Dietary Glycemic Index Research Articles

Associations of periconception dietary glycemic index and load with fertility in women and men: a study among couples in the general population

BackgroundThe dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) reflect carbohydrate quality and quantity, potentially impacting fertility through modulation of insulin sensitivity and generation of oxidative stress. While fertility is influenced by both women and men, reproductive research often emphasizes maternal factors. We first examined periconception dietary intake in both women and male partners, and subsequent associations of dietary GI and GL with fecundability and subfertility.MethodsAmong 830 women and 651 male partners, participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from preconception onwards, we assessed periconception dietary intake and calculated GI and GL, using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at median 12.4 weeks gestation (95% range 10.9, 18.4). Information on time to pregnancy was obtained through questionnaires, with subfertility defined as a time to pregnancy ≥ 12 months or use of assisted reproductive technology.ResultsIn the periconception period, mean energy intake in women was 1870 kcal (SD: 500; 46% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.2 (SD: 3.5) and GL 141.4 (SD: 67.4)). Mean energy intake in men was 2350 kcal (SD: 591; 43% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 33% fat; dietary GI 56.8 (SD: 3.2) and GL 156.7 (SD: 75.4)). Median time to pregnancy was 4.8 months (IQR: 1.2, 16.4), with 30.6% of 830 women experiencing subfertility. Dietary GI and GL were not associated with fertility outcomes in women. In men, higher dietary GI and GL across the full range were associated with decreased fecundability, after adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as dietary GI or GL of female partners [FR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99; FR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.81, 0.99, per SDS increase in dietary GI and GL, respectively]. When assessing the combined influence of dietary GI clinical categories in women and men, both partners adhering to a low GI diet tended to be associated with increased fecundability, but not with subfertility risk.ConclusionsSuboptimal periconception carbohydrate intake may be negatively associated with male fertility, but not with fertility outcomes in women. Further studies are needed to assess whether a lower GI and GL diet is a feasible lifestyle intervention to improve couples fertility.

Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy and child asthma: follow-up of the ROLO trial.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that a higher intake of sugar during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of childhood asthma and atopy. However, randomised trial evidence supporting such a link is lacking. This study aimed to examine whether a low glycaemic index (GI) dietary intervention during pregnancy decreases the risk of childhood asthma and eczema. This is a secondary analysis of 514 children from the ROLO trial. Healthy women were randomised to receive an intervention of low GI dietary advice or routine care from early pregnancy. Mothers reported current doctor-diagnosed eczema in their children at 2 years (n 271) and current doctor-diagnosed asthma and eczema in their children at 5 (n 357) and 9-11 years (n 391) of age. Multivariable logistic regression models were used test the effect of the intervention on child outcomes overall and stratified by maternal education. There was a suggestion of a reduction in asthma at 5 years of age in children whose mothers received the low GI dietary intervention during pregnancy compared with usual care (adjusted OR 0·46 (95 % CI 0·19, 1·09); P = 0·08). In stratified adjusted analyses, the intervention was associated with a reduced risk of asthma at 5 years of age in children born to mothers with incomplete tertiary level education but not in those with complete tertiary level education (OR 0·14 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·69); P = 0·010 and OR 1·03 (95 % CI 0·34, 3·13); P = 0·94, respectively). A low GI diet in pregnancy may reduce the risk of developing asthma in childhood, particularly amongst children born to mothers with lower educational attainment.

Efficacy of diet with low glycemic index on coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with dietary factors playing a significant role in its pathogenesis. The glycemic index (GI) of foods has been implicated in cardiovascular health, with low GI diets hypothesized to reduce the risk of CAD and improve outcomes [1]. However, the efficacy of low glycemic index diets in patients with established CAD remains uncertain. Objective This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a low glycemic index diet on coronary artery disease by evaluating changes in cardiovascular biomarkers and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models. Material and Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 156 patients with established coronary artery disease (Aged 43-75 years, mean age 62.4±12.7 years, male=57%). Participants were randomized to either a low glycemic index diet group or a control group receiving standard dietary advice. Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers, including lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and glycemic control parameters, were assessed at baseline and follow-up visits. Major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death, were recorded over a median follow-up period of 6.2±2.4 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between adherence to a low glycemic index diet and MACE. Results Preliminary analysis demonstrated significant improvements in cardiovascular biomarkers, including reductions in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers, in the low glycemic index diet group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a lower incidence of MACE in patients adherent to the low glycemic index diet compared to non-adherent patients (log-rank p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis confirmed the independent association between adherence to a low glycemic index diet and reduced risk of MACE after adjusting for confounding factors (hazard ratio [HR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.95; p < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings suggest that a low glycemic index diet may be efficacious in reducing cardiovascular risk and improving outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Adherence to a low glycemic index diet was associated with favorable changes in cardiovascular biomarkers and a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of low glycemic index diets.

Exploring the Relationship between Glycemic Index (GI) and Cancer Risk

Obesity and unhealthy diet are important factors that cause cancer. Currently, the application of low GI diet in the prevention and control of diabetes has received increasing attention. A large number of studies have found that a high GI diet can lead to changes in blood sugar and insulin levels, and is one of the important causes of diabetes, tumors, and cardiovascular diseases. Existing studies have shown that there is a close connection between diabetes and cancer, but there are few reports on the relevant mechanisms and risk factors for dietary GI induced cancer. A literature search found that high GI foods increase the incidence of cancer, but there are no large number of experiments to prove whether a low GI diet improves the occurrence of cancer. Therefore, this article proposes and explains the hypothesis of the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and cancer risk, providing new research ideas for the prevention of cancer with a low GI diet.

Carbohydrate quality index and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iranian adults

Background/aimIn the current study, we aimed to assess the association of carbohydrate quality index (CQI) with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted on 225 newly diagnosed NAFLD patients and 450 controls, aged 20–60 years. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the CQI and its components, including fiber intake, glycemic index, whole grains: total grains ratio, and solid carbohydrates: total carbohydrates ratio. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of NAFLD across the tertile of CQI and its components.ResultsThe participant’s mean ± SD of body mass index and age were 26.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2 and 38.1 ± 8.8 years, respectively. The median (interquartile) CQI score in participants of the case and control groups was 20 (15–25) and 23 (18–28), respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted model, the risk of NAFLD decreased significantly across the tertiles of the CQI [(OR: 0.20; %95CI: 0.11–0.39), Ptrend <0.001)]. Also, the odds of NAFLD decreased across tertiles of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates ratio [(OR: 0.39; 95%CI: 0.22–0.69), Ptrend <0.001)]. However, a high dietary glycemic index (GI) was associated with increased odds of NAFLD [(OR:7.47; 95%CI: 3.89–14.33, Ptrend<0.001)]. There was no significant relationship between other CQI components, including fiber intake and whole grain/total grains and the risk of NAFLD.ConclusionsOur results revealed that a diet with a high quality of carbohydrates, characterized by higher intakes of solid carbohydrates, whole grain, and low GI carbohydrates, can be related to a reduced risk of NAFLD.

Overall glycaemic index and dietary glycaemic load and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.

Previous studies have found direct associations between glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with chronic diseases. However, this evidence has not been consistent in relation to mortality, and most data regarding this association come from high-income and low-carbohydrate-intake populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the overall GI and dietary GL and all-cause mortality, CVD and breast cancer mortality in Mexico. Participants from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC) study in 2006-2008 were followed for a median of 10 years. Overall GI and dietary GL were calculated from a validated FFQ. Deaths were identified by the cross-linkage of MTC participants with two national mortality registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the impact of GI and GL on mortality. We identified 1198 deaths. Comparing the lowest and highest quintile, dietary GI and GL appeared to be marginally associated with all-cause mortality; GI, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·93, 1·35); GL, 1·12 (95 % CI: 0·87, 1·44). Higher GI and GL were associated with increased risk of CVD mortality, GI, 1·30 (95 % CI: 0·82, 2·08); GL, 1·64 (95 % CI: 0·87, 3·07) and with greater risk of breast cancer mortality; GI, 2·13 (95 % CI: 1·12, 4·06); GL, 2·43 (95 % CI: 0·90, 6·59). It is necessary to continue the improvement of carbohydrate quality indicators to better guide consumer choices and to lead the Mexican population to limit excessive intake of low-quality carbohydrate foods.

LncRNA TUG1 transcript levels and psychological disorders: insights into interplay of glycemic index and glycemic load

BackgroundThere is an association between obesity and psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Environmental factors and genetics play a crucial role in this regard. Several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathophysiology of the nervous system. Additionally, we intend to investigate how dietary glycemic index and load relate to psychological disorders in women with obesity and overweight by identifying the possible interaction with metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1).Methods267 overweight or obese women between the ages of 18 and 48 were recruited for the current study. A reliable and validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) consisting of 147 items assessed food consumption, glycemic load (GL), and glycemic index (GI). Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales (DASS-21) were used to assess mental well-being. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to assess transcript levels for lncRNAs MALAT1 and TUG1.ResultsIn obese and overweight women, a positive correlation was found between anxiety and MALAT1 mRNA levels (P = 0.007, CC = 0.178). Age, energy intake, physical activity, total fat, income, marriage, thyroid, and BMI were adjusted, and GI and TUG1 were positively correlated on DASS-21 (β = 0.006, CI = 0.001, 0.01, P = 0.031), depression (β = 0.002, CI = 0.001, 0.004, P = 0.019), Stress (β = 0.003, CI = 0.001, 0.005, P = 0.027). The interaction of GL and TUG1 on stress was also observed (β = 0.03, CI = 0.001, 0.07, P = 0.048).ConclusionsThe lncRNA TUG1 appears to be associated with depression and stress through interaction with GI and correlated with stress by interaction with GL. To establish this concept, further research is required.

Are dietary factors associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked with dietary patterns and metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, the present study focused to investigate the relation between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors related to fatty liver in NAFLD patients. This cross-sectional study included 117 individuals whose body mass index (BMI) threshold of 25 or above diagnosed with NAFLD by magnetic resonance imaging. The hospital database was used to review the patients' medical records such as lipid parameters, and fasting blood sugar. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were measured by researchers. Likewise, data from 24-h dietary recalls of individuals were collected to analyze their energy and nutrient intakes besides calculating dietary insulin index (DII), dietary insulin load (DIL), dietary glycemic index (DGI), and dietary glycemic load (DGL). Participants consuming diets with distinct levels of DII, DIL, DGI, and DGL exhibited variations in dietary energy and nutrient intake. Specifically, differences were noted in carbohydrate intake across quartiles of DII, DIL, DGI, and DGL, while fructose consumption showed variability in DGL quartiles (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, sucrose intake demonstrated distinctions in both DII and DGL quartiles (p ≤ 0.05). No statistical difference was found in biochemical parameters and the fatty liver index among different levels of DII, DIL, DGI, and DGL (p > 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with a higher DGI had four times greater odds of developing metabolic syndrome compared to those in the bottom quartile (OR, 4.32; 95% CI [1.42-13.11]). This study provides initial evidence of the intricate association between dietary factors and NAFLD, emphasizing the necessity for further research including prospective designs with larger sample sizes, to garner additional insights.

Glycemic Index Evaluation of Flaxseed Oats Sourdough Bread

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Background:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Glycemic index (GI) is a numerical system that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods by how much they raise blood glucose level. Understanding GI is beneficial in diet management, especially for weight loss or diabetic people. Various types of food, such as functional foods, have recently gained attention for their health benefits, with sourdough bread being a notable example. As sourdough bread becomes a preferred option for weight and diabetes management, disclosing its glycemic index is crucial. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Objective:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; This study aims to assess the glycemic index of a newly available bread, the flaxseed oats sourdough bread. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Methodology:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Ten healthy subjects aged between 23 to 37 years old were recruited (mean 28.7 ± 4.4 years) and required to fast and then consume 50 g of available carbohydrate portions of test and reference foods. Finger capillary blood samples were collected at the start (fasting, 0 minute) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption. The GI was calculated from the ratio of incremental area under the curve (iAUC) to reference food. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Result:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; The results show that flaxseed oats sourdough bread has a GI of 37.3 which is classified as low GI. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusion: &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;Determining the GI value of this bread provides valuable data that can enhance dietary recommendations for weight and diabetes management. Implementing a low GI diet nationwide necessitates ongoing research, public education, and collaboration with food manufacturers to ensure consumers have access to healthier carbohydrate options.

Formulation of prebiotic, low glycemic index millet soups using foxtail, barnyard and kodo millet

Optimization of foxtail, barnyard, and kodo millet, was carried out to formulate millet soup mix by adopting a mixture design. The physico chemical parameters such as pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), viscosity, color values (L*, a*, b*), quality characteristics such as soluble, insoluble total fiber, reducing sugar, total phenolic content, and various sensory parameters such as appearance, colour, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability were recorded to assess the effect of selected above three millets on the reconstituted millet soups. Optimization was done and a polynomial model was developed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) relating to total fiber, antioxidant activity, prebiotic activity score, glycemic index and overall acceptability of the millet soups. Results revealed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) observed in the in the pH, TSS, viscosity among ten variations of millet soups. Similar statistical significance (p < 0.05) was noticed in the colour values. Quality characters such as reducing sugar, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber values were also found to be different between the ten millet soup variations. Highest value of total phenolic content was recorded in MS6 variation with 7.5 gm of barnyard and 7.5 gm kodo millet flour in the millet soup. The overlay plots were used to attain the optimum formulation for the millet soups related to total dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, prebiotic score, glycemic index and overall acceptability which created the yellow region based on the optimized value. The results revealed that the optimum values for the predicted responses were 5.65 g, 24.96%, 0.36, 41.85, 7.65 for the total dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, prebiotic score, glycemic index and overall acceptability, respectively, which was attained from the optimum mixture of 2.14 gm foxtail millet flour, 5.76 gm barnyard millet flour, and 7.11 gm kodo millet flour. From the results the optimized millet soup can be categorized as low glycemic soup (GI < 55) with good prebiotic activity.

Aging Modulates the Effect of Dietary Glycemic Index on Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice

BackgroundGut microbiome composition profoundly impacts host physiology and is modulated by several environmental factors, most prominently diet. The composition of gut microbiota changes over the lifespan, particularly during the earliest and latest stages. However, we know less about diet-aging interactions on the gut microbiome. We previously showed that diets with different glycemic indices, based on the ratio of rapidly digested amylopectin to slowly digested amylose, led to altered composition of gut microbiota in male C57BL/6J mice. ObjectivesHere, we examined the role of aging in influencing dietary effects on gut microbiota composition and aimed to identify gut bacterial taxa that respond to diet and aging. MethodsWe studied 3 age groups of male C57BL/6J wild-type mice: young (4 mo), middle-aged (13.5 mo), and old (22 mo), all fed either high glycemic (HG) or low glycemic (LG) diets matched for caloric content and macronutrient composition. Fecal microbiome composition was determined by 16S rDNA metagenomic sequencing and was evaluated for changes in α- and β-diversity and bacterial taxa that change by age, diet, or both. ResultsYoung mice displayed lower α-diversity scores than middle-aged counterparts but exhibited more pronounced differences in β-diversity between diets. In contrast, old mice had slightly lower α-diversity scores than middle-aged mice, with significantly higher β-diversity distances. Within-group variance was lowest in young, LG-fed mice and highest in old, HG-fed mice. Differential abundance analysis revealed taxa associated with both aging and diet. Most differential taxa demonstrated significant interactions between diet and aging. Notably, several members of the Lachnospiraceae family increased with aging and HG diet, whereas taxa from the Bacteroides_H genus increased with the LG diet. Akkermansia muciniphila decreased with aging. ConclusionsThese findings illustrate the complex interplay between diet and aging in shaping the gut microbiota, potentially contributing to age-related disease.

Association of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Objective To comprehensively assess the dose-response association between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases were searched up to May 29, 2024. Studies with at least three exposure categories were included. Dose-response analysis was also performed when covariates were adjusted in the included studies. Results Thirteen studies involving 39,720 pregnant women were included. A linear relationship was found between GI and the risk of GDM (χ2 = 4.77, P non-linearity = .0923). However, association was not significant (χ2 = 0.06, p = .8000). For every unit increase in GI (range 0–30), GDM risk increased by 0.29%. After adjusting for covariates, the linear relationship persisted (χ2 = 4.95, Pnon-linearity = .084) with no significant association (χ2 = 0.08, p = .7775). For GL, a linear relationship was also found (χ2 = 4.17, P non-linearity =.1245), but GL was not significantly associated with GDM risk (χ2 = 2.63, p = .1049). The risk of GDM increased by 0.63% per unit increase in GL. After covariate adjustment, a significant association was observed (χ2 = 6.28, p = .0122). Conclusion No significant association between GI and GDM risk was found. After adjusting for covariates, GL shows a significant association with GDM risk. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering dietary GL in managing the risk of GDM. Future research should continue to explore these relationships with standardized diagnostic criteria and robust adjustment for potential confounders.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load predict longitudinal change in glycemic and cardio-metabolic biomarkers among old diabetic adults living in a resource-poor country

This study aims to investigate longitudinal associations between the dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and changes in glycemic and cardio-metabolic outcomes. A 28-month retrospective cohort study included 110 Vietnamese diabetic patients, collecting their dietary GI and GL values along with blood biochemical data from baseline 24-h dietary recall and medical records. Latent class growth modelling identified three distinct HbA1c trajectories during the follow-up period, with 51% of patients achieving good glycemic control. The adjusted linear mixed-effect model showed that 1 unit increase in logarithms in dietary GL was associated with a 0.14% increase in the log-HbA1c. Among poorly controlled diabetic patients, baseline GL values were positively correlated with increases in HbA1c; GI showed effects on changes in fasting plasma glucose and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index. No significant association was observed in patients with good glycemic control.

Development of a national database for dietary glycemic index and load for nutritional epidemiologic studies in the United States

BackgroundThe quality of carbohydrate intake, as measured by the glycemic index (GI), has not been evaluated nationally over the past 2 decades in the United States. ObjectivesWe aimed to develop a comprehensive and nationally representative dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) database from 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and to examine GI and GL time trends and subpopulation differences. MethodsWe used an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled model to match GI values from 2 GI databases to food codes from United States Department of Agriculture, which were manually validated. We examined nationally representative distributions of dietary GI and GL from 1999 to 2018 using the multistage, clustered sampling design of NHANES. ResultsAssigned GI values covered 99.9% of total carbohydrate intake. The initial AI accuracy was 75.0%, with 31.3% retained after manual curation guided by substantive domain expertise. A total of 7976 unique food codes were matched to GI values, of which soft drinks and white bread were top contributors to dietary GI and GL. Of the 49,205 NHANES adult participants, the mean dietary GI was 55.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55.5, 55.8) and energy-adjusted dietary GL was 133.0 (95% CI: 132.3, 133.8). From 1999 to 2018, dietary GI and GL decreased by 4.6% and 13.8%, respectively. Dietary GL was higher among females (134.6; 95% CI: 133.8, 135.5) than among males (131.3; 95% CI: 130.3, 132.3), those with ≤high school degree (137.7; 95% CI: 136.8, 138.7) than among those with ≥college degree (126.5; 95% CI: 125.3, 127.7), and those living under the poverty level (140.9; 95% CI: 139.6, 142.1) than among those above the poverty level. Differences in race were observed (Black adults, 139.4; 95% CI: 138.2, 140.7; White adults, 131.6; 95% CI: 130.5, 132.6). ConclusionsThe national GI and GL database facilitates large-scale and high-quality surveillance or cohort studies of diet and health outcomes in the United States.

The association between carbohydrate quality index and headache severity, disability and duration among women with migraine: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background & Aim This study aimed to examine the association between Carbohydrate Quality Index (CQI) and headache severity, disability and duration among women with migraine. Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, 266 women (aged 18–45 years) were enrolled using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). CQI was defined by four criteria: fiber intake, dietary glycemic index (DGI), whole grains/total grains ratio and solid carbohydrates/total carbohydrates ratio. Anthropometric measurements, visual analogue scale (VAS), migraine disability assessment (MIDAS), and headache duration were assessed for all participants. Results Participants with a high adherence to CQI had lower odds of moderate pain (OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.21-0.94; P = 0.03) and severe pain (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.82; P = 0.01) compared to those with a low adherence to CQI. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals with the greatest adherence to CQI showed a 78% reduced prevalence in severe pains and a 63% decreased occurrence in moderate pains compared to those with the lowest adherence (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.09-0.55; P = 0.01 and OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16-0.84; P = 0.01, respectively). Moreover, Subjects with higher adherence to CQI had lower odds of headache duration (OR = 0.54; 95% CI= 0.31-0.96; P = 0.03). The significant association remained (P < 0.05) even after confounding variables (OR = 0.59; 95 % CI = 0.35-1.002; P = 0.05). Despite adjusting for confounding valuables, there was no significant association between the CQI and MIDAS scores (P > 0.05). Conclusion Higher adherence to CQI was associated with lower severity and duration in patients with migraine. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Dyslipidemia in Adolescents from Chiapas, Mexico.

Cardiovascular disease risk throughout the life course is increased by abnormal blood lipid levels in youth. The dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) during adolescence might be related to abnormal blood lipids. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary GI, GL and dyslipidemia in adolescents from two marginalized regions of Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 213 adolescents. Food intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. The association between dyslipidemia and dietary GI or GL was tested by using logistic regression models. Low HDL-c was the most prevalent risk factor (47.4%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (25.4%). In this population, overall dietary GI was not associated with dyslipidemia. A high dietary GL was associated with 2.39 higher odds of low HDL-c (95% CI: 1.21-4.74) when compared to low GL. Female adolescents with high dietary GL had 3.20 higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (95% CI: 1.03-9.88), whereas no association was found for males. No associations were observed between overall dietary GL and total cholesterol or LDL-c. In adolescents from urban and rural communities in Chiapas, a high dietary GL was associated with a detrimental effect on HDL-c. In female adolescents, high GL was associated with hypertriglyceridemia.

Impact of resistant starch: Absorption of dietary minerals, glycemic index and oxidative stress in healthy rats

Background & AimsResistant starch (RS) is a prebiotic fiber that has been scientifically shown to control the development of obesity. Prebiotic role of RS has also seen to be very important as it helps gut bacteria to regulate fermentation and fatty acid production. This study aimed to check the different levels of RS on glycemic index, oxidative stress and mineral absorption rate in healthy rat models. To evaluate these objectives, the trial was conducted for 40 days of follow up; 10 days were the adjustment period and the collection period over 30 days. MethodsThirty-six healthy female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of (9 animals each) NC (Normal Control: without resistant starch), RS0.20 (resistant starch: 0.20 g/kg body weight), RS0.30 (resistant starch: 0.30g/kg body weight), RS0.40 (resistant starch: 0.40g/kg body weight). All the diets were isocaloric and isonitroginous. ResultsThe impact of different levels of RS on the dry-matter intake (DMI) presented statistically significant results (p ≤ .05): DMI was reduced in RS (0.02) fed rats as compared to NC rats in first 3 weeks; and after 4th and 5th weeks, there was a DMI reduction of 28% in RS (0.04) fed rats. Moreover, there was no significant increase in the nutrient intake in all RS diets. The dry-matter (DM) digestibility was statistically significantly (P≤0·05), which increased in all rats fed with different level of RS. The weight loss showed statistically significant results: RS (0.04) exhibited 19g reduction in weight as compared with NC rats. Significant increase was observed in total oxidant status (TOS), in all the RS fed rats when compared with NC rats. The levels of Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn were shown to be decrease in feces analysis, which proves their better absorbance in gut. Statistically significant increase was observed in antioxidant capacity, whereas significant decrease was observed in the total weight of the animals, showing the role of RS in controlling obesity. ConclusionsOverall, significant results were found in all dosage level of RS but long term administration of the higher dosage level (RS0.40) may need to be studied for enhanced results. RS can help improve insulin sensitivity in overweight adults.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Concentration and Glycemic Index on Blood Glucose Variability and Free Fatty Acids in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes.

Monitoring glycemic control status is the cornerstone of diabetes management. This study aimed to reveal whether moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diets increase the risk of free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and it presents the short-term effects of four different diet models on blood sugar, glycemic variability (GV), and FFA levels. This crossover study included 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to identify the effects of four diets with different CHO contents and glycemic index (GI) on GV and plasma FFA levels. Diet 1 (D1) contained 40% CHO with a low GI, diet 2 (D2) contained 40% CHO with a high GI, diet 3 (D3) contained 60% CHO with a low GI, and diet 4 (D4) contained 60% CHO with a high GI. Interventions were performed with sensor monitoring in four-day periods and completed in four weeks. No statistical difference was observed among the groups in terms of blood glucose area under the curve (p = 0.78), mean blood glucose levels (p = 0.28), GV (p = 0.59), and time in range (p = 0.567). FFA and total triglyceride levels were higher in the D1 group (p < 0.014 and p = 0.002, respectively). Different diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by affecting GI, FFA, and blood glucose levels.

Effects of a 10-Week Exercise and Nutritional Intervention with Variable Dietary Carbohydrates and Glycaemic Indices on Substrate Metabolism, Glycogen Storage, and Endurance Performance in Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Daily nutrition plays an important role in supporting training adaptions and endurance performance. The objective of this 10-week study was to investigate the consequences of varying carbohydrate consumption and the glycaemic index (GI) together with an endurance training regimen on substrate oxidation, muscle energy storage and endurance performance under free-living conditions. Sixty-five moderately trained healthy men (29 ± 4years; VO2 peak 55 ± 8mLmin-1kg-1) were randomized to one of three different nutritional regimes (LOW-GI: 50-60% CHO with ≥ 65% of these CHO with GI < 50 per day, n = 24; HIGH-GI: 50-60% CHO with ≥ 65% CHO with GI > 70 per day, n = 20; LCHF: ≤ 50g CHO daily, n = 21). Metabolic alterations and performance were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 10weeks (T10) during a graded exercise treadmill test. Additionally, a 5km time trial on a 400-m outdoor track was performed and muscle glycogen was measured by magnet resonance spectroscopy. Total fat oxidation expressed as area under the curve (AUC) during the graded exercise test increased in LCHF (1.3 ± 2.4gmin-1 × kmh-1, p < 0.001), remained unchanged in LOW-GI (p > 0.05) and decreased in HIGH-GI (- 1.7 ± 1.5gmin-1 × kmh-1, p < 0.001). After the intervention, LOW-GI (- 0.4 ± 0.5mmol L-1 × kmh-1, p < 0.001) and LCHF (- 0.8 ± 0.7mmolL-1 × kmh-1, p < 0.001) showed significantly lower AUC of blood lactate concentrations. Peak running speed increased in LOW-GI (T0: 4.3 ± 0.4 vs. T10: 4.5 ± 0.3ms-1, p < 0.001) and HIGH-GI (T0: 4.4 ± 0.5 vs. T10: 4.6 ± 0.4ms-1), while no improvement was observed in LCHF. Yet, time trial performance improved significantly in all groups. Muscle glycogen content increased for participants in HIGH-GI (T0: 97.3 ± 18.5 vs. T10: 144.5 ± 39.8mmol L wet-tissue-1, p = 0.027) and remained unchanged in the LOW-GI and the LCHF group. At the last examination, muscle glycogen concentration was significantly higher in LOW-GI compared to LCHF (p = 0.014). Changes in fat oxidation were only present in LCHF, however, lower lactate concentrations in LOW-GI resulted in changes indicating an improved substrate metabolism. Compared to a LCHF diet, changes in peak running speed, and muscle glycogen stores were superior in LOW- and HIGH-GI diets. The low GI diet seems to have an influence on substrate metabolism without compromising performance at higher intensities, suggesting that a high-carbohydrate diet with a low GI is a viable alternative to a LCHF or a high GI diet. Clinical Trials, NCT05241730. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05241730 . Registered 25 January 2021.

Relationship between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and sperm-quality parameters in Iranian men: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundInfertility is a major clinical problem with psychological, financial and medical costs. Male infertility has recently been linked to 50% of childless couples. It is worth mentioning that diet and its components can be manipulated and applied in counseling meetings of infertile men as a modifiable factor. The goal of this study was to determine the correlation of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with sperm-quality parameters in Iranian men.Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study which was carried from Aug to Nov 2023, after excluding smokers, 322 men who were attending the IVF clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital for seminal analysis were enrolled. Dietary intake was completed by an expert dietitian through face-to-face interviews with a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In the present study, sperm-quality parameters, including motility, concentration, normal morphology, vitality, DNA fragmentation index (DFI), and chromatin maturation of sperm, were analyzed. The relationship between dietary GI and CL and these parameters was assessed.ResultsAdjusting for the baseline variables, dietary GI and GL showed positive and negative associations with sperm progressive motility, respectively (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001). Higher dietary GI was associated with lower (p = 0.03); however, a higher dietary GL was associated with higher immotile sperm (p < 0.001). A higher dietary GI was associated with a 77% higher sperm count (p = 0.003). In contrast, higher dietary GL was associated with a lower count (p < 0.001). Higher dietary GI and GL were associated with higher and lower percentages of sperm with normal morphology by 70% and 40%, respectively (p < 0.001 in both). A higher dietary GL was associated with an increase in sperm vitality and DFI of 33% and 53%, respectively (p < 0.001). Higher dietary GI showed a significant negative effect on sperm DFI (p = 0.009). Dietary GI and GL showed significant positive and negative effects on SCMA, respectively (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001).ConclusionA diet with a higher GI showed beneficial effects on more parameters of sperm; however, higher dietary GL showed deleterious effects, except sperm vitality and SCMA. More studies are needed to obtain a concise result.