Dietary Acrylamide Intake Research Articles

Dietary and Smoking Acrylamide and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study.

Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen. Its main sources are the diet and tobacco. The association between acrylamide intake from the diet and tobacco and prostate cancer (PCa) has not been previously evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary acrylamide intake and exposure to acrylamide through cigarettes and PCa risk. A population-based case-control (CAPLIFE) study was conducted, including 428 incident PCa cases and 393 controls. Smoking and dietary information, with a validated food frequency questionnaire, was collected. We calculated the amount of acrylamide from both sources, and tertiles (Ts) were created. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess the association between exposure to acrylamide and PCa risk. The median was similar for acrylamide in both dietary and smoking acrylamide among PCa cases and controls. No association was observed between dietary acrylamide intake and overall PCa risk (adjusted ORT3vsT1 = 0.90 (95% CI 0.59, 1.37)). A risk trend was observed for acrylamide exposure from cigarette smoking (p-trend = 0.032), with the highest odds in those subjects with the high exposure to acrylamide through cigarettes (adjusted ORT3vsT1 = 1.67 (95% CI 0.92, 3.04)). The restricted cubic splines suggested a linear relationship. In conclusion, acrylamide from smoking could be positively associated with PCa risk, but no association was observed for dietary acrylamide.

Dietary intake of acrylamide in the Norwegian EuroMix biomonitoring study: Comparing probabilistic dietary estimates with haemoglobin adduct measurements.

Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen with widespread exposure via food. The present study compared acrylamide intake measurements obtained from haemoglobin adduct levels and self-registered dietary consumption data in a group of 144 Norwegian healthy adults. Acrylamide adducts to N-terminal valine in haemoglobin were measured and used to estimate the intake via the internal dose approach which showed a median (interquartile range) of 0.24 (0.19-0.30) μg/kg bw/day. Data from weighed food records and food frequency questionnaires from the same individuals were used for probabilistic modelling of the intake of acrylamide. The median acrylamide intake was calculated to be 0.26 (0.16-0.39) and 0.30 (0.23-0.39) μg/kg bw/day, respectively from the two sources of self-registered dietary consumption data. Overall, a relatively good agreement was observed between the methods in pairwise comparison in Bland-Altman plots, with the methods disagreeing with 7% or less of the values. The intake estimates obtained with the two dietary consumption methods and one biomarker method are in line with earlier dietary estimates in the Norwegian population. The Margin of Exposure indicate a possible health risk concern from dietary acrylamide. This is the first study with a comparison in the same individuals of acrylamide intake estimates obtained with these methods.

Association between dietary intake of acrylamide and increased risk of mortality in women: Evidence from the E3N prospective cohort

Acrylamide is an organic compound classified as probably carcinogenic to humans because of sufficient evidence in animals but not in humans. Other health risks associated with acrylamide intake are still not fully elucidated. We aimed to study the relationship between acrylamide dietary intake and mortality in the E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale) French cohort.We studied 72,585 women of the E3N prospective cohort, which completed a food frequency questionnaire in 1993. The E3N food consumption database and the food contamination database obtained from the second French total diet study were used to estimate participants' average daily acrylamide dietary intake. We estimated the associations between acrylamide dietary intake and all-cause or cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazard models.During follow-up (1993–2014), we identified 6441 deaths. The mean acrylamide dietary intake was 32.6 μg/day, with coffee consumption as principal contributor (48.6 %). In the fully adjusted model, we found a non-linear association between acrylamide dietary intake and all-cause mortality and a linear positive association with cardiovascular disease (HR per one STD increment [95%CI]: 1.11 [1.02; 1.21]), all-cancer (HR [95%CI]: 1.05 [1.01; 1.10]) and lung cancer (HR [95%CI]: 1.22 [1.09; 1.38]) mortality, while we observed no association with breast (HR [95%CI]: 0.94 [0.86; 1.03]) and colorectal (HR [95%CI]: 1.12 [0.97; 1.29]) cancer mortality. We highlighted an interaction between acrylamide dietary intake and smoking status in the models for all-cause and all-cancer mortality: when stratifying on smoking status, statistically significant positive associations were observed only in current smokers.This study on a large prospective cohort following more than 70,000 women for over 20 years suggests that higher acrylamide dietary intakes are associated with an increased risk of mortality. Therefore, it is essential to keep reducing acrylamide contamination and prevent dietary intake of acrylamide, especially among smokers.

Assessment of dietary acrylamide exposure in children attending Spanish school canteens using the duplicate diet method

Acrylamide is a carcinogenic chemical contaminant formed in heat-treated foods. In this study, a duplicate diet method was used to evaluate the acrylamide content of foods/meals served at breakfast and lunch in two Spanish school canteens. The dietary acrylamide intake in students was estimated within lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenarios. Biscuits exhibited the highest acrylamide values, exceeding the benchmark level established by the European Regulation 2017/2158 (350 μg/kg), followed by main courses such as stews, side dishes and bread. In the LB scenario, breakfasts accounted for the major contributors to the daily acrylamide intake (73.3%). However, lunches were the main responsible in the UB scenario (65.4%). Acrylamide exposure was estimated for three age ranges: 3-5y pre-school children (0.59 and 0.92 μg/kg body weight/day), 6-9y children (0.43 and 0.67 μg/kg body weight/day) and 10-12y early adolescents (0.28 and 0.44 μg/kg body weight/day). Margins of exposure for neoplastic effects ranged between 144 and 1026, which is below the reference of 10,000, indicating a health concern. The findings reveal that any diet, even one that is balanced, varied and contains foods low in acrylamide, involves an additive exposure to the contaminant that should be considered when conducting acrylamide exposure risk assessments.

Dietary intake of acrylamide and increased risk of mortality: evidence from the E3N French prospective cohort

Dietary intake of acrylamide and increased risk of mortality: evidence from the E3N French prospective cohort

The association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes incidence in the Tehran lipid and glucose study

This study aimed at investigating the association of acrylamide consumption with the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults. The 6022 subjects of the Tehran lipid and glucose study participants were selected. The acrylamide content of food items were summed and computed cumulatively across follow up surveys. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of incident T2D. This study was done on men and women, respectively aged 41.5 ± 14.1 and 39.2 ± 13.0 years. The mean ± SD of dietary acrylamide intake was 57.0 ± 46.8 µg/day. Acrylamide intake was not associated with the incidence of T2D after adjusting for confounding variables. In women, a higher acrylamide intake was positively associated with T2D [HR (CI) for Q4: 1.13 (1.01–1.27), P trend: 0.03] after adjusting for confounding factors. Our results demonstrated that dietary intake of acrylamide was associated with an increased risk of T2D in women.

Abstract P2-06-03: Dietary exposure to acrylamide and breast cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort

Abstract Background: Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the IARC but epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of acrylamide from dietary sources is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 80,597 French women (mean [SD] age at baseline: 40.8 [14] years) during a mean (SD) follow-up of 8.8 (2.3) years. Acrylamide intake was evaluated using repeated 24h dietary records (n= 5.5 [SD 3.0]), linked to a comprehensive food composition database. Associations between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk (overall, premenopausal and post-menopausal) were assessed by Cox hazard models adjusted for known risk factors. Results: The mean (SD) dietary acrylamide intake was 30.1 (21.9) µg/d (main contributors: coffee, potato fries and chips, pastries and cakes, and bread). During follow-up, 1016 first incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed (431 premenopausal, 585 postmenopausal). A borderline significant positive association was observed between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk overall (HRQ4 vs Q1= 1.21 [95% CI: 1.00-1.47]) and a positive association was observed with premenopausal cancer (HRQ4 vs Q1= 1.40 [95% CI: 1.04-1.88]). Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested evidence for non-linearity of these associations, with higher HR for intermediate (Q2) and high (Q4) exposures. Receptor-specific analyses revealed a positive association with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, which represented 86% of total cancer cases. Acrylamide intake was not associated with post-menopausal breast cancer. Conclusions: Results from this large prospective cohort study suggest the potential deleterious role of dietary acrylamide in breast cancer etiology, especially in premenopausal women, and provide new insights that should encourage further mitigation strategies to reduce the content of acrylamide in food. Citation Format: Alice Bellicha, Gaëlle Wendeu-Foyet, Xavier Coumoul, Meriem Koual, Fabrice Pierre, Françoise Guéraud, Laurent Zelek, Charlotte Debras, Bernard Srour, Laury Sellem, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Chantal Julia, Pilar Galan, Serge Hercberg, Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy, Mathilde Touvier. Dietary exposure to acrylamide and breast cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-03.

Machine learning prediction of exposure to acrylamide based on modelling of association between dietary exposure and internal biomarkers.

The ubiquitous occurrence of acrylamide in various thermal processing food products poses a potential health risk for the public. An accurate exposure assessment is crucial to the risk evaluation of acrylamide. Machine learning emerging as a powerful computational tool for prediction was employed to establish the association between internal exposure and dietary exposure to acrylamide among a Chinese cohort of middle-aged and elderly population (n=1,272). Five machine learning regression models were constructed and compared to predict the daily dietary acrylamide exposure based on urinary biomarkers including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine-sulfoxide (AAMA-sul), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (iso-GAMA). Other important covariates such as age, gender, physical activities, and total energy intake were also considered as predictors in the models. Average dietary intake of acrylamide among Chinese elderly participants was 8.9μg/day, while average urinary contents of AAMA, AAMA-sul, GAMA, and iso-GAMA were 52.2, 19.1, 4.4, and 1.7nmol/g Ucr (urine creatinine), respectively. Support vector regression (SVR) model showed the best prediction performance with a R of 0.415, followed by light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model (R=0.396), adjusted multiple linear regression (MLR) model (R=0.378), neural networks (NN) model (R=0.365), MLR model (R=0.363), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model (R=0.337). The present study firstly correlated dietary exposure with internal exposure to acrylamide among Chinese elderly population, providing an innovative perspective for the exposure assessment of acrylamide.

Dietary exposure to acrylamide and breast cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort

Abstract Background Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the IARC but epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of acrylamide from dietary sources is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Methods This prospective cohort study included 80,597 French women (mean [SD] age at baseline: 40.8 [14] years) during a mean (SD) follow-up of 8.8 (2.3) years. Acrylamide intake was evaluated using repeated 24h dietary records (n = 5.5 [SD 3.0]), linked to a comprehensive food composition database. Associations between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk (overall, premenopausal and post-menopausal) were assessed by Cox hazard models adjusted for known risk factors. Results The mean (SD) dietary acrylamide intake was 30.1 (21.9) µg/d (main contributors: coffee, potato fries and chips, pastries and cakes, and bread). During follow-up, 1016 first incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed (431 premenopausal, 585 postmenopausal). A borderline significant positive association was observed between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk overall (HRQ4 vs Q1= 1.21 [95% CI: 1.00-1.47]) and a positive association was observed with premenopausal cancer (HRQ4 vs Q1= 1.40 [95% CI: 1.04-1.88]). Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested evidence for non-linearity of these associations, with higher HR for intermediate (Q2) and high (Q4) exposures. Receptor-specific analyses revealed a positive association with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, which represented 86% of total cancer cases. Acrylamide intake was not associated with post-menopausal breast cancer. Conclusions Results from this large prospective cohort study suggest the potential deleterious role of dietary acrylamide in breast cancer etiology, especially in premenopausal women, and provide new insights that should encourage further mitigation strategies to reduce the content of acrylamide in food. Key messages

Dietary exposure to acrylamide and breast cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort

Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer but epidemiologic evidence on the carcinogenicity of acrylamide from dietary sources is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort, accounting for menopausal and hormone receptor status. This prospective cohort study included 80,597 French females (mean±SD age at baseline: 40.8±14 y) during a mean±SD follow-up of 8.8±2.3 y. Acrylamide intake was evaluated using repeated 24-h dietary records (n±SD=5.5±3.0), linked to a comprehensive food composition database. Associations between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk (overall, premenopausal, and postmenopausal) were assessed by Cox hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors). The mean±SD dietary acrylamide intake was 30.1±21.9 µg/d (main contributors: coffee, potato fries and chips, pastries, cakes, bread). During follow-up, 1016 first incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed (431 premenopausal, 585 postmenopausal). A borderline significant positive association was observed between dietary acrylamide exposure and breast cancer risk overall (HR for quartile 4 compared with 1: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47) and a positive association was observed with premenopausal cancer (HRQ4vs.Q1: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88). Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested evidence for nonlinearity of these associations, with higher HRs for intermediate (quartile 2) and high (quartile 4) exposures. Receptor-specific analyses revealed positive associations with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (total and premenopausal). Acrylamide intake was not associated with postmenopausal breast cancer. Results from this large prospective cohort study suggest a positive association between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk, especially in premenopausal females, and provide new insights that support continued mitigation strategies to reduce the content of acrylamide in food.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03335644.

Predictors of dietary intake of acrylamide in pregnancy and teenage life - A Danish Birth Cohort Food Frequency Questionnaire Study

Predictors of dietary intake of acrylamide in pregnancy and teenage life - A Danish Birth Cohort Food Frequency Questionnaire Study

Dietary acrylamide and incident osteoporotic fractures: an 8-year prospective cohort study

BackgroundAcrylamide, a component of fried foods, has been associated with several negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between dietary acrylamide and osteoporotic fractures has been explored by a few cross-sectional studies.AimsTo investigate if dietary acrylamide is associated with the onset of fractures in North American participants at high risk/having knee osteoarthritis (OA), over 8 years of follow-up.MethodsA Cox’s regression analysis, adjusted for baseline confounders was run and the data were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dietary acrylamide intake was assessed at the baseline using a food frequency questionnaire and categorized in tertiles (T), whilst fractures’ history was recorded using self-reported information.ResultsAltogether, 4,436 participants were included. Compared to participants with lower acrylamide intake (T1; < 3,313 μg), those with a higher acrylamide intake (T3; > 10,180 μg) reported a significantly higher risk of any fracture (HR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12–1.68; p for trend = 0.009), forearm (HR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.09–2.77; p for trend = 0.04), spine (HR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.14–4.31; p for trend = 0.04), and hip fracture (HR = 4.09; 95% CI 1.29–12.96; p for trend = 0.046).ConclusionsOur study is the first to report that high dietary acrylamide may be associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures.

Carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks of acrylamide consumed through bread, kaak, toast, and crackers among the Lebanese Population

The present study deals with the assessment of acrylamide levels, dietary intake and toxicity associated with food products which constitute the main components of a Lebanese breakfast including bread, crackers, toast and kaak. Quantification of acrylamide levels was performed on a UPLC-MS/MS spectrometer and upon correlation with the results of a community survey, the carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks associated with the dietary intake of acrylamide were calculated.The average exposure to acrylamide from the investigated dietary products was found to be 5 times higher than the intake of 0.08 μg/kg-bw/day, as estimated by the NFCA (Norwegian Food Control Authority) and 3 times higher than the intake of 0.14 μg/kg-bw/day as set by the WHO (World Health Organization). MOEN and MOEC (Margin of Exposure for neurotoxic and carcinogenic risks) values ranged between 290 and 556, and between 449 and 861 respectively.Kaak, Crackers, and Toast appear to pose no neurotoxic or carcinogenic risk of concern among the entire population as well as the individual age groups. French bread and Lebanese bread pose different levels of carcinogenic risk among the entire population as well as various age groups. The results also indicate that 24% of children, 4% of young adults and 8% of adults are at both neurotoxic and carcinogenic risks.

The impact of long-term oral exposure to low doses of acrylamide on the hematological indicators, immune functions, and splenic tissue architecture in rats

There is a global increase in daily dietary intake of acrylamide (ACR) owing to its presence in various foods. However, several toxicological issues are still unclear, particularly after oral exposure to low doses for long durations. As a result, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of giving male Wistar rats two dosages of ACR (1 or 2 mg/kg b.wt.) via oral gavage once a day for 90 days on blood components, immune markers, and splenic tissue. The results revealed that leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia were all found to be ACR dose-dependent. In addition, ACR-treated rats had considerably higher IgG and IgM levels. Following ACR exposure, phagocytic activity, lysozyme, and nitric oxide levels were significantly reduced. In ACR-exposed rats, there was a significant reduction in lymphocyte proliferation but an increase in LDH activity. Both splenic tissue and bone marrow showed a variety of degenerative changes. There was a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ immunolabeling. Rats exposed to ACR at both levels showed a significant rise in comet variables. Overall, our findings suggested that long-term exposure to ACR could cause hematological disorders, DNA damage, and disturbances of immune functions.

Determination of N7-glycidamide guanine adducts in human blood DNA following exposure to dietary acrylamide using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen that is metabolised to glycidamide, which can covalently bind to DNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the formation of N7-glycidamide guanine (N7-GA-Gua) adducts in human blood DNA following exposure to acrylamide present in carbohydrate-rich foods as part of the normal human diet. Lymphocyte DNA was extracted from blood samples obtained from healthy human volunteers. Following thermal depurination of the DNA samples, N7-GA-Gua adducts were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method incorporating a stable isotope labelled internal standard. Estimated dietary acrylamide intake was recorded by completion of food frequency questionnaires for the 24 hours prior to volunteer blood donation. An LC/MS/MS method was validated with a limit of detection of 0.25 fmol and a lower limit of quantitation of 0.50 fmol on column. N7-GA-Gua adducts were detected in human blood DNA with the levels ranging between 0.3 to 6.3 adducts per 108 nucleotides. The acrylamide intake was calculated from the food frequency questionnaires ranging between 20.0 and 78.6μg. Identification and quantification of N7-GA-Gua adducts in the blood DNA of healthy volunteers suggests that dietary acrylamide exposure may lead to the formation of DNA adducts. This important finding warrants further investigation to ascertain a correlation between environmental/dietary acrylamide exposure and levels of DNA adducts.

Cigarette smoking is associated with acrylamide exposure among the U.S. population: NHANES 2011–2016

2-carbamoylethyl mercapturic acid (2CaEMA, N-Acetyl-S-carbamoylethyl-L-cysteine) is a urinary metabolite and exposure biomarker of acrylamide, which is a harmful volatile organic compound found in cigarette smoke and in some foods. The goal of this study was to determine the association between cigarette smoking and urinary 2CaEMA concentrations among the U.S. population while considering potential dietary sources of acrylamide intake and demographics. We measured 2CaEMA concentrations in urine specimens collected during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012, 2013–2014, and 2015–2016 cycles from eligible participants 18 years and older (n = 5443) using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. We developed multiple regression models with urinary 2CaEMA concentrations as the dependent variable and sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, reported primary sources of dietary acrylamide intake, and cigarette smoke exposure as independent variables. This study demonstrates that cigarette smoking is strongly associated with urinary 2CaEMA, suggests that cigarette smoking is likely a primary source of acrylamide exposure, and provides a baseline measure for 2CaEMA in the U.S. population.

Does dietary intake of acrylamide affect hydroxyproline levels? An animal study

Acrylamide is a chemical that occurs due to high temperatures during cooking. It consists of an amino acid found in foods and sugars. Studies have shown that cancer formation occurs within the scope of oxidant reagents and DNA damage due to exposure to acrylamide. Our study aims to examine the effects of dietary acrylamide intake on plasma hydroxyproline levels in rats. In this study, 4 groups were formed with 8 rats in each group (total number=32). Blood samples were collected on days 14 and 28. Acrylamide solution was applied to each rat in the treatment group by gastric gavage process at 5 mg/kg three times a week. Hydroxyproline levels in rats’ plasma samples were measured. The median (IQR) hydroxyproline levels were 7.40(2.45) µg/L in group 1 (14. days control group) and 7.98(3.34) µg/L in group 2 (14. days acrylamide applied) who received acrylamide. The mean hydroxyproline levels were 7.25(1.96) µg/L in group 3 (28. days control group) and 9.76(2.64) µg/L in group 4 (28. days acrylamide applied) who received acrylamide. No difference was observed between the groups. Dietary acrylamide intake did not have a significant effect on hydroxyproline levels at the application dose and duration in our study.

Exposure to Acrylamide in the Sixth Total Diet Study - China, 2016-2019.

What is already known about this topic?Acrylamide (AA) is toxic and potentially carcinogenic and could be formed during the cooking process. It is understood that almost all foods cooked at high temperature contain AA, especially fried foods. The exposure of AA in food threatens human health.What is added by this report?In the Sixth China Total Diet Study (TDS), AA was detected in 73.3% samples of the 12 food categories with the concentrations ranging from undetected to 176.90 μg/kg. The average dietary intake of AA was 0.175 µg/kg body weight per day and a significant decrease (45.1%) was observed compared with the Fifth China TDS. Among the 12 food categories, vegetables (59.0%), cereals (18.9%), and potatoes (10.1%) were the main contributors to AA exposure at 88.0%.What are the implications for public health practice?This study highlighted the need to continuously monitor dietary acrylamide exposure in China, including changing food processing methods and making reasonable selection of foodstuffs in the daily diet.

Dietary Acrylamide Intake Alters Gut Microbiota in Mice and Increases Its Susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium Infection.

Acrylamide (AA) has been extensively examined for its potential toxicological effects on humans and animals, but its impacts on gut microbiota and effects on hosts’ susceptibility to enteric infection remain elusive. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of AA on gut microbiota of mice and susceptibility of mice to S. Typhimurium infection. After four weeks’ intervention, mice fed with AA exhibited significantly decreased body weight. Meanwhile, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed reduced relative abundance of Firmicutes and increased abundance of Bacteroidetes in AA-treated mice prior to infection. In addition, we observed high relative abundance of Burkholderiales and Erysipelotrichales, more specifically the genus Sutterella and Allobaculum, respectively, in AA-treated mice before infection. Subsequently, the mice were orally infected with S. Typhimurium. The histological changes, systemic dissemination of S. Typhimurium, and inflammatory responses were examined. Compared to mice fed with normal diet, mice fed AA exhibited higher level of bacterial counts in liver, spleen, and ileum, which was consistent with exacerbated tissue damage determined by histological analyses. In addition, higher expression of pro-inflammaroty cytokines, p-IκBα, and p-P65 and lower mRNA expressions of mucin2, occludin, zo-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin were detected in AA-treated mice. These findings provide novel insights into the potential health impact of AA consumption and the detailed mechanism for its effect on S. Typhimurium infection merit further exploration.

Occurrence and dietary intake of food processing contaminants (FPCs) in Catalonia, Spain

Food processing contaminants (FPCs) form a wide group of chemicals that are generated during different cooking practices. This study was aimed at determining the levels of a number of FPCs (i.e., acrylamide, furans, monochloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidyl esters (GEs)) in foodstuffs purchased in Catalonia (Spain), and assessing the human exposure for different population groups. The dietary intake of acrylamide for the adult population was estimated in 2.91 μg/day, while that of furan, 2-methylfurans and 3-methylfurans was 4.32, 7.35 and 0.439 μg/day, respectively. Finally, the exposure to 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters and GEs through food consumption was estimated in 0.657, 0.529, 10.7, 5.15 and 8.81 μg/day, respectively. The risk assessment showed that there is a health concern for developing neoplastic effects derived from the intake of acrylamide for all the population groups. In addition, toddlers and infants would exceed the threshold values of 3-MCDP and GEs. The global analysis of these results indicates that a special attention should be paid to the youngest population groups in Catalonia, reinforcing the need of conducting periodical monitoring studies and developing policy measures, especially focused on foodstuffs highly consumed by toddlers, infants and children.