Diesel Burner Research Articles

Effects of oxygen addition on thermal and pollutant emission characteristics of a cylindrical furnace fueled with 1-Hexanol–biodiesel–diesel blends

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of oxygen addition to inlet air and utilization of 1-Hexanol, biodiesel, and diesel blends on the thermal and emission characteristics of a cylindrical furnace. The design of experiments was used based on the presence of three-composite fuels and the oxygen inlet flow as independent variables. The experimental tests were conducted on a cylindrical furnace equipped with a diesel burner. The results showed that the combustion temperature increased by up to 11 °C with the increase in the flow rate of oxygen addition. Moreover, the results indicated that with an increase in oxygen addition flow rate, the HC and CO emissions decreased by almost 33% and 18%, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the amount of NOx emissions increased with oxygen addition flow rate by approximately 12.5%. According to the results, the increase in the percentage of biodiesel and hexanol caused an increase in NOx emissions and a reduction in CO and HC emissions. And, the fuel mixture with 50% diesel, 30% biofuel, and 20% 1-Hexanol (D50B30H20) had the maximum NOx emissions and the minimum HC and CO emissions in comparison with other fuel mixtures for all oxygen addition flow rates. The results also indicated that increasing the percentage of biofuels in the fuel mixture, along with an increase in the rate of oxygen addition, leads to a higher reduction rate of HC and CO emissions. Furthermore, oxygen flow rates higher than 5 liters per minute did not significantly affect the formation of CO2 emissions, but prevented the formation of NOx.

플라즈마 버너를 활용한 노후건설기계의 백연(white smoke) 배출 저감 기술

White smoke emission from decrepit construction vehicles is one of the main causes of fine dust production. In particular, despite the fact that a large amount of white smoke is occurring in the vehicles such as decrepit construction machinery equipped with DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter), no technical solution has been found yet. This study aims to analyze the causes of white smoke emission that occurs in DPF system and propose technical solutions to resolve the issues. The performance and operational characteristics of the burner mounted to thermally manage the DPF performance are the main causes of the occurrence of white smoke. The fundamental ignition mechanism of the diesel burners was investigated depending on the types of ignition sources; the rotating gliding arc for plasma burner and glow plug for conventional diesel burner. It was verified that plasma burner can be applied to drastically reduce the occurrence of white smoke.

Numerical study on flame and emission characteristics of a small flue gas self-circulation diesel burner with different spray cone angles

The problems of long flame and high pollution emissions in low power burners are of wide concern in small heating devices. To solve this problem, a small diesel burner with self-circulation flue gas was designed herein. In order to obtain a deeper scientific understanding of the flame and emission characteristics of the burner with different spray cone angles, a numerical calculation method was used to investigate them. Reasonable flow, heat transfer, and combustion models were selected, and periodic boundary conditions were used to verify the feasibility of the numerical model. The results indicate that the flame length increases with increasing spray cone angle, and then the flame length basically stabilizes at 410 mm. The maximum flame temperature decreases slightly with increasing spray cone angle. Besides this, the NO emission of this small flue gas self-circulation burner decreases with increasing spray cone angle and is as low as 10 ppm at an 80? spray cone angle. In addition, the influence mechanism of the spray cone angle on the flue gas self-circulation ratio was analyzed from the physical aspect of the spray area and the chemical aspect of combustion. This study is of great significance to research on the flame morphology of small flue gas self-circulation burners and the selection of different spray cone angles.

Effect of biofuel- and lube oil-originated sulfur and phosphorus on the performance of Cu-SSZ-13 and V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR catalysts

Two different SCR catalysts, V2O5-WO3/TiO2 and Cu-SSZ-13, were exposed to biodiesel exhausts generated by a diesel burner. The effect of phosphorus and sulfur on the SCR performance of these catalysts was investigated by doping the fuel with P-, S-, or P + S-containing compounds. Elemental analyses showed that both catalysts captured phosphorus while only Cu-SSZ-13 captured sulfur. High molar P/V ratios, up to almost 3, were observed for V2O5-WO3/TiO2, while the highest P/Cu ratios observed were slightly above 1 for the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. Although the V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst captured more P than did the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst, a higher degree of deactivation was observed for the latter, especially at low temperatures. For both catalysts, phosphorus exposure resulted in suppression of the SCR performance over the entire temperature range. Sulfur exposure, on the other hand, resulted in deactivation of the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst mainly at temperatures below 300-350 °C. The use of an oxidation catalyst upstream of the SCR catalyst during the exhaust-exposure protects the SCR catalyst from phosphorus poisoning by capturing phosphorus. The results in this work will improve the understanding of chemical deactivation of SCR catalysts and aid in developing durable aftertreatment systems.

Validation of non-electric chick brooding system in different areas of Bangladesh- A new device for rural poultry farmers

The experiment was conducted to validate an alternative chick brooding device developed for rural poultry farmers in 3 Technology Dissemination Area (TDA) of Poultry Technology Development and Dissemination Project (PTDDP) during winter. The device is a locally designed drum type non-electric chick brooder. A total of 8 poultry farmers in two groups (500 and 1000 chicks) used the specially designed brooder of different sizes. The size of the drum (Height, H- 40.64 × Diameter, D- 45.72) and (H-40.64 × D- 60.96) cm found suitable for 500 and 1000 chicks respectively. The diameter of the hover should double of diameter of the drum with 15 cm long down ward lid around the hover and two bottom outlets for each drum. Manufacturing cost and brooding cost were TK. 2250 and TK. 900 for 500 chicks and TK. 1750 and Tk.1350 for 1000 chicks respectively. The drum designed for 500 and 1000 chicks required 25 kg and 35 kg of saw dust in one time filling that could produce heat for 14 and 22 hours, respectively. Better growth performance as well as profitability was found in non-electric chick brooding groups than the brooding with electricity and diesel burner (locally known as Hericane). It may be concluded that the newly developed non electric chick brooding device could be suitable as an alternative chick brooding system for rural poultry farmers, especially in the areas where there is no electricity supply.
 Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 21-25: 178-182, 2018

Spray combustion characteristics of a small-sized flue gas self-circulation diesel burner

Low NOX combustion technology is taken more and more seriously. A new type of flue gas self-circulation low-NOx combustion structure was preliminary designed in this paper. The 3D model was established. Using the probability density function (PDF), a comparison of this data with the result of experimental can verify the feasibility of the selected calculation model. In addition, the numerical simulation of the small-sized flue gas self-circulation diesel burner’ combustion process was investigated. The results show that: At the exit of the burner head, radial velocity distribution presented a “W” type substantially, the tangential velocity was an inverted “V” type distribution, and those two kinds of velocity both are tend to smooth attenuation till the distal end axially. Near the central exit of new burner, the recirculation zone becomes larger, mainly in the width direction. And circumfluence areas existed in the annular ostial of the outer cylinder. Back flow of flue gas increased. The flame length was shortened and a low NO emission was accomplished.

Modelling and Optimization of a Small Diesel Burner for Mobile Applications

While extensive research has been done on improving diesel engines, much less has been done on auxiliary heaters, which have their own design challenges. The study analyzes how to optimize the combustion performance of an auxiliary heater, a 6 kW diesel burner, by investigating key parameters affecting diesel combustion and their properties. A model of a small diesel heater, including a simulation of fuel injection and combustion process, was developed step-wise and verified against experimental results that can be used for scaling up to 25 kW heaters. The model was successfully applied to the burner, predicting the burner performance in comparison with experimental results. Three main variables were identified as important for the design. First, it was concluded that the distance from the ring cone to the nozzle is essential for the fluid dynamics and flame location, and that the ring cone should be moved closer to the nozzle for optimal performance. Second, the design of the swirl co-flow is important, and the swirl number of the inlet air should be kept above 0.6 to stabilize the flame location for the present burner design. Finally, the importance of the nozzle diameter to avoid divergent particle vaporization was pointed out.

An integrated diesel fuel processing system with thermal start-up for fuel cells

A diesel fuel processor for high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells in the 5 kWe power class was developed and tested. Emphasis was placed on a quick and sustainable start-up. Furthermore, operational conditions were identified that would achieve the desired reformate quality for the fuel cell anode. A thermal start-up strategy using a commercial diesel burner was developed and further optimized, resulting in a hybrid strategy with the help of a glow plug. With this strategy, self-sustaining operation of the fuel processor at full load was achieved in 27 min and the resulting reformate was of sufficient quality to operate the fuel cell in 31 min. The experimental plan includes operation periods of between 4 and 24 h with start/stop/regeneration cycles representing the daily operation of an auxiliary power unit at maximum load. With all fuels used, the target carbon monoxide concentration of 1% at the anode inlet (wet reformate) was achieved. Significant deviations from the design parameters were necessary to demonstrate a stable system performance with desulfurized Jet A-1 and to achieve the target carbon monoxide concentration with premium diesel. These results bring diesel fuel processing for auxiliary power units closer to real application, offering experimentally-validated solutions for start-up and stable operation under realistic conditions with different fuels on a systems level.

PRESTASI PEMBAKARAN MINYAK JATROPHA SEBAGAI BAHAN API CECAIR BIODIESEL PADA SISTEM PEMBAKAR BERBAHAN API CECAIR

The world is passing through a phase of sustainable modernization and industrial development day by day. As a result, there is an increasing number of vehicles used and heat engines demands in the market. However, energy sources used in these engines are limited and decreasing gradually. This situation leads to evolution of alternative sources to viable fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel is seen as an alternative fuel for diesel engine combustion. The esters of vegetable or plant oil and animal fats are known as biodiesel. This article investigates the prospect of producing biodiesel from Jatropha oil. Jatropha curcas oil is a renewable non-edible plant. The seeds of Jatropha contain 50-60% oil. In this study, the oil has been converted to biodiesel by a well-known two-step, acid-base catalytic transesterification and used in diesel burner for performance evaluation. Biodiesel used in this study is a blend of diesel and Jatropha biodiesel. The performance of burner system using Jatropha biodiesel is based on its temperature profile and emissions generated such as nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). A reduction of 50% was achieved for both CO dan SO2 when burning Jatropha biodiesel compared to burning diesel.

MITIGATION OF GASEOUS EMISSION FROM BURNER SYSTEM UTILIZING ENVO DIESEL FUEL VIA AIR STAGING METHOD

Emission from the combustion processes can cause adverse effect to the environment. The formation of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of sulphur (SOx) are hazardous and harmful to the ecosystem. Due to these pollutants and also depletion of fossil fuel, several steps should be taken in order to mitigate this problem. Biofuel is known as the potential replacement for fossil fuel. Envo Diesel is one form of biofuel that can be used on diesel engines and burner systems without any modification. It is produced by direct blending of palm oil with diesel fuel. This study was carried out to determine the performance of palm oil derived biofuel (Envo Diesel) on burner in terms of emission when applying staged air combustion. Emissions released from combustion chamber have been measured when applying the secondary staged air. The main purpose of this study was to determine the optimal blend for best performance compared to diesel when applying secondary air. Reductions of 67% and 54% can be achieved for NOx and SO2 respectively. Smaller reduction of around 21% was achieved for CO emission.

Application of Plasma Fuel Reformer to an On-Board Diesel Burner

A conventional diesel burner has arisen several shortcomings, such a large supply of air for a stoichiometric combustion, and a long heat-up time to reach the light-off temperature of catalyst in a diesel after-treatment system. This study shows a promising potential of using a plasma reformer for staged diesel combustion with minimized air and fuel consumption, and increased the flame stability with low NOx emission. A working principle of a plasma fuel reformer for staged combustion is explained in detail by both visualizing the plasma-assisted flame and analyzing the gas products. The concentrations of H2, CO, NOx and the unburned total hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatography and a commercial gas analyzer. Considering the operating condition of diesel exhaust gas is too harsh to maintain a stable diesel flame with a conventional diesel burner, plasma fuel reformer has distinctive advantages in stable flame anchoring under the condition of low oxygen concentration and fast flow speed. The re-ignition and stable flame anchoring by entrapment of oxygen in exhaust gas is mainly attributed to the low ignition energy and high diffusion velocity of hydrogen molecule. From an economic point of view, plasma reformer is also the only technology which can use only 1/3–1/8 of the air required for the stoichiometric burning of a conventional diesel burner. A conventional burner was simulated and analyzed to consume up to 30 % more fuel compared to the plasma reformer with the staged combustion to get the same level of temperature elevation in a real diesel engine scale.

Use of Pulse-Energized Electrostatic Precipitator to Remove Submicron Particulate Matter in Exhaust Gas

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with negative pulse corona discharge for removal of submicron particles in the exhaust gas of thermal equipment such as boilers, burners or internal combustion engines is presented. A wire-cylinder ESP was designed and constructed for experimental testing at laboratory scale. The collection efficiency of submicron particles in the exhaust gas of a diesel burner under various dust loadings and gas velocities was investigated. The results were compared with those obtained from the conventional DC ESP technique. It was found that the pulse peak voltage supply could be set much higher than the sparking limit of the DC energized unit. Thus, the electric field density could be increased, which resulted in a higher collection efficiency. The higher pulse frequency also increased the collection efficiency, especially for submicron particles.

Start‐Up of HT‐PEFC Systems Operating with Diesel and Kerosene for APU Applications

AbstractFuel‐cell‐based auxiliary power units offer power generation with reduced fuel consumption and low emissions. A very promising system is the combination of an autothermal reformer with a high‐temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell. A fast start‐up procedure is a crucial requirement for the use of this system as an auxiliary power unit. This paper reports on the development of a suitable start‐up strategy for a 10 kWel auxiliary power unit with a start‐up burner. A commercially available diesel burner was tested as a start‐up device. A dynamic MATLAB/Simulink model was developed to analyze different start‐up strategies. With the currently available apparatus and start‐up burner it takes 2,260 s before power generation can begin according to simulation results. The fuel processor alone would be ready for operation after 1,000 s. An optimization of the fuel cell stack with regard to its thermal mass would lead to a start‐up time of 720 s. A reduction to 600 s is possible with a slight customization of the start‐up burner.

Plasma Burner for Active Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filter

This study proposes a diesel particulate filter system to remove particulate matter (PM) from diesel engines. Filters should be periodically burned (regenerated) to remove PM. In the proposed system, a plasma burner is utilized for filter regeneration. The plasma burner avoids the drawbacks of the electric heater and full-flow-type diesel burner by successively discharging and partially oxidizing the fuel, which produces hydrogen for flame stabilization under all revolution per minute and load conditions. The proposed system was verified by field testing three different vehicles for over 20,000 km. The field test results confirmed successful PM removal and the simultaneous removal of other emissions such as CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons. The plasma burner is applicable to the thermal management of emission control systems for both retrofitted and original equipment manufacturer cars.

Effects of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on the Emissions of Oil Burner

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used in oil burner. In order to determine the quality of this biodiesel produced at UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant, it is tested in crucible furnace system. This study is focused on the effects of biodiesel on emissions from an oil burner. It uses 5 % (B5), 10 % (B10) and 15 % (B15) biodiesel blended with diesel. 100 % diesel is used as a comparison. Emissions from the combustion of diesel burner were measured using gas analyzer and smoke detector. Measured parameters were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and opacity. Results show a significant improvement up to 87 % of harmful emissions showed by blended fuel compared to 100 % diesel. The overall results indicate the potential of palm oil biodiesel blend in reducing harmful emissions from the burner system.

Real-Time Measurements of Engine-Out Trace Elements: Application of a Novel Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Emissions Characterization

Lubricant-derived trace element emissions are the largest contributors to the accumulation of incombustible ash in diesel particulate filters (DPF), eventually leading to filter plugging and an increase in engine fuel consumption. Particulate trace element emissions also pose adverse health effects and are the focus of increasingly stringent air quality regulations. To date, the rates and physical and chemical properties of lubricant-derived additive emissions are not well characterized, largely due to the difficulties associated with conducting the measurements. This work investigated the potential for conducting real-time measurements of lubricant-derived particle emissions. The experiment used the Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) developed by Aerodyne Research to measure the size, mass and composition of submicron particles in the exhaust. Results confirm the ability of the SP-AMS to measure engine-out emissions of calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur. Further, emissions of previously difficult to detect elements, such as boron, and low-level engine wear metals, such as lead, were also measured. This paper provides an overview of the results obtained with the SP-AMS, and demonstrates the utility of applying real-time techniques to engine-out and tailpipe-out trace element emissions. Application of the SP-AMS for engine exhaust characterization followed a two-part approach: (1) measurement validation, and (2) measurement of engine-out exhaust. Measurement validation utilized a diesel burner with precise control of lubricant consumption. Results showed a good correlation between CJ-4 oil consumption and measured levels of lubricant-derived trace elements in the particle phase. Following measurement validation, the SP-AMS measured engine-out emissions from a medium-duty diesel engine, operated over a standard speed/load matrix. This work demonstrates the utility of state-of-the-art online techniques (such as the SP-AMS) to measure engine-out emissions, including trace species derived from lubricant additives. Results help optimize the combined engine-lubricant-aftertreatment system and provide a real-time characterization of emissions. As regulations become more stringent and emission controls more complex, advanced measurement techniques with high sensitivity and fast time response will become an increasingly important part of engine characterization studies.

Application of Commercial Grade Ammonia Liquor in the Selective Non–Catalytic Reduction of NO<sub>×</sub> in Combusted Gas from a Diesel Burner

Satu kajian menggunakan rig skala pandu dengan Penurunan Tanpa–bermangkin Terpilih (SNCR) telah dijalankan menggunakan larutan akuas likur ammonia gred komersial sebagai agen penurunan NO× di dalam gas ekzos yang membakar diesel pada 6% oksigen lebihan dan dengan suhu pancitan antara 923 dan 1323 K. Relau ini mensimulasikan sistem pembakaran skala–kecil seperti dandang muatan rendah, pemanas air dan pemanas minyak, dan sebagainya, yang menghasilkan NO× garis dasar yang rendah selalunya di bawah 100 ppm dan di mana suhu kendalian sentiasa berada dalam julat suhu yang dikaji. Dengan larutan 5% akuas ammonia, pada Nisbah Stoikiometrik Ternormal (NSR) 4, sekurang–kurangnya 57% pengurangan telah diperolehi pada suhu optimum 1063 K, yang mana adalah amat ketara bagi aras NO× garis dasar yang dikaji. Pengurangan NO× ini didapati meningkat dengan meningkatnya nilai NSR. Masa mastautin regen ini mempunyai kesan yang ketara ke atas prestasi tindak balas, namun, kebanyakan daripada pengurangan berlaku di dalam julat masa mastautin yang pendek dan selepas itu penambahan selanjutnya dalam masa mastautin tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan yang ketara. Pengukuran gelincir ammonia menunjukkan bahawa pada suhu optimum dan NSR 4, gelincirnya ialah sekitar 18 ppm. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa ammonia likur gred komersial berpotensi sebagai agen penurunan NO× yang boleh digunakan secara selamat dan berkesan jika dipertimbangkan masalah mudarat kesihatan. Kata kunci: SNCR, NO×, NSR, gelincir ammonia A pilot–scale investigation with Selective Non–catalytic Reduction (SNCR) of NO× were carried out by employing the aqueous solution of commercial grade ammonia liquor as NO× reducing agent in diesel burning exhaust at 6% excess oxygen and injection temperatures between 923 and 1323 K. The furnace simulated the small–scale combustion systems such as low capacity boilers, water heaters, oil heaters etc., which produce low level of baseline NO×, usually below 100 ppm and where the operating temperatures remain within the investigated temperature range. With 5% aqueous ammonia solution, at a Normalised Stoichiometric Ratio (NSR) of 4, as much as 57% reduction was achieved at an optimum temperature of 1063 K, which is quite significant for the investigated level of baseline NO×. The NO× reduction was observed to increase as the value of NSR increased. The residence time of the reagent has significant effect on the reaction performance, however, most of the reduction occurred within a short range of residence time and after that further increase in residence time showed very insignificant effect. The ammonia slip measurement showed that at optimum temperature and NSR of 4, the slip was about 18 ppm. The investigations demonstrate that commercial grade liquor ammonia is a potential NO× reducing agent, which could be used effectively and safely considering the health hazards. Key words: SNCR, NO×, NSR, ammonia slip

Biomass gasification—a substitute to fossil fuel for heat application

The paper addresses case studies of a low temperature and a high temperature industrial heat requirement being met using biomass gasification. The gasification system for these applications consists of an open top down draft reburn reactor lined with ceramic. Necessary cooling and cleaning systems are incorporated in the package to meet the end use requirements. The other elements included are the fuel conveyor, water treatment plant for recirculating the cooling water and adequate automation to start, shut down and control the operations of the gasifier system. Drying of marigold flower, a low temperature application is considered to replace diesel fuel in the range of $125-150 1\hspace{2mm} h^{-1}$. Gas from the $500 kg\hspace{2mm} h^{-1}$, gasifier system is piped into the producer gas burners fixed in the combustion chamber with the downstream process similar to the diesel burner. The high temperature application is for a heat treatment furnace in the temperature range of 873–1200 K. A $300 kg \hspace{2mm}h^{-1}$ of biomass gasifier replaces 2000 1 of diesel or LDO per day completely. The novelty of this package is the use of one gasifier to energize 16 burners in the 8 furnaces with different temperature requirements. The system operates over 140 h per week on a nearly nonstop mode and over 4000 h of operation replacing fossil fuel completely. The advantage of bioenergy package towards the economic and environmental considerations is presented.