Barley Grain In Diets Research Articles

Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of developed oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties in comparison with barley grain in dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of nutrients of two cultivars of oat grains (CDC Nasser and CDC Seabiscuit) in comparison with a barley grain (CDC Meredith that was considered the control treatment) in dairy cows. Nasser showed higher rumen undegradable protein (RUP; P < 0.01) and intestinal digestible protein ( P < 0.01) than Seabiscuit or control. However, the total digestible protein was not different among grain varieties ( P = 0.25). The in vitro intestinal digestibility of RUP (dIBP) for Nasser was higher than control ( P = 0.02); however, the dIBP in Seabiscuit did not differ from other cultivars. The intestinal digestible rumen bypass starch and total digestible starch were lower in the oat grain varieties than in the control ( P < 0.01). The truly absorbed protein supplied to the small intestine (DVE) was highest for control, intermediate for Seabiscuit, and lowest for Nasser ( P < 0.01). Moreover, control showed a higher estimated feed milk value than oat varieties ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, Seabiscuit shared similar rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility with control suggesting that Seabiscuit oat grain could in some extension replace barley grain in diets for dairy cows.

Effects of different dietary fat levels and sources on diet digestibility, fattening performance and meat quality of Holstein young bulls when substituted for dietary barley grain

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of substituting dietary barley grain by different sources and levels of fat on performance and meat quality of Holstein young bulls. Twenty-eight Holstein male calves, 274 ± 32 kg initial body weight, were used in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement for 100 d (with 10 d of adaptation). Seven animals were randomly allocated per treatment. Four dietary treatments were tested, which included: (1) diet supplemented with saturated fat (Energizer® RP10) at low level (diet with high barley and starch content), (2) diet supplemented with saturated fat at high level (diet with low barley and starch content), (3) diet supplemented with unsaturated fat (Persiafat) at low level (diet with high barley and starch content) and (4) diet supplemented with unsaturated fat at high level (diet with low barley and starch content). The dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass traits were not affected by supplemental fat sources and levels. Total tract digestibility of acid detergent fibre was improved after inclusion of both rumen-protected fat sources while other nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the fat sources or levels. In conclusion, partial replacing of dietary starch with fat supplements has not negative effects on calves’ performance and digestibility of neutral detergent fibre.

Diets containing processed barley grain as a potential rumen bypass starch source enhance productive responses of lactating Holstein dairy cows.

Effect of diets containing untreated or processed barley grain [treated with sugar beet pulp extract (SBPE) or double sulphate of aluminium and potassium (ALUM)] and different levels of rumen undegradable crude protein (RUP) on production, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of lactating Holstein cows were investigated. Untreated soybean meal (SBM) or xylose protected 'Yasminomax soy® (YAS)' was included to represent a low (LR, 4.2% DM) and high (HR, 5.4% DM) RUP diets, respectively. Experimental diet was as follows: (a) untreated barley grains with high RUP (HRCON); (b) untreated barley grains with low RUP (LRCON); (c) ALUM-treated barley grain with high RUP (HRAL; (d) ALUM-treated barley grain with low RUP (LRAL); (e) SBPE-treated barley grain with high RUP (HRSE); and (f) SBPE-treated barley grain with low RUP (LRSE). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with lactating dairy cows (n=36) averaging 215±18days in milk, milk yield 31.7±5.8kg/day, 620±61kg body weight. Diets containing processed barley grain increased feed intake, while decreased both rumination and eating (p<0.001). Feed intake of dairy cows on Low RUP and High RUP were 23 and 24kg/day, respectively (p<0.01). Daily production of milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids was improved when the processed barley grain was included in the diets (p<0.05). Present study pinpointed that the inclusion of the processed barley grain in diets might improve production indices of dairy cows.

Beet pulp substituted for corn silage and barley grain in diets fed to dairy cows in the summer months: feed intake, total-tract digestibility, and milk production

The responses of dairy cows to the substitution of beet pulp (BP) for grain or forage are not consistent, and heat stress may affect the response of dairy cows to this substitution. The effects of substituted BP for corn silage and barley grain on feed intake, performance, and ruminal parameters were evaluated using eight multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day periods. Cows were in mid-lactation (45.4 ± 3.6 kg/day milk production and 116 ± 10 days in milk) with an average BW of 664 ± 41.2 kg. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) 0% BP (0BP, control, 38.5% barley grain, and 20.3% corn silage); 2) 12% BP (12BP, 32.5% barley grain, and 14.3% corn silage); 3) 18% BP (18BP, 29.5% barley grain, and 11.3% corn silage); and 4) 24% BP (24BP, 26.5% barley grain, and 8.3% corn silage). Cows were under mild heat stress and the average temperature–humidity index was 70.5; increasing BP caused a linear decrease in respiration rate (P < 0.01). Higher BP in the diet caused a linear increase in DM intake (P = 0.01) and NDF digestibility (P = 0.03). Dry and organic matter (OM) digestibilities tended to increase linearly with higher BP (P < 0.10). Milk yield, energy-corrected milk, protein, lactose, and fat production and content were not affected by the treatments. Increasing BP in the diet caused a linear decrease in feed efficiency and rumen ammonia (P < 0.05) and a tendency to a linear decrease in milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.10). Rumen pH and acetate to propionate ratio were not affected by the replacement. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen increased linearly with increasing the BP inclusion (P = 0.04). Acetate and butyrate (P = 0.07) proportion tended to increase, whereas propionate (P = 0.06) and isovalerate (P = 0.08) proportion tended to decrease linearly as BP was substituted for corn silage and barley grain. The results indicated that under mild heat stress condition, BP can be successfully substituted for barley grain and corn silage up to 24% of the diet without any negative effect on production and ruminal pH.

The Effect of Dietary Barley Grain Substitution with Hydroponic Barley Grass on Milk Yield and Some Blood Metabolites of Saanen Lactating Goats

The Effect of Dietary Barley Grain Substitution with Hydroponic Barley Grass on Milk Yield and Some Blood Metabolites of Saanen Lactating Goats

124 High-fiber high-lipid by-product pellets are an effective replace ment for barley grain in diets for finishing beef cattle

124 High-fiber high-lipid by-product pellets are an effective replace ment for barley grain in diets for finishing beef cattle

Murciano-Granadina Goat Performance and Methane Emission after Replacing Barley Grain with Fibrous By-Products.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting dietary barley grain with orange pulp or soybean hulls on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission and milk performance in dairy goats. Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in midlactation were selected and divided into three groups based on similar body weight (42.1 ± 1.2 kg) and milk yield (2.16 ± 0.060 kg/goat/day). The experiment was conducted in an incomplete crossover design where one group of four goats was fed a mixed ration of barley grain (BRL), another group of four goats replaced barley grain with orange pulp (OP) and the last group of four goats with soybean hulls (SH). After adaptation to diets, the goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages and intake, faeces, urine and milk were recorded and analysed. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter intake was similar for all three groups (2.03 kg/d, on average). No influence of the diet was observed for energy balance and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.61. The OP and SH diets showed greater (P < 0.05) fat mobilization (-42.8 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) than BRL (19.2 kJ/kg of BW0.75). Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) were potential biomarkers of rumen function because the higher contents found in the milk of OP and SH goats than BRL suggest a negative impact of these diets on rumen bacterial metabolism; probably linked to the lower nitrogen supply of diet OP to synthesize microbial protein and greater content of fat in diet SH. Replacement of cereal grain with fibrous by-products did not increased enteric methane emissions (54.7 L/goat per day, on average). Therefore, lactating goats could utilize dry orange pulp and soybean hulls diets with no detrimental effect on milk performance.

Effects of barley-based diets with 3 different rumen-degradable protein balances on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

ABSTRACT The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of varying the dietary degradable protein balance (DPB) on finishing cattle performance. Crossbred yearling steers (n = 300; BW = 460 ± 26 kg) were allotted to 12 pens (25 steers/pen) and fed barley grain-based finishing diets with negative DPB (− 12 g/kg of DM), neutral DPB (0 g/ kg of DM), or positive DPB (14 g/kg of DM). The diet with negative DPB contained 88.3% barley grain and 4.7% barley silage. For the neutral and positive DPB diets, 11 and 22% of dietary barley grain, respectively, was replaced by wheat-based dried distillers grains with solubles. Increasing DPB in the diet increased the concentration of most nutrients linearly (P 0.05) starch (88.3 ± 1.36%), whereas protein supply in the small intestine (78.8 to 91.2 g/kg of DM) increased (P 0.05) among treatments. In conclusion, when diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements for targeted performance, changing dietary DPB from − 12 to 14 g/kg had no major effect on animal performance and carcass characteristics.

Use of tomato and cucumber waste fruits in goat diets: effects on rumen fermentation and microbial communities in batch and continuous cultures

SUMMARYTwoin vitroexperiments were conducted to analyse the effects of replacing dietary barley grain with wastes of tomato and cucumber fruits and a 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial abundance. The control (CON) substrate contained 250 g/kg of barley grain on a dry matter (DM) basis, and another 15 substrates were formulated by replacing 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 g of barley grain/kg with the same amount (DM basis) of tomato or cucumber fruits or 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture. In Expt 1, all substrates were incubated in batch cultures with rumen micro-organisms from goats for 24 h. Increasing amounts of tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits in the substrate increased final pH and gas production, without changes in final ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, substrate degradability and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, indicating that there were no detrimental effects of any waste fruits on rumen fermentation. Therefore, in Expt 2 the substrates including 250 g of waste fruits (T250, C250 and M250 for tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits, respectively) and the CON substrate were incubated in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters for 8 days. Total VFA production did not differ among substrates, but there were differences in VFA profile. Molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were lower and acetate : propionate ratio was greater for T250 compared with CON substrate. Fermentation of substrates containing cucumber (C250 and M250) resulted in lower proportions of acetate, isobutyrate and isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio, but greater butyrate proportions than the CON substrate. Carbohydrate degradability and microbial N synthesis tended to be lower for substrates containing cucumber than for the CON substrate, but there were no differences between CON and T250 substrates. Abundance of total bacteria,Fibrobacter succinogenesandRuminococcus flavefaciens, fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa were similar in fermenters fed T250 and CON substrates, but fermenters fed C250 and M250 substrates had lower abundances ofR. flavefaciens, fungi and protozoa than those fed the CON substrate. Results indicated that tomato fruits could replace dietary barley grain up to 250 g/kg of substrate DM without noticeable effects on rumen fermentation and microbial populations, but the inclusion of cucumber fruits at 250 g/kg of substrate DM negatively affected some microbial populations as it tended to reduce microbial N synthesis and changed the VFA profile. More studies are needed to identify the dietary inclusion level of cucumber which produces no detrimental effects on rumen fermentation and microbial growth.

Lactational performance, nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics of Holstein dairy cows in response to feeding wheat factory sewage

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether wheat factory sewage (WFS) could partially replace barley grain in the diet of dairy cows without adversely affecting dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows. Eight multiparous (60 ± 3 days-in-milk) Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 21-d periods. The four diets (treatment) differed by partially substituting WFS for barley grain at the rate of 0% (WFS0), 4% (WFS4), 6% (WFS6) or 8% of dietary dry matter (DM; WFS8). DM content of diets decreased from 65%, 59%, and 57% to 54% by increasing the inclusion of WFS due to high water content of WFS (80%). DMI changed quadratically and tended (P = 0.08) to be higher for WFS4 (23.1 kg/d) than for other three diets which were similar (21.5 kg/d). Ruminal fluid pH linearly increased (P = 0.01) with increasing WFS in the diet. Ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA; 100–103 mM), acetate (65–67 mM), propionate (24–25 mM) and ratio of acetate:propionate (2.68:2.89) were not affected by increasing the replacement of barley grain with WFS. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM (67%), crude protein (CP; 68%) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; 54%) were not different among treatments. Milk yield (averaged 40 kg/d) and milk composition were not affected by the dietary treatments. These results showed that the inclusion of WFS at rates of 0, 4, 6, and 8% in place of barley grain in dairy cow diets decreased DM content of diets, but had no adverse effects on DMI, rumen fermentation, digestibility and milk production responses. In conclusion, WFS can be a candidate by-product as an alternative feedstuff for the partial replacement of barley grain in lactating dairy cow diets and also considered as an alternative energy source in a cost-effective manner when the price is competitive.

Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial abundances, and milk yield and composition in dairy goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits

The effects of replacing 35% of cereals-based concentrate with feed blocks (FB) containing waste fruits of tomato, cucumber, or barley grain in diets for lactating goats on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial N flow to the duodenum, milk yield and quality, methane emissions, and abundances of total bacteria and methanogens were studied. Eight Murciano-Granadina goats (39.4±5.39kg of body weight, mean ± SD) in the middle of the third lactation were used and 4 diets were studied in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experimental design. Diets consisted of alfalfa hay (A) plus concentrate (C) in a 1:1 ratio (diet AC) or diets in which 35% of the concentrate was replaced with FB including wastes of tomato fruit, cucumber, or barley. In each period, 2 goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the dietary treatments. Intakes of FB including tomato, cucumber, and barley were 208±65, 222±52, and 209±83g of dry matter per animal and day, respectively. The replacement of 35% of concentrate with FB did not compromise nutrient apparent digestibility, total purine derivative urinary excretion, milk yield and composition, and total bacteria and methanogen abundances. Digestible energy and that in methane and urine were higher for AC than for FB-containing diets, whereas the metabolizable energy value was not affected by diet. The inclusion of tomato and cucumber fruits in FB decreased N in urine and CH4 emissions compared with AC, which is environmentally relevant. However, tomato-based FB decreased microbial N flow in the rumen, whereas goats fed cucumber-based FB had the highest values for this measurement. Moreover, FB containing barley or tomato and cucumber led to lower rumen volatile fatty acid and NH3-N concentrations, respectively. Milk from goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber-based FB had higher linoleic, linolenic, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations than that from goats fed AC. Overall, our study suggests that tomato and cucumber FB could replace 35% of the concentrate in the dairy goat diet, reducing animal feeding cost and methane production, leading to higher polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in milk, and without compromising nutrient utilization or milk yield.

Ground versus steam-rolled barley grain for lactating cows: A clarification into conventional beliefs

Our objective was to compare the effects of grinding versus steam-rolling of barley grain at 30 or 35% of diet dry matter on feed intake, chewing behavior, rumen fermentation, and milk production in high-producing lactating cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (85 ± 9 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 21-d periods. Each period included 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Treatments included grinding (GB) or steam-rolling (SB) of barley grains at either 35 or 30% of dietary dry matter. Diets were prepared as a total mixed ration and delivered twice daily at 0730 and 1600h. Neither processing method nor dietary barley grain inclusion rate affected dry matter intake, daily eating, ruminating and chewing times, rumen pH and major volatile fatty acid molar percentages, or milk percentages and yields of fat and protein. Energy-corrected milk yield increased for SB compared with GB at 35% but not at 30% barley grain. Feed efficiency was increased by SB, but was unaffected by dietary barley grain level. Results suggest that at 30% dietary barley grain, GB resulted in similar lactation performance as SB and that SB did not affect productivity when dietary barley grain increased from 30 to 35%. Regardless of barley grain level, grinding effectively maintained dry matter intake and rumen pH at 4h postfeeding, whereas steam-rolling increased feed efficiency. Increasing barley grain from 30 to 35% of diet dry matter did not improve feed intake and milk production.

한우 육성 비육 시 보리 급여수준이 증체와 육질에 미치는 효과

본 연구는 보리의 급여수준이 한우수소의 성장과 육질에 미치는 효과를 조사하고자 실시되었다. 수송아지 20두(평균체중 99㎏)를 공시하여 한우수소의 육성비육 시 보리의 급여수준(육성기－비육전기－비육후기 보리 배합비; 0-0-40, FⅡ40; 0-0-60, FⅡ60; 0-20-40, F2040; 0-20-60, F2040)이 증체와 육질에 미치는 효과를 구명하였다. 시험기간 동안의 체중은 성장단계별 보리 급여수준 간 차이는 보이지 않았으나, FⅡ40구의 24개월령 체중이 591.5kg으로 606.2～614.6kg 내외의 다른 처리구에 비해 다소 감소된 경향이었다. 그러나 FⅡ60구는 비육후기에 보리 60% 첨가된 사료를 섭취하면서 증체가 개선되는 경향이 있었다(P<.19). 한우수소에 대한 보리위주 사료의 급여는 생체중, 도체중과 도체율, 정육률, 거래정육률 그리고 KPH 지방과 뼈의 비율 등의 도체특성에 있어 처리 간 차이는 없었으나, 보리를 비육전기에 20%, 비육후기에 60% 급여한 F2060구의 한우수소에서 정육률과 지방률이 각각 89.82, 20.28%로 다른 처리구에 비해 다소 높았으며, 이로 인해 거래정육률은 최대 5.5% 가량 낮게 나타났다. 근내지방도는 FⅡ40구 및 F2060구에서 각각 3.75, 3.60으로 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 편이었으며, 조직감 역시 FⅡ60구와 F2060구가 공히 1.6으로 다른 두 처리구에 비해 양호하였다. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of feeding levels of barley grain in diets of Hanwoo on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo. Twenty Hanwoo bull calves (initial mean body wt. 99kg) were randomly divided to examine the effects of 5 feeding levels of barley grains(addition levels: 0, 0 and 40% for FII40; 0, 0 and 60% for FII60; 0, 20 and 40% for F2040; and 0, 20 and 60% for F2060 during the growing, early fattening and late fattening periods, respectively) on growth performance and meat quality. Body weight was not affected by the feeding level of barley grains through the whole experimental period, although the body weight of Hanwoo bulls fed FII40 diet at 24 months old of age tended to be lower(591.5kg) than that of other animals(606.2～614.6kg). However, body weight gain in the bulls of the FII60 diet was slightly increased(P<.19). The feeding levels of barley grains did not influence on fasting body weight, carcass weight, carcass rate, lean meat, retailed cut, KPH fat and bone yield. The lean meat yield(89.82%) and fat yield(20.28%) tended to increase in Hanwoo bulls fed the F2060 compared with other treatments. Feeding of the diets of FII40 resulted in the higher marbling scores as 3.75, respectively than other diets.

Effects of increasing dietary grain on viscosity of duodenal digesta and plasma hormone, glucose and amino acid concentrations in steers

Effects of increasing the proportions of dietary barley grain or corn on viscosity of duodenal digesta supernatant and concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose and amino acids in portal plasma and concentrations of CCK, insulin and glucose in jugular plasma were determined. Four steers (374 ± 6.4 kg) were surgically fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae and indwelling portal vein catheters. The steers were fed diets containing 20, 40, 60, and 80% rolled barley or cracked corn (DM basis) replacing respective silages, in two experiments with 4 × 4 Latin square design. After adjusting the steers to the diets for 14 d, digesta samples from the duodenum and blood samples from the portal and jugular veins were collected twice daily for 5 d. Increasing the proportion of dietary barley or corn increased the viscosity [measured as centipoise (cP)] of duodenal supernatant (from 1.3 to 2.0 and from 1.5 to 2.8 cP, P &lt; 0.05), respectively. Portal plasma CCK concentration increased linearly (2.4 to 4.9 pmol, P &lt; 0.05) as the proportion of dietary barley increased. However, in corn-fed steers, the highest portal CCK concentrations were observed in steers receiving 20% corn and these concentrations were not affected by corn content of the diet. Increasing dietary barley resulted in a linear increase in jugular plasma CCK concentration of steers, but a linear (P &lt; 0.05) decline was noted when corn was fed to steers in increasing proportions. Portal and jugular plasma glucose concentrations were not altered in barley-fed steers, but both portal and jugular glucose increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary corn. Jugular insulin concentration was higher in steers fed 80% barley or corn than in those receiving the diets with less grain. Total amino acid concentrations in portal plasma were higher by 30% in steers fed corn than in those fed barley, but were not affected by relative proportion of dietary corn. These data suggest that feeding cattle increasing proportions of barley or corn grain increases duodenal viscosity, which, together with components of digesta, may be involved in affecting the secretion of hormones, such as CCK, and the concentrations of absorbed nutrients in portal plasma, which can be expected to influence animal performance. Key words: Steers, dietary barley, corn, portal and jugular hormones, glucose, amino acids