Diet Of Athletes Research Articles

The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining the Health and Physical Condition of Sports Volunteers.

Nutrition plays a key role in maintaining health and physical condition, particularly for active individuals, including athletes. It can therefore be assumed that individuals performing physically demanding tasks during the organization of sporting events, such as volunteers, should also pay attention to their nutrition. While the importance of diet for athletes has been widely studied, the impact of nutrition on sports volunteers remains under-researched. Volunteers often have to cope with varying degrees of physical and mental exertion, which may affect their nutritional needs. A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth individual interviews (IDIs) with 17 sports volunteers who had experience in organizing various sporting events. Participants were purposefully selected based on specific inclusion criteria, which included active involvement in sports volunteering (with a minimum of two years of experience in volunteer activities) as well as volunteering experience at sports events of various scales. The interviews aimed to understand the eating habits, dietary awareness, and impact of nutrition on health and physical fitness. The data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis, focusing on coding responses and identifying recurring themes. Most participants did not place much importance on their diet, making random food choices due to a busy lifestyle and lack of time. Only a few volunteers consciously adjusted their diet when they had knowledge of the physically demanding tasks they were expected to perform during their volunteer work. The majority of volunteers relied on less reliable sources of nutritional information, such as blogs or social media, rather than credible sources of knowledge. This study revealed that many individuals involved in sports volunteering are unaware of the impact of diet on their fitness and health. There is a need for nutritional education for this group to improve their awareness of the importance of a balanced diet in the context of increased physical activity. It is also advisable to provide better nutritional conditions during sporting events and to promote the use of professional sources of information about healthy eating.

Dietary inflammatory index, physical activity, body composition, and high sensitivity c-reactive protein levels in adolescent athletes in Central Java

Inflammation is the body's response to tissue damage and infection. Prolonged inflammation can increase the risk of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Some factors that can trigger inflammation are dietary patterns, high physical activity, and body composition. This study examined the correlation between dietary inflammatory index (DII), physical activity, body composition, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. It examined differences in characteristics based on gender. This study was a cross-sectional design of 55 adolescent athletes at the Student Sports Education and Training Center in Central Java. The exclusion criteria were an athlete who had a physical injury (did not participate in training) and a smoker. The DII score was calculated based on the dietary pattern using SQFFQ, anthropometric data (weight, height, and nutritional status based on BMI/age), body composition (body fat percentage, fat mass, and fat-free mass) using the BIA tool, physical activity data for the last seven days using IPAQ and hs-CRP levels using the FIA method. Our result showed that the DII score was significantly correlated with hs-CRP (p=0.013). There was no correlation between physical activity, body composition, and anthropometry with hs-CRP levels (p0.05). There were differences in body height, body weight, body fat percentage, and fat-free mass between males and females (p0.001). The diet of athletes had anti-inflammatory potential (83.6%), as evidenced by the intake of vitamins and minerals, and athletes had low hs-CRP levels 1 mg/L (85.5%), indicating that no inflammation occurred. Future longitudinal research is needed with a large population of adolescent athletes to explain the role of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets on the incidence of inflammation and measure physical exercise in athletes to reduce inflammatory bias.

Analysis of the diet, weight-loss behavior, and nutritional knowledge of athletes and coaches in weightclass sports: influence of a coach's nutritional knowledge on athletes.

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional knowledge of elite athletes undergoing weight loss and to identify differences in weight-loss strategies according to nutritional knowledge. The participants included 22 coaches and 88 elite athletes registered under the same affiliation. The survey involved translating the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), and interviews were used to confirm the diet and weight loss patterns of the athletes. The coaches and athletes were divided into high-rank (12 coaches and 57 athletes) and low-rank (10 coaches and 31 athletes) groups based on GNKQ scores. Paired t-tests, correlation analysis, and logistic regression analysis were performed. GNKQ results showed significant differences between high-ranking and low-ranking coaches (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference in nutrition knowledge scores was also noticed between athletes with high-ranking and low-ranking coaches (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was observed between the GNKQ scores of coaches and athletes (r = 0.369; p < 0.001). The nutritional knowledge of coaches was also correlated with weight-loss strategies (weight loss attempt frequency; r = -0.235; p = 0.027; weight loss duration; r = -0.268; p = 0.012). Additionally, differences were observed in the intake of all nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) in the diets of athletes (p < 0.001). Our study suggests that the nutritional knowledge of coaches indirectly affects athletes. Coaches have significant influence over athletes and possess experience with diet and weight-loss patterns. This insight should be effectively utilized to enhance the training and performance of athletes and coaches.

P016 METAPROTEOMICS ANALYSIS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS REVEALS A HIGH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK PROFILE ACROSS BLOOD PRESSURE, DIET, HUMAN AND MICROBIAL PROTEINS

Background/Objective: The gut microbiota is a crucial link between diet and cardiovascular health by producing beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), through fibre fermentation. However, most studies have focused on microbial DNA to infer microbiota function. Here, we employed metaproteomics, a novel method to capture gut human and microbiota protein expression profiles concurrently. We aimed to investigate the crosstalk between gut microbiota, diet, host gut health, and blood pressure (BP). Methods: Mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic analysis was performed on 61 faecal samples with paired ambulatory BP monitoring, food intake (food frequency questionnaire), and demographic data. Results: We identified 21,594 microbial and 1,072 human proteins. Traditional risk factors (age, BMI, sex, BP) explained only ∼10% of the proteome variance. However, unsupervised clustering analysis of both human and microbial proteome revealed two distinct clusters (low-risk and high-risk) with significantly different 24-hour systolic BP (mean±SD, low-risk 116±13mmHg vs high-risk: 126±15mmHg, P=0.016), women prevalence (72.4% vs 40.6%, P=0.025), and diet quality (assessed as Athlete Diet Index, 61.6±6.7 vs 57.8±7.6, P=0.044). In the human proteome, the low-risk group had lower expression of the VEGFA-VEGFR2 signalling pathway and tight junction proteins and higher SCFA production (particularly propionate), suggesting an anti-inflammatory gut environment. In the microbial proteome, the low-risk group had higher activity of inorganic ion transport and metabolism-related proteins, with increased expression of acetate kinase that produces both the SCFAs acetate and propionate, particularly in primary fibre-fermenting bacteria, including Phocaeicola dorei and Blautia wexlerae. Finally, via co-expression networks, we identified profilin-1 (PFN1), which contributes to hypertension and atherosclerosis, as a crucial human protein associated with several bacteria present in the high-risk group. Conclusions: Employing an unsupervised clustering based on human and microbial proteomics, we identified two groups of participants with varying traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors. This was explained by complex interactions among diet, gut microbiota, and BP. This underscores the need for sophisticated models to understand multifactorial risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

The association between diet and sleep with internalising symptoms in young athletes: a serial multiple mediation models.

Athletes frequently experience anxiety and depression at rates similar to or higher than non-athletes. A balanced diet can alleviate athletes internalizing symptoms. Moreover, diet and sleep are all associated with internalising symptoms. Our study investigates how sleep quality mediates the impact of dietary habits on internalizing symptoms in athletes. The current cross-sectional study involved 758 Chinese young athletes. The adapted Australian Athletes Diet Index was used to assess dietary patterns, and sleep was measured using the Athletes Sleep Screening Questionnaire. The Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale were used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis was used to examine the mediating role of sleep quality in young athletes. Raw scores of chronotypes, sleep quality, anxiety and depression were calculated for the statistical analysis. No significant indirect effects were found in adolescents. In adult athletes, diet mediated the relationship between chronotype and sleep quality (β = -0.028, p < 0.001). Sleep quality mediated the association between diet and anxiety (β = -0.060, p = 0.001), and depression (β = -0.076, p = 0.001). Additionally, diet and sleep quality mediated the association between chronotypes and anxiety (β = -0.028, p = 0.001), and depression (β = -0.028, p = 0.001). Sleep quality mediated the relationship between dietary patterns and internalising symptoms in young adult athletes. Additionally, diet and sleep quality mediated the association between chronotypes and internalising symptoms in young adult athletes.

Sustainable Sports Nutrition – a Narrative Review of Evidence-Based Approaches Towards more Sustainable Diets for Athletes

Sustainable Sports Nutrition – a Narrative Review of Evidence-Based Approaches Towards more Sustainable Diets for Athletes

Lipidomics and metabolomics investigation into the effect of DAG dietary intervention on hyperuricemia in athletes

The occurrence of hyperuricemia (HUA; elevated serum uric acid) in athletes is relatively high despite that exercise can potentially reduce the risk of developing this condition. Although recent studies have shown the beneficial properties of DAG in improving overall metabolic profiles, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of DAG in modulating HUA in athletes is still lacking. In this study, we leveraged combinatorial lipidomics and metabolomics to investigate the effect of replacing TAG with DAG in the diet of athletes with HUA. A total of 1,074 lipids and metabolites from 94 classes were quantitated in serum from 33 athletes, who were categorized into responders and non-responders based on whether serum uric acid levels returned to healthy levels after the DAG diet intervention. Lipidomics and metabolomics analyses revealed lower levels of xanthine and uric acid in responders, accompanied by elevated plasmalogen phosphatidylcholines and diminished acylcarnitine levels. Our results highlighted the mechanisms behind how the DAG diet circumvented the risk and effects associated with high uric acid via lowered triglycerides at baseline influencing the absorption of DAG resulting in a decline in ROS and uric acid production, increased phospholipid levels associated with reduced p-Cresol metabolism potentially impacting on intestinal excretion of uric acid as well as improved ammonia recycling contributing to decreased serum uric acid levels in responders. These observed alterations might be suggestive that successful implementation of the DAG diet can potentially minimize the likelihood of a potentially vicious cycle occurring in high uric acid, elevated ROS, and impaired mitochondrial metabolism environment.

Разработка хлебобулочных изделий нутриентно-адаптированных для питания спортсменов-легкоатлетов

Proper nutrition of an athlete is an important component of the effectiveness of sports results. An athlete’s daily diet should cover his increased nutrient needs due to heavy physical activity. The purpose of the research was to develop bakery products that were nutrient-adapted to the nutritional requirements of athletes using the example of track and field athletes. The recipe for the new product included wheat flour, oat flour, micellar casein, flaxseed oil, date syrup, and crushed walnut kernels. A study of the influence of new ingredients on the quality of semi-finished products and finished products showed that the addition of oat flour and casein slightly increased the moisture and acidity of the finished products, but the indicators remained within the limits defined by the regulatory documentation for bakery products made from wheat flour. With an increase in the dosage of oatmeal and casein, the products acquired a slight taste of oatmeal; casein had no effect on taste. A new type of bakery product is characterized by good organoleptic and physicochemical quality indicators and has increased nutritional value. Consumption of 100 g of the developed “Fitbulka” bakery product allows you to satisfy the daily need for biologically complete protein by 8.9%, carbohydrates by 5.3%, fat by 7.2%, including polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family by 39.6% and omega-6 by 5.4%. The degree of satisfaction of the daily requirement for minerals increases in comparison with the control sample and amounts to 16.0% for calcium, 13.5% for phosphorus, 17.4% for magnesium, 7.4% for potassium, and 7.5% for iron. Analysis of amino acid score calculations showed that the biological value of the protein fraction of the test sample was 17.6% higher compared to the control. The developed “Fitbulka” bakery product can be recommended for inclusion in the diet of athletes as an additional source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, protein, calcium and magnesium in the diet.

Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review.

Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.

COLLAGEN-CONTAINING CONCENTRATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS SPORTS NUTRITION PRODUCTS

The article substantiates the relevance of the use of collagen-containing concentrate in the production of cottage cheese products for sports nutrition. The inclusion of cottage cheese products with a high content of collagen in the diet of athletes helps to strengthen the cartilage tissue of joints, improve the restoration of connective tissue of the ligamentous apparatus and reduce the pain threshold by increasing collagen production. Based on the study of the chemical composition of secondary products of the poultry processing industry, such chicken parts as skin, bone tissue and paws were selected to obtain a collagen-containing concentrate. A method for producing a dry collagen-containing concentrate has been developed. To obtain a collagen-containing concentrate, a method based on an enzymatic process using the papain enzyme for the hydrolysis of raw materials was chosen. This method allows you to preserve the biological value of collagen due to the gentle processing of raw materials. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the collagen-containing concentrate contains polyunsaturated omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids with antioxidant properties. The result of the study of nutritional and biological value confirms the validity of the use of collagen-containing concentrate in the production of cottage cheese product for sports nutrition. A curd product enriched with collagen can be intended not only for athletes, but also for people who play sports for recreational purposes.

Nutrition of elite athletes of endurance evens

The primary principle of sports nutrition for athletes’ performance is to ensure the athlete is consumption enough calories to offset energy expenditure with balance of nutrients. The nutrition is directly related to the metabolic processes during intense physical loads. Unbalanced nutrition is one of the factors limiting of athletes’ performance. The aim - scientific substantiation of the diet for elite athletes of endurance events, taking into account the energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training loads. The methods: analysis and systematization of scientific publications by research issues, analysis of actual nutrition’s, daily energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training of elite athletes of endurance events. The energy expenditure and the actual content of macronutrients and the energy value of the daily rations of elite athletes of endurance events are compared. A significant energy deficient diet, an imbalance of macronutrients, mostly carbohydrates, was revealed. Three variants of the nutritional needs and the content of macronutrients were developed, respectively, for low, medium and high intensity of energy expenditure.

Effect of Social Media on Diet, Lifestyle, and Performance of Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence.

Social media (SM) plays an important role in providing diet and health advice to athletes, but it also carries with it a risk of credibility in the information sought for and received. The objective of this review is to assess the knowledge gap on how SM influences dietary and lifestyle practices in athletes. For this, relevant literature was searched in three leading databases with appropriate keywords, which were subjected to proper scrutiny that led to inclusion of 22 articles (original research papers, reviews, viewpoints, and commentaries). The current era of digitalization has seen an over-reliance on internet and SM for nutrition and lifestyle advice for an athlete. SM has become a powerful tool in athlete's choice of food, nutrition information, healthy living, and performance, with merits and demerits. Their role in choosing dietary supplements and particular food types (e.g., ketogenic diet), body image, self-esteem and eating disorders, and in lifestyle and performance are discussed. SM should be used with caution and should not be used alone as a source of information for nutrition related pieces of advise by athletes. Any food type and supplements trending in SM should be discussed with a sports nutritionist before consumption. SM influencers having a big follower base may not always be disseminating the right knowledge on food and nutrition, thus caution should be exercised. For optimal benefit to the athlete, SM information should be in alignment with recommendations provided by sports nutrition and coaches.

A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach.

A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (β-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.

Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management.

The female athlete triad (TRIAD) is a spectrum of disorders involving low energy availability (LEA), low bone mineral density, and menstrual disorders. It is increasingly common to use the term 'relative energy deficiency in sport' (RED), emphasising the extensive impact of LEA on the body. The aim of this narrative review was to gather original research encompassing female athletes across various sports as well as to collect findings on the potential of a nutrition-focused approach to prevent or treat the aforementioned disorders. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Several challenges were identified regarding the adequacy of the energy availability, protein, and carbohydrate requirements in the diets of female athletes. Moreover, insufficient intake of vitamin D has been observed across all athlete groups studied. This insufficiency also extends to the average requirement for Ca, Mg, the Ca/P ratio, Zn, and Fe. To address those concerns, a nutritional approach is proposed in the latter part of this review. The factors that can improve the absorption of micronutrients have also been discussed. The TRIAD/REDs affect an ever-growing number of women and require appropriate therapeutic management, particularly through nutritional care. Therefore, cooperation within an interdisciplinary team comprising a physician, nutritionist, physiotherapist, and psychologist is crucial.

Potential Assessment of Sturgeon Muscle Tissue as a Development Basis for Specialized Athletes Nutrition

Specialized food products use in the athlete diet developed considering the needs for nutrients is one of the most important factors in achieving high sports results and rapid recovery after physical activity. The study aims at possibility assessment of the muscle tissue use of sturgeon fish as a basis for the specialized food products development for athletes. Total chemical composition analysis of 13 sturgeon muscle tissue samples demonstrated that these fish species belong to the protein one with 15.73–19.38% protein content. According to the fat content, there are two groups to be identified: Sib×Sevr, BS×AO, bester Burtsevsky, bester vnirovsky, RO×L belong to fatty fish species (8.22–13.49% fat), and bester Aksai, K, K×A, St×K, AO – to medium-fat fish (4.70–7.92% fat). The study of the amino acid score of muscle tissue proteins has shown their high biological value. Only Burtsevsky bester and Siberian sturgeon differed in the presence of a limiting amino acid (valine), the rest of the samples studied had an amino acid score of more than 100%. The highest content of carnosine dipeptide is observed in hybrids between Siberian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon (385 mg/100 g), between Kaluga and Amur sturgeon (382.6 mg/100 g), as well as in bester vnirovsky (331.2 mg/100 g) and Amur sturgeon (308.8 mg/100 g). The fatty acid composition analysis of lipids showed the unsaturated fatty acids prevalence in it and a high total content of polyunsaturated eicosapentanoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids (5.79–12.70%). A comprehensive assessment of the chemical composition coefficient and structural and mechanical characteristics of minced meat based on sturgeon muscle tissue revealed that this type of raw material is efficient in product manufacture for athletes.

Analysis on the diet of basketball athletes

Food is essential for human survival. Dietary nutrients contribute significantly to our health. As a typical group that engage in a great deal of physical activity, athletes require a diet rich in the right kinds of nutrients in order to keep their bodies running at peak efficiency. Basketball is an intensely competitive sport. To achieve victory, both teams will engage in physical and technical confrontation. Contemporary basketball is distinguished by its intense rivalry. As basketball evolves and strives to reach a higher level, the physical requirements for athletes become increasingly stringent. Diet and nutrition are the foundation for athletes. A nutritious diet is a formula for success. Athletes should consume the appropriate amount of energy required by the body. This paper examines the physiological characteristics and nutritional requirements of athletes through a literature review. In-depth research will be conducted to determine the nutritional requirements of basketball players and make dietary recommendations. The purpose of this study is to make dietary recommendations for basketball players by analysing their fundamental signs and nutritional requirements.

Features of the organization of rational nutrition of students during mass physical culture and sports

This article explores the problem of proper nutrition in the life of a modern student leading an active lifestyle. This problem is especially relevant at the present time, because the modern student has become even more purposeful and active. And this means that at the moment, proper nutrition of young people is the most important problem that needs to be addressed. Consider the basics of nutrition in physical education and sports, and analyze the nutritional requirements of students involved in physical education and sports. The article also substantiates the need for a balanced diet when playing sports, and reveals the features of the organization of the diet, depending on the intensity of physical activity. Based on the assessment of the frequency of consumption of vital foodstuffs, the diet of КubGТU students is analyzed. The study involved 60 students aged 20 to 22 years. The following results were obtained: the nutrition of the majority of students is irrational, with insufficient consumption of healthy food. In most cases, fast food products are popular. The conducted study of the relationship between nutrition, working capacity and lifestyle characteristics of students convinces us that violations of healthy eating habits negatively affect the degree of working capacity and increase the likelihood of bad habits. All this indicates a low culture of proper nutrition and the need for special events that highlight this issue. Proper nutrition is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle, and is especially important for people who lead an active lifestyle and play sports. Failure to follow a proper diet can lead to reduced physical endurance, a weakened immune system, and even injury during exercise. It is important to understand that each athlete has their own individual nutritional needs, depending on their physiological characteristics, sport, training level and other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an individual diet, taking into account all these factors. For student athletes, it is especially important to follow the right diet in order to maintain their mental and physical tone and achieve high results both in school and in sports. To do this, it is necessary to pay due attention to the composition of food, the choice of products and the mode of eating. In addition, it is important to remember to drink enough water, as athletes lose a lot of fluid during training, and water deficiency can lead to dehydration, reduced physical endurance and other health problems. Our study determined the diet of student athletes based on data obtained from the survey.

DENTAL EROSION IN MARATHON ATHLETES: a literature review

The aim of this study is to bring a discussion about dental erosion in marathon athletes. To be able to explore the prevalence of dental erosion and its characteristics. In addition, analyzing the athletes diet and their routine in dealing with erosion, suggesting actions adopted by dentists in the practice of neutralizing dental erosion and providing guidance to patients who are marathon athletes. The methodology that was used in this study was a narrative literature review. It is evident that athletes are often considered to be highly healthy beings, however, when their oral health is analyzed it is considered to be downfalling. For athletes to perform perfectly well in their activities, in addition to their physical health, there needs to be routine monitoring with a multidisciplinary team, which should include a dentist specialized in Sports Dentistry. This way, complications and dental pain will not interfere with their running performance. When starting a race, it is essential to stay hydrated, and sports drinks are capable of replacing salts and body fluids that were eliminated through sweat, in addition to promoting muscular energy. Dental erosion is diagnosed when the surface of the tooth suffers frequent and prolonged exposure to acidic elements such as citrus fruits, reflux, coffee, soft drinks and sports drinks. Isotonic drinks have an average hydrogen potential (pH) of 2, becoming highly erosive to the tooth enamel. It has yet not been found in research a way to replace the isotonic drink with another, less acetic sports drink. It is necessary for the dentist to have an understanding about the pathology to be able to act with preventive measures, treatment methods and a diagnosis. Patients who are athletes must be aware and willing to be a good collaborator so that together with the dental professional they can complete the treatment with success.

Sport Nutrition Practice and Performance of Short Distance Runners: The Case of Oromia Athletics Clubs

The study was aimed to assess the impact of sport nutrition practice on performance of sprinters of Oromia selected athletics club. The athlete's diet affects his or her performance directly. Competitive athletes must eat a balanced diet containing all four food groups, and eating a variety of foods within each group is essential. However, no studies conducted on the impact of nutrition on Oromia short distance runners. A cross-sectional research design was employed. Out of eight (N=8) athletics clubs Oromia athletics club, five (n=5) of them were selected as target population namely; Adama, Nekemte, Asella, Dukam and Laga-Tafo Laga Dadhi athletics clubs. The clubs were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The total population of athletes in selected clubs was (N=175) and sampled athletes were 120 Adama (23), Nekemte, (24) Asella, Dukam (26) and Laga-Tafo-Laga Dadhi (24) athletics) were selected using a stratified sampling technique. While coaches (N=5) were selected using census sampling techniques. Data collection instrument such as questionnaire, document analysis, interviews and observation were used. Analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software. Frequency percentage and Simple regression was used quantitative data. Qualitative analysis was used to supplement the quantitative analysis. The result of this study shows that inadequate sprinters nutritional practice affects sprinters performance at p&lt; 0.05. The finding of this study reveals that the majority of sprinters confirmed that sprinters did not get balanced sprinters diet due to this the sprinters performance was poor. As a recommendation, Oromia athletics club should plan for sport nutrition education and allocate enough budgets. Sprinters better extra meal apart from their clubs.

Analysis of the features of the formation of nutrition highly qualified endurance athletes

The issue of nutrition of highly qualified athletes and their timely correction is relevant. Methods. Energy expenditure at rest was determined by indirect calorimetry (Fitmate, Cosmed, Italy; Oxycon Mobile, Germany). 50 highly qualified athletes specializing in biathlon and academic rowing participated in the study. The actual composition of the diets was assessed by individual food diaries. Analysis of rations was carried out using special programs. The results. The actual nutrition of athletes differs from the recommended intake of energy and essential nutrients. The total caloric content of the daily ration at the educational and training meeting in the preparatory period of the annual macrocycle did not meet the minimum recommended norm. However, the individual energy value of the diet varied widely. A reduced relative content of carbohydrates was observed. The average actual content of proteins and fats in the diet of athletes corresponded to the norm. However, if you analyze their minimum and maximum number, you can observe a different picture - a deficit of the minimum and an excess of the maximum number. Conclusions. The analysis of food diaries of athletes revealed non-compliance with the basic principles of ration construction, namely: inconsistency of the energy value of the ration with the average daily energy expenditure, imbalance of the ration according to the main nutrients, inefficient distribution of the ration during the day taking into account the mode and nature of training. A significant deficit of carbohydrates in the diets of qualified athletes has been established. For example, in biathlon women's average carbohydrate consumption from the lower limit of the recommended range is only 60%, in men – 72%, and in academic rowing – 87%.