in the diet. It is unclear whether the improved ATTD of CP was due to a lysine-shortage or differences in genetic merit for FE.

Nitrogen retention, nutrient digestibility and growth efficiency of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fed dietary lysine and reared in fertilized ponds

Two diets were formulated, a low lysine (LowL) and a balanced lysine diet (BalL), containing 9.10 and 13.10 g lysine kg−1 feed, respectively. Twenty fish (30.2 ± 1.9 g) per tank were stocked in 110-L tanks, mounted in a recycling aquaculture system (RAS), and nine hundred fish (17.2 ± 1.6 g) per pond were stocked in 200 m2 fertilized ponds (FPS). Four replicates in RAS and five replicates in FPS were assigned for each diet tested. Fish were fed with the experimental diets at a feeding rate based on metabolic body weight, twice daily for 70 days. Fish fed the BalL diet in RAS had a higher yield (kg m−3), specific growth rate, nitrogen retention efficiency (%), protein efficiency ratio (g g−1 protein), protein content and essential amino acid content, as well as a better feed conversion ratio (p < .05). Lysine levels did not significantly affect fish survival (%), feed intake and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. In contrast, in FPS, dietary lysine content did not (p > .05) affect the growth indices of nutrient utilization, survival (%), body composition and essential amino acids or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Percentage compositions of plankton in the gut contents and plankton abundances in water were approximately the same between diets. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between plankton abundance and growth in fish fed the LowL diet was .761 and −.961 for phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively, compared with .50 and .54 in fish fed the BalL diet. The contribution of the natural food to nitrogen gain was 30% in fish fed the LowL diet, compared with 21% in fish fed the BalL diet (p < .05). The present study shows that natural food compensated for the deficiency of dietary lysine and improved the protein efficiency ratio by 46%, when compared to Nile tilapia grown in clear-water tanks.

Optimal feed level during the transition period to achieve faster farrowing and high colostrum yield in sows.

This study aimed to determine the optimal supply of lactation feed during the transition period to minimize farrowing duration (FD) and maximize colostrum yield (CY) and quality with the overall aim of reducing piglet mortality. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight and assigned to six levels of feed supply (1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, and 5.0 kg/d) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn piglets; birth time and birth weight of each piglet; and frequency of farrowing assistance (FA) was recorded, and blood samples were obtained from newborn piglets at birth. Live-born piglets were further weighed at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which in turn was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. FD was shortest (4.2 h) at intermediate (3.7 kg/d), longest (7.1 to 7.6 h) at low (1.8 and 2.4 kg/d), and intermediate (5.6 to 5.7 h) at high (4.3 and 5.0 kg/d) feed intake (P = 0.004; mean comparison). FA was lowest (0.7% to 0.8%) at intermediate feed intake (3.7 and 4.3 kg/d) and substantially elevated (4.3% to 4.7%) at both lower and higher feed intake (P = 0.01; mean comparison). The cubic contrast revealed 4.1 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to achieve the shortest FD and to minimize FA. Newborn piglets from second-parity sows were less vital than piglets from gilts as evaluated by blood biochemical variables immediately after birth. CY was greatest at 3.1 kg/d (P = 0.04), whereas the cubic contrast revealed 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to maximize CY. Concentrations of colostral components were affected by the diet, parity, and their interaction except for lactose concentrations. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of proper feed level during the transition period on sow productivity. Moreover, this study estimated 4.1 and 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake during the transition period to improve farrowing characteristic and CY, respectively, and these two feed intake levels supplied daily 38.8 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 23.9 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (3.0 kg/d) or 53.0 MJ ME and 32.7 g SID lysine (4.1 kg/d). The discrepancy of optimal feed intake for optimal farrowing and colostrum performance suggests that it may be advantageous to lower dietary lysine concentration in the diet fed prepartum.

Utilization of coconut meal based diets supplemented with lysine by broiler chicken

Coconut meal (CM) was included in a broiler diet to supply 40% of the total groundnut cake protein. The diet was formulated based on the recommendations of a previous study that coconut meal protein can replace 40% of groundnut cake (GNC) in broilers diet. A control diet was formulated containing 22% GNC, the protein of which was replaced by coconut meal protein. Five diets were prepared . The control (Diet A) and 4 others that contained essentially the same proximate composition (Diets B-E) were supplemented with synthetic lysine at 0.30, 0,60, 0.90 and 1.20% dietary levels. 240 broiler chicks were alotted into 5 dietary treatment groups of 3 sub-groupa. Each sub-group contained 16 birds. The dietary lysine content from diets A-E were 1.20, 1.15, 1.45, 1.76 and 2.00% respectively and were fed to the broilers for a period of 56 days. Performance indices, average feed consumption, average body gain, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were monitored. The dry matter, protein and ether extractretentions were all equally monitored twice at the 4th and 8th week. Haematological and enzyme assays were investigated at 4th and 8th week. The average feed consumption and FCR were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) by the increasing level of lysine supplementation both at the 4th and 8th week. The body gain also decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while the live weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) better in the control and 0.6% lysine supplementation at the 56th day of the study. The dry matter, nitrogen and other extract retentions significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The total protein and albumin decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while, creatinine and urea increased with increasing level of lysine supplementation. The serum glutamate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase both increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The study indicated that 0.6% lysine supplementation (of diet containing coconut meal contributing 40% protein of the major vegetable protein source) enhance the utilization of the coconut meal by broilers.

75 Effects of dietary energy and lysine concentration on feed intake and productive performance of lean growing pigs

Abstract The aim of this experiment was to determine the response of growing pigs to different standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) and net energy (NE) levels. A total of 1,248 crossbred boars and gilts (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)), with an initial body weight of 19.9±4.0 kg, were individually blocked in 3 categories. Pigs were distributed in 96 pens (13 pigs/pen). The experiment consisted on a 2 x 2 factorial design with 2 SID Lys (1.20 vs. 1.00 %) and 2 NE levels (2,550 vs. 2,350 kcal/kg), fed for 26 days. Data was analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. No significant interaction was observed between SID Lys and NE. Increasing SID Lys improved ADG (0.721 vs 0.679 kg/d, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and FCR (1.56 vs. 1.65 kg/kg, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Increasing NE had no impact on ADG (0.706 vs. 0.695 kg/d, p=0.100) but improved FCR (1.58 vs. 1.63 kg/kg, p&amp;lt; 0.001) as a result of reduction in ADFI (1.10 vs. 1.15 kg/d, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Therefore, energy intake increased when increasing the energy content of the diet (2799 vs. 2697 kcal NE/d, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and SID Lys intake was reduced (12.2 vs. 12.8 g/d, p&amp;lt; 0.001). In addition, FCR expressed as energy per kg gain was reduced when increasing SID Lys (3.81 vs. 4.04 Mcal NE/kg gain, p&amp;lt; 0.001) whereas increased when increasing NE density (4.02 vs. 3.82 Mcal NE/kg gain, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Differential analysis for small, medium and large pigs showed an interaction between SID Lys and NE in ADG of small pigs during the first 14 days (p=0.028). Pigs fed high lysine and low energy diet had a greater ADG than the ones in the high SID Lys and NE treatment (0.636 vs 0.595 kg/d, p=0.028). In conclusion, growing pigs showed 1) greater ADG when increasing SID Lys above 1.00% 2) no impact of energy level on growth.

PSIII-34 Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements for 7- to 15-kg weanling pigs with high-lean genetics fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet

Abstract Continued genetic improvement necessitates the verification of nutrient requirements for newly developed pig genotypes. Therefore, the objective was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirements for 7- to 15-kg high-lean piglets (TN Tempo × TN70) fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. A total of 144 piglets (6.51 ± 0.56 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a randomized complete block design based on BW to give 8 replicate pens each with 3 pigs over a 21-d period. Sex was balanced as 4 replicates for each male and female. Diets contained 1.00, 1.16, 1.32, 1.48, 1.64, or 1.80% SID lysine, achieved by adding crystalline L-Lysine·HCl at the expense of cornstarch. Other indispensable AA were provided to meet the requirements. Individual BW and feed disappearance were recorded weekly and blood was sampled on d 1, 14, and 21. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS including the SID lysine concentration as the fixed effect and the block as the random effect. Sex effect was not significant, thus was excluded from the model. The SID Lys requirements were estimated for linear and quadratic broken-line using NLIN procedure of SAS. Lysine content did not affect ADG and ADFI during wk 1, but quadratically increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) G:F. From d 14 to 21, ADG and G:F increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) quadratically by increasing dietary lysine content. Overall, increasing dietary lysine content quadratically increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F; whereas, plasma urea nitrogen quadratically decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the SID lysine requirements for optimal growth performance of 7- to 15-kg piglets fed corn-soybean meal-based diets based on linear and quadratic broken-line models were 1.27 and 1.38% for ADG and 1.36 and 1.46% for G:F, respectively, thus giving an overall average value of 1.37%.

A two-component feeding strategy with high supply of energy and lysine ensured a high milk yield, minimal mobilization and improved feed efficiency of lactating sows

This study investigated the impact of energy supply and dietary lysine concentration on body reserve mobilization pattern, milk yield, nutrient balances and feed efficiency of sows fed 1 of 4 different dietary treatments. Two dietary components were formulated to meet the requirement for maintenance (basal; low in lysine) and milk production (lactation; high in lysine). A total of 24 second-parity lactating sows were assigned to the dietary treatments using a 2-component feeding strategy. Sows were supplied either high (HE) or low (LE) energy (i.e. two feeding levels), and within each feeding level, sows were supplied with high (HL) or low (LL) dietary lysine concentration from their total ration. The four dietary strategies, HEHL, HELL, LEHL, and LELL, were obtained by supplying different amounts and ratios of the basal and the lactation components. The dietary strategies were defined to generate distinct mobilization patterns in the four groups, i.e. mainly muscle mobilization (HELL), mainly fat mobilization (LEHL), muscle + fat mobilization (LELL), or no mobilization (HEHL). Sows and piglets were weighed on d 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of lactation and milk samples were collected weekly. Sows were enriched with deuterium oxide on d 3 and 28 of lactation to estimate body mobilization. Sows fed LEHL and LELL strategies lost greater BW (P = 0.005), mobilized greater body protein (P = 0.001) and body fat (P = 0.01) than HEHL or HELL fed sows. Sows fed HEHL and LELL had greater milk yield (12.9 kg/d) than sows fed LEHL (11.6 kg/d) with HELL fed sows being intermediate (12.7 kg/d; P = 0.04). Negative energy balances and mobilization of body fat and protein were observed for all 4 dietary strategies to various extent, indicating that sow mobilization pattern is rather complex. The study revealed that high BW loss and high body reserve mobilization are not necessary to achieve a high milk yield when dietary supply of nutrients were optimized according to the requirements. Feed efficiency, evaluated as net energy corrected for mobilization of body reserves, was greater in HEHL and HELL strategies (P < 0.001) than in LEHL or LELL strategy. In conclusion, nutrient balances and mobilization patterns were affected by the dietary strategies but all sows had greater fat mobilization than muscle mobilization. The HEHL dietary strategy seemed to be superior to the other dietary strategies as these sows had both a high milk yield and a high feed efficiency.

The major constituents of rye (Secale cereale L.) flour and their role in the production of rye bread, a food product to which a multitude of health aspects are ascribed

AbstractBackgroundRye (Secale cereale L.) is, second to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the most common cereal used for producing bread. Rye‐based breads are of great interest because of their high dietary fiber and lysine contents and because of their health effects. However, the bread‐making performance of rye flour is inferior to that of wheat flour.FindingsThis review summarizes the current knowledge about the major rye constituents (starch, proteins, and arabinoxylans), their role during bread making, and the potential health implications of rye bread consumption. Rye proteins play only a minor role during bread making, but their exact role remains insufficiently explored. In contrast to wheat proteins, they lack the ability to form a network with good gas‐retaining properties. The rye bread crumb structure is partly attributed to its starch and arabinoxylan polysaccharides. Both bind a lot of water, form networks, and bring about the rye bread structure.ConclusionsNevertheless, a better understanding of the role of rye starch, proteins, and arabinoxylans, their interactions, and their impact on dough structure or product quality still needs further exploration. In terms of health effects, EFSA has acknowledged that rye fiber contributes to normal bowel function. There are also indications that rye bread consumption has a number of positive effects such as reducing the risk of colon cancer and hunger feelings and cholesterol‐lowering effects. However, although beneficial health effects of rye‐bread consumption are shown, more research is needed.Significance and noveltyA literature search with the terms “rye” and “review” in Web of Science in April 2020 resulted in only six manuscripts. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge about the major rye constituents (starch, proteins, and arabinoxylans), their role during bread making, and the potential health implications of rye bread consumption.

353 Optimal dietary lysine for growth development of gilts until first parity

Abstract Unacceptable sow longevity in modern production systems has placed nutritional programs for developing gilts into question. Nutritional programs are well defined for terminal pigs, but not for developing gilts. To achieve breeding targets and allow gilts to meet their maternal genetic potential for lifetime productivity, the optimum lysine requirement for developing gilts should be well understood. The National Pork Board Animal Science Committee commissioned trials to determine the optimum lysine levels for developing gilts in U.S. pig production systems. An experiment was conducted to challenge proposed dietary lysine concentration for optimum growth rate during gilt development. A total of 2,960 growing crossbred gilts were fed three grower-finisher diets, formulated to provide low lysine (0.68 and 0.52% SID lysine), medium lysine (0.79 and 0.60% SID lysine), and high lysine (0.90 and 0.68% SID lysine) levels and fed to developing gilts starting from 142 to 200 d of age. Gilts fed the high lysine dietary treatment had significantly increased body weight (BW), flank-to-flank length, backfat thickness (BF), loin depth (LD), average daily gain, and fat-to-lean ratio (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, gilts fed the high lysine treatment during development phase had greater BW (202.4 ± 1.2 kg), BF (14.8 ± 0.2 mm), and LD (5.4 ± 0.5 cm) at first farrowing and BF (15.1 ± 0.2 mm) at weaning when compared with gilts fed the medium and low lysine treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Litter birth weight (17.4 ± 0.3 kg), number weaned (9.0 ± 0.2), and litter weaning weight (46.6 ± 0.9 kg) from the gilts fed the high lysine sow treatment were greater when compared with performance from gilts fed the medium and low treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Gilt development diets containing 2.79 g and 2.08 g SID lysine per MCal ME (high lysine grower and finisher diets, respectively) allowed gilts to achieve good growth and first parity reproductive performance.

Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and crude protein concentration for growth and carcass performance in finishing pigs weighing greater than 100 kg1,2.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and CP concentrations for finishing pigs over 100 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 253 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 102.0 kg) were used in a 23-d trial with 7 to 8 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments contained 4 SID lysine concentrations (0.45, 0.55, 0.65, or 0.75%). To formulate the experimental diets, a corn-soybean meal diet with 0.45% SID lysine was formulated without L-lysine HCl. Then, a corn-soybean meal diet containing 0.75% SID lysine was formulated including 0.23% L-lysine HCl. The 0.45 and 0.75% SID lysine diets were blended to provide the 0.55 and 0.65% SID lysine diets. Increasing SID lysine increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI with pigs fed 0.55% SID lysine having the greatest final BW. Marginal improvements in gain:feed (G:F; quadratic, P = 0.058) and carcass yield (linear, P = 0.051) and reduction in backfat (quadratic, P = 0.074) were also observed with increasing SID lysine. The quadratic polynomial models predicted maximum ADG and G:F at 0.62 and 0.63% SID lysine, respectively. The broken-line linear model predicted no further improvement in G:F over 0.55% SID lysine. In Exp. 2, 224 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 109.4 kg) were used in a 20-d trial with 7 pigs per pen and 7 to 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 4 concentrations of CP (10, 11, 12, or 13%) that were formed by reducing the amount of L-lysine HCl in a corn-soybean meal diet. Increasing CP increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI with the greatest responses observed in pigs fed the diet with 12% CP. Increasing dietary CP also improved (linear, P < 0.05) G:F, final BW, and hot carcass weight (HCW). In Exp. 3, 238 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 111.8 kg) were used in a 26-d trial with 7 to 8 pigs and 6 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 5 concentrations of CP (9, 10, 11, 12, or 13%). Increasing CP improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and G:F with the greatest response observed in pigs fed 13% CP. Increasing CP marginally increased (quadratic, P < 0.074) HCW, with the greatest response observed in pigs fed 12% CP. In conclusion, the SID lysine requirement for pigs from 100 to 122 kg was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response criteria with performance maximized with diets containing 12 to 13% CP.

Research Article Expression of lipid metabolism and myosin heavy chain genes in pigs is affected by genotype and dietary lysine

Expression of lipid metabolism and myosin heavy chain genes was evaluated in skeletal muscle of pig’s genotypes submitted to different dietary digestible lysine contents. Fifty-two barrows and fifty gilts from three genotypes (G: Piau, Duroc and Pietrain crossbreds) were assigned to three dietary digestible lysine contents (DL: Low, Medium and High). Ten genes were evaluated, being six involved with lipid metabolism: Fatty acid synthase (FAS), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), Protein kinase AMP-activated γ1 subunit (PRKAG1), Protein kinase AMP-activated γ3 subunit (PRKAG3), Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), Heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), and four in Myosin heavy chain: MyHC I, MyHC IIa, MyHC IIb and MyHC IIx. There were no G × DL interactions. The expression levels for FAS, SCD, PRKAG1, HFABP, MyHC IIb and MyHC IIa were affected by G (P<0.05). A higher expression were observed for FAS in Pietrain barrows and gilts (P<0.05); for SCD in Duroc barrows, and in Duroc and Pietrain gilts (P<0.05); for PRKAG1 in Piau barrows and gilts (P<0.05); for H-FABP and MyHC IIb in Duroc and Pietrain barrows (P<0.05); and for MyHC IIa in Duroc and Pietrain gilts (P<0.05). The expression levels for MyHC IIb, PRKAG3 and MyHC IIa were affected by DL (P<0.05). A higher ex’pression were observed for MyHC IIb in barrows fed High and Medium DL, and in gilts fed High DL (P<0.05); for PRKAG3 in barrows fed Low DL (P<0.05); and for MyHC IIa in gilts fed High DL (P<0.05). Our results indicate that genotype and dietary lysine appear to affect the expression of lipid metabolism and myosin heavy chain genes of barrows and gilts in different ways.

Effects of dietary lysine levels on the concentrations of selected nutrient metabolites in blood plasma of late‐stage finishing pigs

Lysine is the first-limiting amino acid (AA) in typical swine diets and plays very important roles in promoting growth performance of pigs. This research was conducted to study the effects of dietary lysine on blood plasma concentrations of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolites of pigs. Eighteen crossbred finishing pigs (nine barrows and nine gilts; initial BW 92.3±6.9kg) were individually penned in an environment controlled barn. Pigs were assigned to three dietary treatments according to a randomized complete block design with gender as block and pig as experimental unit (6 pigs/treatment). Three corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to contain total lysine at 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets I (lysine deficient), II (lysine adequate), and III (lysine excess) respectively. After 4weeks on trial, jugular vein blood was collected and plasma was separated. The plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen (UN), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and glucose were determined using an ACE Clinical Chemistry System (Alfa Wassermann, Inc., West Caldwell, NJ, USA). Data were analysed using the GLM Procedure with PDIFF (adjust=T) option of SAS. No differences (p>0.10) were found between barrows and gilts for any of the metabolites measured. While there were no differences (p>0.10) between pigs fed Diets II and III in plasma concentrations of UN, albumin, and total cholesterol, the concentration of albumin in these pigs was higher (p<.05) than that of pigs fed Diet I, and the concentrations of UN and total cholesterol in these pigs were lower (p<.05) than that of pigs fed Diet I. There were no differences (p>0.10) among the three dietary treatments in plasma concentrations of total protein, triglycerides, and glucose. These findings indicated that the plasma metabolite profile can be affected by changing dietary lysine content only. Thorough understanding how the plasma metabolite profile is alternated by dietary lysine will facilitate nutrient management for more sustainable swine production.

Effect of dietary digestible lysine concentration on performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites in laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary digestible lysine concentration on productive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites in laying hens. A completely randomized block design was performed with 5 treatments and 6 replicates of 8 Hy-line W-36 hens each, from 32 to 44 wk of age. The treatments were 5 digestible lysine concentrations (0.657, 0.707, 0.757, 0.807, and 0.857% of diet). Feed intake was significantly increased with each increment in dietary digestible lysine concentration. Significant improvement in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, Haugh unit, and FCR were observed by an increase in lysine intake. Dietary lysine concentration did not have a significant impact on percentage of egg components, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, DM, and protein constituents of eggs. Dietary digestible lysine concentration did not have a significant effect on triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid, and total protein in plasma. The digestible lysine requirements for optimal egg production, egg mass, and egg weight (32 to 44 wk of age), based on the linear broken-line regression analysis, were 814, 810 and 778 (mg/b/d), respectively. Whereas, these values were 4, 3.9, and 6 percent less than those estimated by the quadratic broken-line model, respectively.

Lysine requirements of Korean native ducklings for three weeks after hatch

Dietary lysine content in poultry diets is critical to improve feed utilization efficiency, body protein deposition rate, and carcass traits of growing and finishing poultry. The objective of the current study was to estimate the optimum digestible lysine requirements for maximum growth performance, efficient utilization of nitrogen, and carcass traits of male Korean native ducklings for 3 wk after hatch. A total of 720 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design having 8 dietary treatments to provide a range of digestible lysine content from 0.44 to 1.07%. Ducklings were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens (6 replicates per treatment and 15 ducklings per pen) and were offered the respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. At the termination of the experiment, 2 ducklings per pen were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks. The digestible lysine requirement was determined by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models. Digestible lysine requirements for Korean native ducklings for 3 wk after hatch were estimated to be 0.71, 0.74, 0.65 and 1.01% for maximum body weight, daily gain, and daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio, respectively.