Dietary Intake Research Articles

Low Iron Diet Improves Clinical Arthritis in the Mouse Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis.

Background: In response to inflammation, the absorption of nutritional iron is restricted. Since the pathophysiological significance of the presence and uptake of iron in chronic inflammation is still unknown, we tested the effect of a low iron diet on the clinical course of arthritis in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Six- to eight-week-old male DBA/1 mice were fed either a normal (51 mg/kg) or a low iron diet (5 mg/kg) starting four weeks before the first immunization. From day 4 after the second collagen booster made on day 25, the development of arthritis was regularly monitored until the end of the experiment (day 34), using a standard clinical arthritis score. Concentrations of mouse anti-bovine and anti-mouse collagen type 2 IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA; blood cell counts were performed and mediators of inflammation, tissue matrix degradation, oxygenation and oxidative stress were measured in the mouse sera of both diet groups at the end of the experiment by bead-based multiplex assay. Fe2+, Fe3+, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified in whole paw tissue by ELISA. Quantitative PCR was performed in the tissues for glutathione peroxidase 4 and other key regulator genes of iron metabolism and ferroptosis. We used nonparametric tests to compare cross-sectional data. Nonlinear regression models were used for longitudinal data of the arthritis scores. Results: Mice fed a low iron diet showed a significantly less severe course of arthritis compared to mice fed a normal iron diet (p < 0.001). The immune response against bovine and mouse type 2 collagen did not differ between the two diet groups. Mice fed a low iron diet exhibited significantly lower serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), a central regulator of inflammation and tissue matrix degradation (p < 0.05). In addition, a low iron diet led to a significant reduction in red blood cell indices, indicating restricted iron uptake and latent iron deficiency, but had no effect on hemoglobin concentrations or red blood cell counts. There were no differences between the dietary groups in Fe2+ or Fe3+ content in the paws. Based on calculation of the GSH/GSSG ratio and high MDA levels, high oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation were likewise detected in the paws of both diet groups of mice. Consequently, no differences associated with gene expression of key regulators of iron metabolism and ferroptosis could be detected between the paws of both diet groups. Conclusions: Restricted dietary iron intake alleviates immune-mediated inflammation in CIA without causing anemia. This finding suggests a promising option for dietary treatment of arthritis in inflammation. The underlying mechanism causing reduced arthritis may be linked to the complex regulatory network of TIMP-1 and appears to be independent from the local iron levels, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the synovial tissues.

Interaction of CETP rs708272 Polymorphism on Trans Fatty Acid Intake and Glucose Metabolism Markers.

Dietary fats influence gene expression and several metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is crucial to study the role of personal genotypes in the interaction between fat consumption and cardiometabolic markers. This research aimed to determine the interaction of the rs708272 polymorphism of CETP and the fatty acid intake with changes in the HOMA-IR in adults living with overweight or obesity. The current study was a secondary analysis of an 8-week controlled clinical trial. The final sample for this analysis comprised 78 Mexican adults with the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) rs708272 polymorphism who followed a dietary intervention. Using an interaction analysis, we evaluated the fatty acid intake and the genotypes of rs708272, with changes in blood glucose, insulin, and the HOMA-IR from baseline to endpoint. Our findings suggest a significant interaction between the trans fatty acid intake and the GG genotype with changes in glucose (p = 0.024), insulin (p = 0.004), and the HOMA-IR (p = 0.002). The higher the consumption of trans fatty acids, the less these markers of glucose metabolism were reduced. carriers of the GG genotype may benefit from limiting dietary trans fatty acid intake, as there was no reduction in plasma glucose and insulin despite a hypocaloric dietary intervention in adults with overweight and obesity.

Application of Dietary Anthocyanins in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose control around the world that causes huge health challenges globally with increased morbidity and mortality. Inadequate insulin secretion and decreased insulin sensitivity are considered as main contributors to T2DM. Anthocyanin, a type of flavonoid compound, is one potentially feasible dietary intervention for T2DM treatment in addition to clinical drug interference. Dietary anthocyanins can be found in various berries, vegetables, and beverages, which provide vibrant colors. Anthocyanins are also increasingly used as colorants in the food industry. It is also seen as a supplement because of its antioxidation properties. Meanwhile, several evidence demonstrate the potential relationship between dietary anthocyanin intake and T2DM management. In this work, recent epidemiologic studies on the potential effects of anthocyanins in controlling T2DM have been reviewed, especially focusing on the typical indexes such as glycemic levels, insulin levels, etc. Many studies illustrate that appropriate intake of dietary anthocyanins could control glycemic levels, adjust insulin levels, and reduce insulin resistance. Because of these functions, dietary anthocyanins may trigger positive effects on T2DM treatment. Dietary anthocyanins could be seen as a good dietary intervention in T2DM control that meets the requirement of long-term management for the specific chronic disease.

The Role of Nutrition in Non-Communicable Diseases: Literature Review

Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and certain types of cancer, collectively referred to as NCDs, are a global concern and contribute to about 71% of the total global mortality. This paper focuses on examining nutrition in an attempt to understand how it influences these diseases since the consumption of certain foods is a modifiable risk factor. The results reveal that an increased concentration of fruits and vegetables, whole meal grains, and health-promoting fats can help reduce the vulnerability to NCDs, but a high diet of processed foods and sugar makes the problem worse. However, there is still a dearth of knowledge on the multifaceted processes regarding how particular diet patterns influence NCDs. This study synthesizes available literature on nutrition and NCDs concerning how dietary patterns and nutrient intakes influence the prevention and treatment of diseases. Conclusions are drawn from numerous investigations, stressing the positive effects of dietary modifications like Mediterranean and DASH diets on NCD risk and actual health status. This review contributes to the future development of nutrition and health as a quick reference for researchers about the specific effects of nutrition on health. However, some barriers have not yet been solved like the incidence of unhealthy dietary patterns. Subsequent research should closely examine factors that can be employed that would ensure the effective administration of both nutritional interventions as well as the formulation of improved public health policies that would ensure a change of habits and eating behaviors in a bid to reduce the effects of NCDs.

Comparing Canada's 2018 proposed and 2022 final front-of-pack labelling regulations using generic food composition data and a nationally representative dietary intake survey.

The objective of the study was to compare the potential dietary impact of proposed and final front-of-pack labelling (FOPL) regulations (published in Canada Gazette I (CG1) and Canada Gazette II (CG2), respectively) by examining the difference in the prevalence of foods that would require a 'High in' front-of-pack nutrition symbol and nutrient intakes from those foods consumed by Canadian adults. Foods in a generic food composition database (n 3676) were categorised according to the details of FOPL regulations in CGI and CGII, and the differences in the proportion of foods were compared. Using nationally representative dietary survey data, potential intakes of nutrients from foods that would display a 'High in' nutrition symbol according to CGI and CGII were compared. Canada. Canadian adults (≥ 19 years; n 13 495). Compared with CGI, less foods would display a 'High in' nutrition symbol (Δ = -6 %) according to CGII (saturated fat = -4 %, sugars = -1 %, sodium = -3 %). Similarly, potential intakes of nutrients-of-concern from foods that would display a 'High in' nutrition symbol were reduced according to CGII compared with CGI (saturated fat = -21 %, sugars = -2 %, sodium = -6 %). Potential intakes from foods that would display a 'High in' nutrition symbol were also reduced for energy and nutrients-to-encourage, including protein, fibre, calcium and vitamin D. Changes to FOPL regulations may have blunted their potential to limit intakes of nutrients-of-concern; however, they likely averted potential unintended consequences on intakes of nutrients-to-encourage for Canadians (e.g. calcium and vitamin D). To ensure policy objectives are met, FOPL regulations must be monitored regularly and evaluated over time.

Dietary Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer and Progress in The Application of Dietary Regulation in Treatment

rectal cancer, a subtype of colorectal cancer, has a significant incidence rate in both men and women, making it a critical area of study. Understanding the impact of daily dietary intake—including protein, fat, vitamins, and trace elements. The fear surrounding cancer stems from its complexity, variability, and the devastating impact it can have on individuals and their families. Cancer’s relentless nature, characterized by the abnormal and unchecked proliferation of cells, underscores the importance of early detection and prevention. The link between unhealthy lifestyle habits and cancer risk underscores the need for individuals to adopt healthier behaviors, such as maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. This study examines how dietary modifications can reduce the risk of developing Colorectal cancer and their role in supporting treatment, potentially by modulating tumor growth, boosting immune function, and regulating gut flora.

Short-term high-fat and high-carb diet effects on glucose metabolism and hedonic regulation in young healthy men.

Daily dietary intake of macronutrients and energy is closely associated with long-term metabolic health outcomes, but whether 24-h nutritional intervention under isocaloric conditions leads to changes in metabolism remains unclear. Moreover, the short-term effect of diets with different macronutrient composition on hedonic appetite regulation is less clear. This study examined the impact of an acute high-fat (F+) and high-carbohydrate (C+) diet on glucose metabolism and hedonic regulation of food intake in young healthy men under controlled conditions. Using a cross-over design, 19 male participants received a one-day isocaloric diet with different macronutrient composition (F+ = 11% carbohydrates, 74% fat; C+ = 79% carbohydrates, 6% fat) compared to a control diet (CON = 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat). Protein content was set at 15% of energy in all diets. The feeling of hunger, as well as "liking" and "wanting" for foods, was assessed through visual analog scales, and blood samples for glucose, insulin, and cortisol levels were assessed repeatedly during the experimental day. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was conducted the next morning. Postprandial glucose and insulin levels were lowest in F+ over the 24 h. Except for dinner, the CON diet showed the highest mean values in glucose. F+ diet improved insulin resistance, lowering Homeostatis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values. Changes in hedonic regulation of food intake were not observed during the intervention between the diets, except for higher feelings of satiety under the CON diet. An acute, isocaloric, high-fat diet improved insulin resistance even in healthy individuals but did not affect hedonic food intake regulation. Macronutrient composition modulate glucose metabolism even under short-term (24-h) and isocaloric diets, which should be considered for personalized preventive dietary treatments.

Nutrient intake of young South African adults from the baseline of the African-PREDICT cohort study.

This study aimed to describe and compare the nutrient intake of young adults in the African Prospective Study on the Early Detection and Identification of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension (African-PREDICT) study according to ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Cross-sectional analysis of baseline nutrient intakes in the African-PREDICT study. North West Province, South Africa. Black and white adults (n=1153), aged 20-30 years, were classified into three SES groups. Dietary data were collected using three multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recalls. Among all participants, over 70% failed to meet the Estimated Energy Requirements and the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for 17 of the 19 reported micronutrients. Across SES groups, more than 50% of participants consistently did not meet the EAR for calcium, magnesium, folate, pantothenic acid, and biotin, as well as vitamins A, C, D, and E. Participants' distribution by nutrient pattern tertiles showed high adherence to two patterns: one rich in animal protein and saturated fat, and the other in magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and fiber. This was seen only in white participants and high SES. Black participants and low SES showed higher adherence to a plant protein, B-vitamins, zinc, and iron nutrient pattern. The dietary intake of young adults in this study was restricted, with none of the groups meeting nutrient requirements for essential nutrients. Further research is needed to establish a direct link between nutrient patterns and the early detection and identification of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.

Dietary bisphenols exposure as an influencing factor of body mass index

BackgroundOver the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide. The obesogen hypothesis suggests that certain external agents may affect pathways related to fat accumulation and energy balance by stimulating fat cell differentiation and proliferation. Previous research has indicated that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and some of its analogues may influence fat accumulation by promoting the transformation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. This study aimed to assess the possible contribution of dietary bisphenol exposure to the odds of developing overweight and obesity in a sample of Spanish children according to sex.MethodsDietary and anthropometric data were collected from 179 controls and 124 cases schoolchildren aged 3–12 years. Dietary exposure to BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) was assessed using a food consumption frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to assess the influence of dietary exposure to bisphenols on overweight and obesity stratified by sex.ResultsFor females, cases had significantly higher exposure to BPA from meat and eggs compared to controls (median = 319.55, interquartile range (IQR) = 176.39–381.01 vs 231.79 (IQR) = 162.11–350.19, p-value = 0.046). Diet quality was higher for controls (6.21 (2.14) vs 4.80 (2.24) p < 0.001) among males independently of a high or low exposure to bisphenols. However, higher diet quality was observed for female controls with an high exposure of total bisphenols (6.79 (2.04) vs 5.33 (2.02) p = 0.031). Females exposed to high levels of BPA from meat and eggs had higher likelihood of being overweight and obese (adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.00 – 7.32). However, no consistent associations were found in males.ConclusionsHigh BPA levels from meat and eggs were positively associated with overweight and obesity in females. The dietary intake of BPA in the schoolchildren in the present study was much higher than the acceptable daily intake established by EFSA for the last year.

Association between two common SNPs, rs6564851 and rs6420424, and lutein and zeaxanthin levels in a cohort of US postmenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer.

A better understanding of the factors contributing to systemic concentrations of carotenoids is necessary given the weak correlations between circulating levels and dietary intake of carotenoids. Although genetic variation may play a key role in the interindividual variability in carotenoid concentrations, few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have focused on carotenoids. We used a random sample (n = 519) of postmenopausal participants in the Sister Study with data on genotypes and plasma carotenoid levels to conduct GWAS for each of five carotenoids (mcg/mL): alpha-carotene, beta- carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin. We used linear regression models and an additive genetic model to evaluate associations between 371,532 variants and inverse normal transformed carotenoid concentrations. We found evidence for one genome-wide statistically significant association with the combined carotenoids of lutein and zeaxanthin for rs6564851-C (beta = -0.377, se = 0.059, p = 4.6×10-10) and rs6420424-A (beta = -0.334, se = 0.059, p = 2.2×10-8), upstream of beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) gene on chromosome 16. No other variant was associated with any of the remaining four carotenoids. Our results for the common rs6564851 and rs6420424 variants correspond to previous findings. Although biologic mechanisms explain the association between beta-carotene and the variants, the inverse association with lutein/zeaxanthin will require further investigation.

Associations between temporal eating patterns and energy distribution patterns with gallstones: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017–2018

BackgroundGallstones are strongly associated with eating occasion (EO) and energy distribution, but few studies have addressed this aspect. Therefore, we utilize the data from 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to explore the association between temporal eating patterns and energy distribution patterns with the incidence of gallstones.MethodsOur study comprised participants who completed the NHANES dietary intake interview and self-reported health questionnaire at age 20 or older. The self-report method for gallstones (have you ever been told by a doctor) was used. We use the latent class analysis (LCA) identified temporal eating patterns, and identified energy distribution patterns through latent profile analysis (LPA). The association between temporal eating patterns, energy distribution patterns, and gallstones was examined using logistic regression modeling.ResultsThe study included a total of 4,692 participants. LCA identified four temporal eating patterns labeled as “Conventional,” “Early breakfast,” “Later breakfast,” and “Grazing.” Compared to the “Conventional” pattern, the “Early breakfast” pattern (OR 0.809, 95%CI 0.808–0.811) was associated with a reduced risk of gallstones, while the “Later breakfast” (OR 1.435, 95%CI 1.432–1.438) and “Grazing” (OR 1.147, 95%CI 1.145–1.148) patterns were associated with an increased risk of gallstones. LPA identified four energy distribution patterns labeled as “Guideline,” “High carbohydrates,” “Carbs-fat balance,” and “High fat.” The “High carbohydrates” pattern (OR 1.329, 95%CI 1.326–1.331) was associated with an increased risk of gallstones compared to the “Guideline” pattern. The “Carbs-fat balance” pattern (OR 0.877, 95%CI 0.876–0.879) and the “High fat” pattern (OR 0.848, 95%CI 0.846-0.850) were significantly and negatively associated with the risk of gallstones.ConclusionsTo summarize, inappropriate timing of eating and energy sources are associated with gallstones. As a dietary prevention measure for gallstones, we suggest adhering to a regular eating routine and avoiding overly casual and frequent food consumption. If the main EO routine occurs in the morning, this time should not exceed 9:00 a.m. Additionally, reducing carbohydrate intake and maintaining a moderate level of fat intake is believed to contribute to a lower risk of gallstones.

Associations of periconception dietary glycemic index and load with fertility in women and men: a study among couples in the general population

BackgroundThe dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) reflect carbohydrate quality and quantity, potentially impacting fertility through modulation of insulin sensitivity and generation of oxidative stress. While fertility is influenced by both women and men, reproductive research often emphasizes maternal factors. We first examined periconception dietary intake in both women and male partners, and subsequent associations of dietary GI and GL with fecundability and subfertility.MethodsAmong 830 women and 651 male partners, participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from preconception onwards, we assessed periconception dietary intake and calculated GI and GL, using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at median 12.4 weeks gestation (95% range 10.9, 18.4). Information on time to pregnancy was obtained through questionnaires, with subfertility defined as a time to pregnancy ≥ 12 months or use of assisted reproductive technology.ResultsIn the periconception period, mean energy intake in women was 1870 kcal (SD: 500; 46% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.2 (SD: 3.5) and GL 141.4 (SD: 67.4)). Mean energy intake in men was 2350 kcal (SD: 591; 43% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.8 (SD: 3.2) and GL 156.7 (SD: 75.4)). Median time to pregnancy was 4.8 months (IQR: 1.2, 16.4), with 30.6% of 830 women experiencing subfertility. Dietary GI and GL were not associated with fertility outcomes in women. In men, higher dietary GI and GL across the full range were associated with decreased fecundability, after adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as dietary GI or GL of female partners [FR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99; FR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99, per SDS increase in dietary GI and GL, respectively]. When assessing the combined influence of dietary GI clinical categories in women and men, both partners adhering to a low GI diet tended to be associated with increased fecundability, but not with subfertility risk.ConclusionsSuboptimal periconception carbohydrate intake may be negatively associated with male fertility, but not with fertility outcomes in women. Further studies are needed to assess whether a lower GI and GL diet is a feasible lifestyle intervention to improve couples fertility.

Association of Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) With Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12.

Transient global amnesia (TGA), which is described as short-term amnesia, may be influenced by some dietary components involved in brain function. The aim of the present study was to assess the connection between TGA and dietary intake of vitamin B12. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 258 people with TGA and 520 people without TGA in Sabzevar, Iran. All participants were screened for TGA (ICD-10 code: G45.4). A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was utilized to estimate the dietary intake of vitamin B12. Different models of logistic regression were used to determine the association between TGA and dietary intake of vitamin B12 after adjusting the confounders. There was an inverse association between the risk of TGA and the intake of vitamin B12 (OR = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.89-0.99, p= .02, effect size: -0.04). The result did not change after adjustment for age, gender, education, job, and marital status (OR = 0.93, CI 95%: 0.88-0.98, p= .01, effect size: -0.03). The result remained significant after additional adjustments for body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (OR = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.89-0.99, p= .03, effect size: -0.04), and after further adjustments for the underlying diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and stroke (OR = 0.86, CI 95%: 0.81-0.92, p< .01, effect size: -0.10). Vitamin B12 deficiency may increase the risk of TGA and should be considered as a potential concern for people at risk for TGA. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to discover the underlying mechanisms of the effects of vitamin B12 on TGA.

Total sugar intake significantly associated with systolic blood pressure in small sample population

Abstract Background Hypertension contributes to 45% of all deaths from heart disease and up to 51% of deaths from strokes. Dietary factors, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) can play a role, but recent studies have also highlighted the importance of sugar intake on blood pressure. Very few studies have evaluated the impact of these factors and their ratio on cardiometabolic biomarkers. This study aims to assess the impact of dietary sugar intake, Na+, K+ and NA+/K+ ratio on hypertension and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Methods Fasting venous blood was collected to measure glucose, triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol, HDL-c, ApoA1, ApoB, or hs-CRP, with enzymatic and turbidimetric techniques, and oxidized LDL by ELISA, and IL-6 and TNFa by Luminex system, the latter’s in a subset sample. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and HR) was measured at least twice with an automatic recorder. Dietary intake was obtained using semi-quantitative FFQ, comprising 82 items, and reported to the previous year. Data was analysed using R software through descriptive analysis and partial correlations adjusted to the participant’s BMI. A significant level of 0.05 was used. Results 78 participants, aged from 19 to 80 years old (M = 48,5±13,5) were evaluated, with 47% taking hypertensive medication. BMI ranged from 19,7 to 41,1 Kg/m2 (M = 29,2±5,4). The average intake of Na+, K+ and NA+/K+ ratio were 3805±1397 mg, 3980±1300 mg and 1.65±0,38, respectively. Total mean sugar intake (% energy) represents 21,4%. No significant correlation was found between Na+ or K+ with SBP, HR, and the cardiometabolic biomarkers (p &amp;gt; 0.05). A positive correlation was found between % sugar intake and SBP (rs = 0,29, p &amp;lt; 0,05), which remains significant after adjusting for BMI, and a positive correlation, in the borderline of significance, with TAG (rs = 0,23, p = 0,0561). Conclusions N+, K+, and their ratio do not associate with SBP, HR and cardiometabolic biomarkers. However, % of sugar intake is positively associated with SBP. Key messages • Sodium and potassium may not always be associated with changes in blood pressure. • Sugar intake might have an important role in the etiopathology of hypertension.

Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern could increase the odds of breast cancer: a case-control study

BackgroundIt has been shown that chronic inflammation is a significant factor in cancer development and progression. The current study aimed to investigate whether a higher score on the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), which indicates a more pro-inflammatory diet, is related to higher odds of breast cancer in Iranian women.MethodsIn the present case-control study, subjects in the case (n = 133) and control (n = 265) groups were chosen from the hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The cases consisted of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, while the controls were selected from other parts of the same hospital and had no history of cancer or hormone therapy. Individuals whose reported energy intake deviated by three standard deviations above or below the mean energy intake of the population were excluded from the study. A reliable and valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the participants’ dietary intake. Additionally, the association between breast cancer and EDIP was evaluated by logistic regression analysis in both crude and adjusted models.ResultsThe median scores of EDIP in the case and control groups were 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The findings also indicated that, in the adjusted model, the odds of developing breast cancer significantly increased in the last tertile of EDIP compared to the first tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 1.859; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.059–3.265; P = 0.031). Additionally, after adjusting for potential confounders, higher odds of breast cancer were observed in the last tertile of EDIP compared to the first tertile in postmenopausal women (OR = 2.516; 95% CI: 1.081–5.856; P = 0.033).ConclusionsThe current study indicated that individuals with a higher pro-inflammatory diet score were more likely to develop breast cancer.

The association between the dietary salt intake and glucose intolerance in the non-diabetic populations: from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES)

Abstract Background Diabetes is known to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and controlling salt intake in patients with type 2 diabetes may be a strategy to reduce the risk of CVD. However, the clear interaction between salt intake and glucose homeostasis has yet to be investigated. Our study evaluated the frequency and risk of glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes) according to dietary salt intake in the non-diabetic population in Korea. Methods The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) database was utilized for this study (https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr). A total of 72,751 subjects were enrolled in the KNHANES database from 2010 to 2018. The subjects were categorized into the following: normal fasting glucose (i.e., no pre-diabetes; FPG &amp;lt; 100 mg/dL), stage 1 pre-diabetes (FPG 100–109 mg/dL), stage 2 pre-diabetes (FPG 110–125 mg/dL). All subjects were divided into 8-equal groups according to their sodium intake: Group 1: ≤ 3.5 g, Group 2: 3.5 to 5.0 g, Group 3: 5.0 to 6.3 g, Group 4: 6.3 to 7.8 g, Group 5: 7.8 to 9.5 g, Group 6: 9.5 to 11.8 g, Group 7: 11.8 to 15.5 g, Group 8: &amp;gt; 15.5 g. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study, so future risks cannot be assessed, but only the disease status assessment at the same time. Results Of the total 57,165 subjects without diabetes, 29.5% (16,874 subjects) were pre-diabetic, of which 22.0% (12,577 patients) were stage I pre-diabetic, and 7.5% (4,297 subjects) were stage II pre-diabetic. From the lowest salt intake group (group 1, salt intake &amp;lt;3.5g) to the highest salt intake group (group 8, salt intake&amp;gt;.5g), the pre-diabetes prevalence continuously increased from 22.9% to 33.3%. The range of stage 1 pre-diabetes was 16.4% to 26.4%, and the range of stage 2 diabetes was 6.5% to 8.7%. The odds ratio (OR) of pre-diabetic risk according to salt intake in the non-diabetic population, compared with group 1, group 2 was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.25), group 3 was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.23 -1.43), group 4 was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.35-1.57), group 5 was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.40-1.63), group 6 was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.46-1.69), group 7 was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.53-1.78), group 8 was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.56-1.81). Conclusions High salt intake is significantly associated with pre-diabetes prevalence in the non-diabetic Korean population.

The association between the dietary salt intake and glucose intolerance in healthy populations: from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES)

Abstract Background Diabetes is known to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and controlling salt intake in patients with type 2 diabetes may be a strategy to reduce the risk of CVD. However, the clear interaction between salt intake and glucose homeostasis has yet to be investigated. Our study evaluated the frequency and risk of glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes) according to dietary salt intake in a healthy population in Korea. Methods The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) database was utilized for this study (https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr). A total of 72,751 subjects were enrolled in the KNHANES database from 2010 to 2018. The subjects were categorized into the following: normal fasting glucose (i.e., no pre-diabetes; FPG &amp;lt; 100 mg/dL), stage 1 pre-diabetes (FPG 100–109 mg/dL), stage 2 pre-diabetes (FPG 110–125 mg/dL). All subjects were divided into 8-equal groups according to their sodium intake: Group 1: ≤ 3.5 g, Group 2: 3.5 to 5.0 g, Group 3: 5.0 to 6.3 g, Group 4: 6.3 to 7.8 g, Group 5: 7.8 to 9.5 g, Group 6: 9.5 to 11.8 g, Group 7: 11.8 to 15.5 g, Group 8: &amp;gt; 15.5 g. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study, so future risks cannot be assessed, but only the disease status assessment at the same time. Results Of the total 36,782 healthy adults, 17.6% (6,481 subjects) were pre-diabetic, of which 14.7% (5,397 subjects) were stage I pre-diabetic, and 2.9% (1,084 patients) were stage II pre-diabetic. From the lowest salt intake group (group 1, salt intake &amp;lt;3.5g) to the highest salt intake group (group 8, salt intake&amp;gt;.5g), the pre-diabetes prevalence continuously increased from 9.2% to 22.8%. The range of stage 1 pre-diabetes was 7.3% to 18.3%, and stage 2 diabetes was 1.9% to 4.5%. The odds ratio (OR) of pre-diabetic risk according to salt intake in the non-diabetic population, compared with group 1, group 2 was 1.46 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-1.68), group 3 was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.62 -2.08), group 4 was 2.24 (95% CI: 1.99-2.54), group 5 was 2.43 (95% CI: 2.15-2.75), group 6 was 2.49 (95% CI: 2.20-2.81), group 7 was 2.83 (95% CI: 2.51-3.19), group 8 was 2.90 (95% CI: 2.57-3.27). Conclusions High salt intake is significantly associated with pre-diabetes prevalence in healthy Korean population.

Dietary potassium intake and its interaction with sodium intake on risk of developing cardiovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes: The Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention Prospective study (JDCP study 12).

Many guidelines recommend increases in potassium intake. However, the relationship of dietary potassium intake with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been examined in those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including sodium acting antagonistically with potassium. We investigated these relationships in Japanese patients with T2DM. The investigation was part of the JDCP study, a nationwide prospective study begun in 2007. Analysed were 1477 persons with T2DM, 40-75 years of age, who completed a brief-type, self-administered Diet History Questionnaire at baseline. Primary outcome was a CVD event during the follow-up median 7 years (3.9-8.1 years). Hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD were estimated by Cox regression adjusted for confounders of daily potassium intake categorized by tertiles. Tertiles of sodium intake were also analysed. Mean daily potassium intake in tertiles was 1877, 2627 and 3532 mg, respectively, and significant associations were not shown between potassium intake and incidence of CVD. When HRs for CVD were stratified for potassium intake in tertiles (reference group, bottom tertile) and sodium intake (reference group, bottom tertile), potassium intake in the bottom tertile and sodium intake in the second and top tertiles were associated with significantly elevated HR for CVD (2.79 [1.02-7.63] and 3.92 [1.30-11.79], respectively). Low potassium intake in conjunction with high sodium intake was significantly associated with increased incident CVD in persons with T2DM. However, CVD incidence was not related to high potassium intake, regardless of sodium intake.

Sex differences in association between dietary sodium intake and white matter hyperintensity volume

Abstract Background There is limited evidence on the relationship between dietary sodium intake (dNa) and brain health, and very little on sex differences in associations. Purpose To study the relationship between dNa and imaging measures of brain health in men and women from the INSIGHT 46 substudy of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (British 1946 birth cohort). Methods Participants had measurements (dNa using 5-day food diary, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP) body mass index (BMI)) at 60-64years. Whole-brain and hippocampal volumes, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) and florbetapir amyloid-β positivity were measured using MRI-PET imaging at 69-71years. Associations (β (95% confidence intervals)) were estimated separately in men and women using generalized linear models with robust standard errors adjusted for potential confounders (age, diet quality, energy intake, socioeconomic status) or potential mediators (BMI, BP). Results Participants’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. In women but not men dNa was positively associated with higher WMHV (β[women]=32(1, 72) %/g; p=0.043; β[men]=-10(-27, 11)%/g; p=0.342); this relationship in women was independent of BMI (β = 32(1, 72)%/g; p = 0.043) or systolic BP (β = 31(1, 70)%/g; p=0.041). dNa was not associated with total brain volume, hippocampal volume or amyloid-β positivity in either sex. Conclusions Elevated sodium consumption in the diet is associated with cerebral small vessel disease in older age women but not men. This association was independent of BMI or BP.Table 1

Correlations Between Dietary Magnesium Consumption and Magnesium Depletion Score in Relation to Parkinson's Disease: A Population-Based Study.

The purpose of the study was to examine whether magnesium (Mg) depletion score (MDS) and dietary Mg intake are associated in adults with the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 20,010 adults aged over 40 years old. To evaluate the linear association between PD and dietary intake of Mg or MDS, we conducted weighted logistic regression for univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression models. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) was drawn to visualize the nonlinear relationship between MDS/dietary Mg intake and PD. In addition, we examined the variations in the relationship between MDS and PD across different confounding factors of the association using subgroup analysis. There were 240 PD cases (1.2%), and 19770 non-PD were included in the study. We found that a higher MDS was associated with an increased risk of PD after adjusting for covariates (OR per 1-unit increase, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.16-1.86). There is insufficient evidence to support a significant statistical association between Mg intake and the risk of PD. According to nonlinear regression, high MDS was associated with higher odds of PD and lower odds of PD above 250 mg/day intake of Mg. It has been shown that Mg bioavailability may be negatively associated with PD as measured by MDS. MDS is a potential method for screening the population with PD. Maintaining adequate Mg status may be important for PD prevention.