Biodiesel-diesel Blends Research Articles

Investigation on CuO nanoparticle enhanced mahua biodiesel/diesel fuelled CI engine combustion for improved performance and emission abetted by response surface methodology

In this study, the characteristics of diesel engines were tested with in-house produced mahua biodiesel blended with diesel and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) catalyst. The preliminary investigation used mahua biodiesel-diesel blends (M10, M20, and M30) among them M20 outperformed. Further M20 and CuO NP with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 ppm are studied. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the appropriate NP concentration for M20. The findings showed that the blend of M20 with 60 ppm NP at 80% load had the highest desirability (0.9740), and the developed RSM model predicted engine responses with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.0962% to the confirmation test confirming the model’s accuracy. The optimized M20NP60 blend demonstrated superior combustion, performance and emission characteristics.

Optimization of water and 1-pentanol concentrations in biodiesel-diesel blends for enhanced engine performance and environmental sustainability

This study focuses on optimizing the concentrations of water and 1-pentanol in biodiesel-diesel blends derived from Gossypium hirsutum (cottonseed) oil to enhance engine performance and reduce environmental impact. Biodiesel from cottonseed oil (COB) was produced via transesterification, followed by an analysis of its elemental and chemical composition, and physicochemical properties. Using a Box-Behnken design matrix, the volume concentrations of COB (10–30 %), water (5–15 %), and 1-pentanol (5–20 %) in diesel fuel were varied to optimize engine performance and emission characteristics. ANOVA was employed to evaluate the influence of these parameters on key output responses. The results demonstrated that COB possesses favorable elemental and chemical properties, and the optimal concentrations of COB, water, and 1-pentanol were identified as 14.7 %, 9.9 %, and 11.2 %, respectively. ANOVA findings revealed that COB had the maximum influence on brake specific fuel consumption (93.4 %), nitrogen oxides (55.3 %), carbon monoxide (78.5 %), and carbon dioxide (97.1 %), while 1-pentanol significantly influenced brake thermal efficiency (38.9 %) and hydrocarbon emissions (70 %). Confirmation experiments validated these optimizations, showing substantial improvements in both performance and emissions. The study concludes that integrating water and 1-pentanol into COB blends can reduce fossil fuel consumption by approximately 35 %, while enhancing energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impact.

Experimental and numerical analysis of particulate matter deposition in DPF for different blends of Algae Bio diesel

The stringent emission norms have compelled to use Diesel particulate filter (DPF) to reduce particulates emission in automotive Diesel engine. The back pressure developed in the DPF due to the Particulates matter (PM) deposition in porous zone degrades the diesel engine’s performance. So, there is a need of a fuel which should produce less particulates on combustion as well as its produced particulates should be easy to get regenerated inside the DPF. Three different Algae biodiesel blends B20, B40 and B60 were selected for the study, while the results are compared with the diesel fuel. A numerical study has been done with diesel and Algae biodiesel blends to investigate the effect of PM deposition on the DPF performance. The results of PM concentration and the pressure drop has been predicted for t = 2000s. and compared with the results predicted for diesel fuel. The summarized velocity contours and the PM concentration plots show that a maximum of the PM concentration was found in the diesel fuel case, while the lower found in B60 algae blend. Also, the pressure drop was found to increase with the increase in PM deposition in each case of fuel. The SEM-EDS analysis is done after collecting PM samples after combustion shows a higher percentage of Oxygen and lower Carbon with an increment of Biodiesel in the blend. This work provides a brief idea about the PM deposition in DPF while using Diesel and Algae Biodiesel blends and highlighting the better fuel option for Diesel Engine.

Boosting the cold flow properties and oxidation stability of diesel-biodiesel blends by novel polymethacrylate graft copolymer nanocomposites

The applications and development of biodiesel fuels are restricted by the poor low-temperature fluidity and oxidation stability. Meanwhile, typical antioxidants are usually compounds containing phenyl groups, which have the disadvantages of high toxicity and carcinogenicity. To address these defects, our study originally synthesized a multifunctional additive using both post grafting and nanocomposite technology, as well as apply a biofuel antioxidant free of benzene ring group, 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Our findings reveal that the delayed crystallization behavior of B20 (20 vol%. biodiesel +80 vol%. diesel) is strongly dependent on the additive structure and amount, which the pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are decreased by 20 and 16 °C respectively at 1000 ppm. The post grafting technology enhanced additive antioxidant properties, which extend the induction period of B20 from 2.0 to 6.9 h. Our study confirmed the synthesized additives through possess synergistic enhancement effects on both cold flow properties and oxidation stability. In addition, DFT calculations simulating the potential energy changes of B20 solutions forecast copolymer structure affects the low-temperature fluidity. Hence this study pioneered the proposal for developing multifunctional additives through both post grafting and nanocomposite technology of methacrylate copolymer for biofuels, and provide a theoretical prediction strategy for exploring optimum copolymer pour point depressant for fuels.

Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Noise and Vibration Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Biodiesel

As an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy has the potential to replace diesel in CI engines, and therefore biodiesels such as nahar, jatropha, karanja, etc. are being used as a blend with diesel in CI engines. Since biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, numerous researchers have evaluated and contrasted its performance attributes with those of diesel. The end user’s comfort and level of fatigue following the usage of biodiesel blended with diesel, however, is an interesting area that requires further investigation. The current study aims to investigate the noise and vibration characteristics of unmodified and constant-speed CI engines powered by jatropha, nahar, or karanja biodiesel as a blend with diesel and also developed a mathematical model for noise and vibration responses. The vibration and sound pressure level were recorded using the FFT analyzer Brüel & Kjær Photon+ portable measuring system with RTPro software for different input parameters such as load, density, flash point, and calorific value at different levels for diesel D100 and biodiesel blends. Mathematical non-linear model was developed to predict the relationship between fuel properties and engine noise-vibration characteristics because the R square and adj. R square values of model is found to be close to each other. However, higher adj. R square value and p-value within 0.05 are the good criteria for selection of model.

Machine learning based prognostics and statistical optimization of the performance of biogas-biodiesel blends powered engine

In this study, waste biomass-derived biogas was employed as the main fuel while the biodiesel-diesel blend was used as pilot fuel. This paper describes the development of a Decision Tree and Response Surface methodology-based statistical framework for prediction modeling and optimization. The compression ratio, fuel injection time, fuel injection pressure, and biogas flow rate were employed as controllable inputs, and brake thermal efficiency, peak combustion pressure, and exhaust emission were selected as responses. The experimental data for model development was gathered for the development of prediction models and optimization. The decision tree-based models were robust with almost negligible mean squared errors and R2 values of more than 0.9487 for all models. Response surface methodology-based optimized engine parameters were validated with the following results compression ratio was 17.9, fuel injection pressure was 225 bar, fuel injection timing was 26.3-degree crank angle after top dead center, and the biogas flow rate was 0.85 kg/h. Validation results were within 5 % of the model-optimized results. The prognostic models for all control factors were developed with decision tree-based machine learning with high predictive efficiency and low errors.

Study of molecular arrangement and density estimation of soybean oil biodiesel-diesel blends employing molecular dynamic simulation

Blends of diesel–biodiesel are a crucial alternative for petrodiesel substitution. However, biodiesel faces challenges such as high density and kinematic viscosity, which can affect the properties and performance of the blends. Based on this, the investigation of the impact of adding biodiesel into diesel fuel at percentages of 12%, 15%, 18%, and 21% using molecular dynamic simulations is presented. The density of the blends was experimentally measured and calculated with good agreement, which indicates a favorable description of the interactions by the OPLS-AA force field. Obtained results suggest that alkanes and isoalkanes showed higher fluctuations and were most sensitive to the variation of the percentage of biodiesel in diesel. The other classes of molecules did not show significant variations in interactions, suggesting that π-π interactions are unaffected by the biodiesel addition. The spatial distribution functions revealed that diesel molecules are organized homogeneously around methyl oleate and methyl linoleate, whereas aliphatic hydrocarbon and aromatic molecules are in distinct regions. The diffusion coefficients (Di) showed that the diesel molecules possess higher values, and the biodiesel addition increases the Di of the blend due to the methyl esters carbon chains, which present lower diffusion than diesel molecules. Finally, physical parameters and simulations revealed that the biodiesel addition into diesel fuel in the proportion up to 21% did not negatively impact the density and viscosity limits established by standards ASTM, EN, and ANP Resolution.

Higher alcohol acetoacetate aluminum chelates as pour point depressant and impedance reducing agent of biodiesel-diesel blends

The use of additives to improve the shortcomings of biofuels in application is one of the most economical and effective methods. In this study, a new type of tridentate higher alcohol acetoacetate aluminum chelate additive was synthesized originally and then synchronously used as pour point depressant and resistance reducing agent. The low temperature fluidity of biodiesel-diesel blends, including cloud point, cold filter plugging point and pour point could be reduced by the maximum of 6, 7 and 12 °C for B20 (20 vol% biodiesel + 80 vol% diesel), and 5, 5 and 9 °C for biodiesel after the treatment of higher alcohol acetoacetate aluminum chelate additive, named as C16-acac-Al. Furthermore, the impedance modulus determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the blends were greatly reduced after the treatment of C16-acac-Al, especially noiseless-free in the low frequency region, and the effects of temperature change on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of treated blends was explored. At length, the mechanism on how the morphology of wax crystals affect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of treated blends as well as the effect mechanism of the synthetic additives improving the low temperature fluidity of blends were put forward.

Enhancing diesel engine efficiency and emission performance through oxygenated and non-oxygenated additives: A comparative study of alcohol and cycloalkane impacts on diesel-biodiesel blends

This study evaluates the impact of renewable fuel additives on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions. Safflower seed oil was converted into biodiesel (BD) through transesterification, achieving a 94.12 % conversion yield, verified by spectroscopic analysis. Test fuels were prepared by adding 5 %, 15 %, and 25 % n-pentanol (PE, oxygenated) and cyclohexane (CHx, non-oxygenated) to diesel fuel (DF) and BD. These blends were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying loads. At maximum load, BSFC values were 0.251 for DF, 0.333 for 25 % PE, and 0.269 kg/kWh for 25 % CHx. BTE values were 32.184 % for DF, 27.028 % for 25 % PE, and 31.147 % for 25 % CHx. The peak in-cylinder pressure and net heat release for the 25 % PE blend, which were the highest among the test fuels, were 58.148 bar and 37.010 J/°CA, respectively. Average NOx emissions were 171 for DF, 135.75 for 25 % PE, and 170.50 ppm for 25 % CHx. CO emissions were 171 for DF, 149.25 for 25 % PE, and 170.25 ppm for 25 % CHx. Smoke opacity values were 0.75 for DF, 0.308 for 25 % PE, and 0.675 m-1 for 25 % CHx. Despite higher costs, CHx offers reduced environmental impact without significantly compromising engine performance.

Investigation on NOx control of a CI engine through the collective effect of hydrogen and biodiesel blend at modified compression ratio

The main challenges with using biodiesel in CI engines are higher NOx emissions and reduced brake thermal efficiency. These biodiesel-related issues can be handled by concurrently introducing gaseous fuels along with primary fuel into CI engines. This study examines the effects of hydrogen in a dual fuel mode operation with diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) at different compression ratios on the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio engine operating at 1500 rpm was used for the research. A standard compression ratio (SCR) of 17.5 and a modified compression ratio (MCR) of 15.5 at a constant hydrogen flow rate of 6 L per minute (lpm) were used with diesel and B 20. The addition of hydrogen with diesel and B20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to pure diesel and B20 operation. This resulted in a shorter delay period (by an average of 9.4 % and 7.1 %) with lower peak pressure than pure diesel and B20 operation. During the dual fuel mode of H2 with B 20 at a modified compression ratio, the maximum heat release rate was decreased and its occurrence was retarded. NOx, UBHC, and CO emissions of the engine were decreased significantly by an average of 20.8% 43.7, %, and 22 % respectively with 37.7 % increase in smoke opacity. The increase in NOx emission with the use of H2 with diesel was reduced by operating H2 with B20 and at a reduced compression ratio. This lower emission was achieved with a compromise of a marginal decrease in engine brake thermal efficiency.

Biodiesel production from eggshells derived bio-nano CaO catalyst–Microemulsion fuel blends for up-gradation of biodiesel

The utilization of bio-oil derived from biomass presents a promising alternative to fossil fuels, though it faces challenges when directly applied in diesel engines. Microemulsification has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance bio-oil properties, facilitating its use in hybrid fuels. This study explores the microemulsification of Jatropha bio-oil with ethanol, aided by a surfactant, to formulate a hybrid liquid fuel. Additionally, a bio-nano CaO heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from eggshells is employed to catalyse the production of Jatropha biodiesel from the microemulsified fuel using microwave irradiation. The catalyst is characterized through UV–Vis, XRD, and SEM analysis. The investigation reveals a significant reduction in CO, CO2, and NOX emissions with the utilization of microemulsion-based biodiesel blends. Various blends of conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and ethanol are prepared with different ethanol concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt%). Engine performance parameters, including fuel consumption, NOX emission, and brake specific fuel consumption, are analyzed. Results indicate that the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend exhibits superior performance compared to conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and other blends.The fuel consumption of the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend is measured at 554.6 g/h, surpassing that of conventional diesel and other biodiesel blends. The presence of water (0.14 %) in the blend reduces the heating value, consequently increasing the energy requirement. CO and CO2 emissions for the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend are notably lower compared to conventional C-18 hydrocarbons and various biodiesel blends. These findings accentuate the efficacy of the microemulsion process in enhancing fuel characteristics and reducing emissions. Further investigations could explore optimizing the emulsifying agents and their impact on engine performance and emission characteristics, contributing to the advancement of sustainable fuel technologies.

A numerical investigation on the effect of altering compression ratio, injection timing, and injection duration on the performance of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-butanol blend

Abstract Using renewable fuels for diesel engines can reduce both air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. A computer simulation was constructed to predict the performance, combustion characteristics, and NOx emission of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends. The simulation was validated by comparing the modeling results against experimental data and a good agreement between the results was found. The fuels used for the validation were diesel (B0), biodiesel (B100), diesel-biodiesel blend (B50), and two diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends with 45% diesel-45% biodiesel-10% butanol (Bu10), and 40% diesel-40% biodiesel-20% butanol (Bu20) by volume. Experimental results showed that the addition of butanol reduced NOx emissions but deteriorated the engine performance. The aim of the current work was the numerical optimization of the different parameters to enhance the engine performance while using butanol to decrease NOx emissions. The engine compression ratio (CR) varied from 14 to 24, in increments of 2. Fuel injection timing (IT) was retarded from 30° before top dead center (bTDC) to 5° bTDC in increments of 5o. Also, the fuel injection duration (IDur) was extended from 20° to 50° in increments of 10°. Results showed that the increase in CR improved engine performance for the two investigated fuels, Bu10 and Bu20. The maximum engine brake power (BP), thermal efficiency (BTE), and minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 1.46 kW, 32.3%, and 0.273 kg/kWh respectively, were obtained when the Bu10 fuel was injected at the optimum conditions of 24 CR, 15°bTDC IT, and 40° injection duration (IDur). Under these optimum conditions, the BP, BTE, and BSFC improved by 3% to 3.5% for Bu10 and Bu20 fuel blends compared to the base engine conditions of CR of 22, 30° IDur, and 10° bTDC IT. The heat release rate during the premixed phase increased when the IT was advanced, while the mixing-controlled combustion phase was enhanced when the IT was retarded. NOx emissions increased with increasing the CR, while both the increase in IDur at constant IT and the retard of IT decreased engine NOx emissions. At the optimum conditions, the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 were further decreased by 2.2% and 0.9% respectively compared to the experimental results at base engine conditions. Retarding the injection timing from 15° bTDC to 5° bTDC at a CR of 24 and IDur of 40° caused the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 to decrease by 16%. When the injection duration was increased from 20° to 50° at a CR of 24 and an IT of 15°bTDC, the NOx emissions for Bu10 and Bu20 decreased by 12.3% and 11.8% respectively. The addition of butanol to the diesel-biodiesel blend at optimum conditions showed results comparable to pure diesel, with a decrease in NOx emissions.

Performance and emission characteristics of neem biodiesel-diesel blend with mango leaf extract additive in diesel engines

Performance and emission characteristics of neem biodiesel-diesel blend with mango leaf extract additive in diesel engines

Investigation of biodiesel and its blends fueled diesel engine: An evaluation of the comprehensive performance of diesel engines

The carbon-neutral era and the increasing demand for energy worldwide are imperative for researching alternative energy. At the same time, biodiesel is considered one of the most prospective alternative energy due to its renewable nature and similar properties to diesel. A comparative study of the effects of different proportions of biodiesel-diesel blends (BD10, BD20, BD40, BD60, BD100) on emissions, vibration, lubricant ferrography, and tribological performance of cylinder liner-piston ring (CL-PR) of a direct injection diesel engine (ZS195) was carried out with a baseline of petroleum diesel. The results of the study demonstrated that the appropriate proportion (less than 20 %) of biodiesel significantly improves the comprehensive performance of diesel engines, primarily by combustion optimization and vibration shock reduction. The BD20 fuel blend achieves the best comprehensive diesel engine performance. The higher percentage of biodiesel results in enhanced vibration and severe degradation of CL-PR performance caused by the dilution of the lubricant and erosion of the components by the biodiesel. The study illuminates the mechanism and intrinsic connection of the effects of biodiesel on diesel engine performance. These results will facilitate the understanding of the effects of biodiesel-diesel blends on diesel engine performance and contribute to carbon neutrality in the transportation sector.

Response surface methodology optimization of characteristics of biodiesel powered diesel engine and its effective integration to autonomous microgrid

An optimum diesel engine load condition with higher thermal efficiency and energy management has been the foremost challenge in the renewable energy research field. Modern trends involve nano additives for obtaining high performing biodiesel blends. Considering the above-mentioned factors, an experimental study along with statistical analysis has been performed with variation of compression ratio (16, 17.5 & 18), ZrO2 nano additive (50, 100 & 150 ppm) and load (50, 75 & 100 %). The optimization was accomplished by diminishing the BSFC, NOx, HC, CO, and increasing the BTE, CO2 using the approach of desirability. From the obtained results, the optimum operating conditions of the engine were found to be 75 % load, 18:1 compression ratio, and 150 ppm ZrO2 nano additive. The actual values at optimized conditions are obtained as BSFC (0.27 kg/kWh), BTE (33.37 %), CO (0.71 %), CO2 (8.69 %), NOx (1270 ppm), HC (62 %) and Smoke (25.20 %) with error less than 5 %. It has been observed that the BSFC of the proposed biodiesel-diesel blend is lower than that of pure diesel in all levels of power output. The biodiesel fuelled diesel engine is integrated as backup power in autonomous microgrid with main power as solar PV system operated at MPPT mode. A hybrid power system based on solar PV and biodiesel generator set up is the better alternative to emission-intensive fossil fuel and intermittent renewable.

Novel biofuel blends for diesel engines: Optimizing engine performance and emissions with C. cohnii microalgae biodiesel and algae-derived renewable diesel blends

Fossil diesel is a significant global fuel; however, environmental concerns and resource scarcity necessitate alternative fuels. Third-generation microalgae biodiesel (MB), despite its carbon neutrality, leads to higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and poor engine performance. Renewable diesel (RD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), could reduce these issues. A quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model is employed in this study to look into how different fuel blends of diesel, C. cohnii MB, and algae-derived RD affect the performance, combustion, and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine. The study uses a 2000 rpm engine arrangement with different engine loads, and validates the computational analysis with an experimental test engine arrangement. The study aims to explore the potential of sustainable biofuels in CI engines. D70MB30 (70 vol% diesel, and 30 vol% MB) fuel blend leads to a higher ignition delay period (IDP) while lowering peak cylinder pressure (PCP) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to D100; however, when RD is added to diesel-MB fuel blends, it reduces IDP and increases PCP and PHRR. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for the D70MB30 blend rises by 5.28–8.9 %, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduces by 0.98–4.27 %. However, RD in MB blends reduces BSFC by 1.57–3.41 % and marginally enhances BTE, resulting in greater fuel economy and efficiency. D70MB30 fuel blend results in higher specific carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while lowering particulate matter (PM) and smoke emissions compared to neat diesel due to its high intrinsic oxygen content. In contrast, RD with the MB blend reduces specific CO2 and NOx emissions; however, it increases PM and smoke emissions due to the NOx-PM trade-off. The optimum results occur with a full load and D70MB15RD15 (70 vol% diesel, 15 vol% MB, and 15 vol% RD) fuel blend. Compared to the D70MB30 blend, D70MB15RD15 reduces BSFC, specific CO2, and NOx by 2.15 %, ∼1%, and 8.37 %, respectively, while increasing PM emissions at 100 % load.

Combustion, environmental, and efficiency assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes enriched biodiesel-diesel binary blends in varying injection timing

The purpose of this study is to examine how a biodiesel diesel blend, enriched with nanoparticles affects the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine at varying compression ratios, engine load, and injection timing. The biodiesel and nanoparticles considered for this study are cotton seed biodiesel and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The test fuel is prepared by blending diesel and cottonseed biodiesel along with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The compression ratio is varied from 17.5 to 18, whereas fuel injection timing and engine load of 20°, 23°, and 25° before Top dead Centres and 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % 100 %, respectively are considered for testing. The findings suggest that the highest brake thermal efficiency is achieved with a compression ratio of 18 and an injection timing of 20°, before Top Dead Centre. Additionally, when these settings are utilized, the levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are observed to be the lowest among all test runs for nanoparticles enriched biodiesel diesel blend with a reduction of 41.94 % and 34 % compared to diesel mode.

Effects of a Hybrid Additive of Ethanol-Butanol and Magnetite Nanoparticles on Emissions and Performance of Diesel Engines Fueled with Diesel-Biodiesel Blends

Effects of a Hybrid Additive of Ethanol-Butanol and Magnetite Nanoparticles on Emissions and Performance of Diesel Engines Fueled with Diesel-Biodiesel Blends

An ideal investigation on conventional CRDI engine for optimum paradigm analysis of performance and exhaust emissions by using oxygenated and hydrogen fuel: An experimental green dual fuel approach

In this research, we look at how adding hydrogen to a conventional diesel engine (CRDI) with a diesel and sesame biodiesel blend (B20) changes the performance of engines. Depending on the load, H2 is pumped into the engine intake manifold at 7 lpm, 10 lpm, 60 %, 80 %, or 100 %. Due to its HCV and ability to reduce emissions in ways like as CO, CO2 and HC, hydrogen enrichment is beneficial to both the BTE and BSEC. However, this increase in emission of NOx is attributable to the higher EGT. The ignition delay (ID), in-cylinder pressure (ICP), and heat release rate (HRR) are all combustion parameters as well as combustion duration (CD), are all enhanced by the use of hydrogen. At 80 % load, the B20 + 7H2 fuel has 27.1 % higher BTE and 32.3 % lower BSEC compared to the pure diesel fuel. When compared to B20, NOx, Hydro Carbon, Carbon monoxide, and Carbon dioxide emissions go down by 13 %,34.6 %, 27 %, and 25.1 %, respectively. Under maximum throttle, the B20 + 7H2 blend reduces the HC, CO and C02 emissions and improves ICP 18.3 % and HRR by up to 18.78 %, while reducing CD by 14.6 %.

Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

<div>Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15), and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature. The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%. The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of increased temperature and poor combustion. Apart from NOx emissions, all other parameters of lemongrass oil blends are suitable for practical diesel applications. The significant findings benefit the biodiesel community toward the efficient combustion of biodiesel blends.</div>