Dielectric Anomaly Research Articles

Magneto-dielectric effect in corundum-type oxide: Co4NbTaO9

We have thoroughly studied the structure, magnetic and magneto-dielectric properties of Co4NbTaO9 along with the isotypic Co4Nb2O9, Co4Nb1.5Ta0.5O9 and Co3NiNb2O9 phases, which are noncollinear antiferromagnet with trigonal structure. The transition temperature decreases with Ta substitution, whereas it increases with Ni substitution. In the absence of external magnetic fields, no dielectric anomaly is noticed below the magnetic transition temperature. However, prominent dielectric peak appears under external magnetic fields and the peak magnitude increases with increasing field strengths, depicting magneto-dielectric and magnetoelectric phenomena. We describe the magnetic field induced dielectric effect due to the spin-flop magnetic transition.

Three-dimensional perovskite (1,4-3.2.2-H2dabcn)CsBr3·H2O showing reversible phase transition, dielectric anomaly and second harmonic generation effect

Three-dimensional perovskite (1,4-3.2.2-H2dabcn)CsBr3·H2O showing reversible phase transition, dielectric anomaly and second harmonic generation effect

Crystal Structures and Piezoelectric Properties of Quenched and Slowly-Cooled BiFeO3-BaTiO3 Ceramics.

The BiFeO3-BaTiO3 (BF-BT) ceramics were here prepared through the solid-state reaction of Bi2O3, Fe2O3 and nano-sized BT powders. The crystal structures and piezoelectric properties were investigated in both quenched (AQ) and slowly cooled (SC) 0.7BF-0.3BT ceramics. Prior work has shown that rhombohedral and pseudo-cubic phases coexist in 0.7BF-0.3BT ceramics. In this work, the crystal structure of the pseudo-cubic phase was refined as a non-polar orthorhombic Pbnm phase in the SC sample and as a polar orthorhombic Pmc21 phase in the AQ sample. In addition to a sharp dielectric peak at about 620 °C, corresponding to the Curie temperature of the rhombohedral phase, a broad dielectric peak with strong frequency dispersion and a sharp frequency-independent dielectric peak were observed at around 500 °C in the SC and AQ samples, respectively. We determine that the dielectric anomalies around 500 °C were caused by a relaxor phase transition of the non-polar orthorhombic phase in the SC sample and a ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition of the polar orthorhombic phase in the AQ sample. The AQ sample showed better ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties than the SC sample. The 0.7BF-0.3BT ceramic slowly cooled in a nitrogen atmosphere showed a well-saturated P-E curve and a similar temperature-dependent dielectric constant as the AQ sample. Our results indicate that large concentrations of oxygen vacancies produce a more distorted polar orthorhombic phase and better piezoelectric properties in the AQ sample than in the SC sample.

Observation of dielectric anomaly at magnetic transition temperature in NdMn1xZnxO3/SNTO (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10) films

We report our observation of dielectric anomaly from temperature–dependent dielectric study near the antiferromagnetic transition (TN) in pure and Zn–doped NdMnO3/SNTO (SrNb0.002Ti0.998O3) epitaxial films. Structural and microstructural studies showed the presence of compressive strain along the a–axis and changes in grain size due to Zn–substitution. The variation in the elemental concentration of Zn was confirmed by RBS measurements led to amend Mn–Mn exchange interactions in doped films. Alteration in TN due to Zn–doping, obtained from D.C. magnetization is consistent with the dielectric anomaly temperatures, indicating the presence of magnetoelectric effect in pure and Zn–doped NdMnO3/SNTO system.

Dielectric anomalies and dc-resistivity degradation in PbNb2O6-based ceramics at high temperature

The lead metaniobate (PbNb2O6, PN) with high Curie temperature is widely used to fabricate transducer for high-temperature application up to 300 °C. However, evident dielectric anomalies and direct-current resistivity degradation were experimentally observed in PN-based ceramics at high temperature, which may significantly restrict the working temperature range for well logging application. When the sample was heat-treated at 260 °C for 3 h in silicon oil, the dc-resistivity of ceramics at 260 °C decreased from 3.8 × 108 to 1.0×107 Ω⋅cm, accompanied by 43 times increase in tanδ at 1 kHz. To investigate the cause of these phenomena, the in-situ piezoelectric, dielectric properties and dc-resistivity were systematically investigated in the samples subjected to heat-treatment at 260 °C in silicon oil. It is revealed that the porous structure of PN-based ceramics allows for the infiltration of silicon oil as a minor phase, and the accumulation of its decomposers within the pores would exert significant influence on the dielectric property and dc-resistivity of ceramics at elevated temperatures. However, the samples still demonstrate excellent thermal stability in piezoelectric property, with value of kt maintaining 0.39 at 260 °C in oil. In addition, the low Qm is not the intrinsic property of PN ceramics, but rather related to the phase transition of silicon oil within pores of ceramics, as indicated by the increase in Qm from 47 to 80 after heat-treatment in air.

Synthesis, the Reversible Isostructural Phase Transition, and the Dielectric Properties of a Functional Material Based on an Aminobenzimidazole-Iron Thiocyanate Complex.

By introducing disordered molecules into a crystal structure, the motion of the disordered molecules easily induces the formation of multidimensional frameworks in functional crystal materials, allowing for structural phase transitions and the realization of various dielectric properties within a certain temperature range. Here, we prepared a novel ionic complex [C7H8N3]3[Fe(NCS)6]·H2O (1) between 2-aminobenzimidazole and ferric isothiocyanate from ferric chloride hexahydrate, ammonium thiocyanate, and 2-aminobenzimidazole using the evaporation of the solvent method. The main components, the single-crystal structure, and the thermal and dielectric properties of the complex were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, variable-temperature and variable-frequency dielectric constant tests, etc. The analysis results indicated that compound 1 belongs to the P21/n space group. Within the crystal structure, the [Fe(NCS)6]3- anion formed a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network with the organic cation through S···S interactions and hydrogen bonding. The disorder-order motion of the anions and cations within the crystal and the deformation of the crystal frameworks lead to a significant reversible isostructural phase transition and multiaxial dielectric anomalies of compound 1 at approximately 240 K.

Microstructure evolution, dielectric properties, and nonlinear response of Na+-doped CdCu3Ti4O12 ceramics.

In this study, Cd1-x Na x Cu3Ti4O12 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) ceramics were prepared via a solid-state method. The phase composition, microstructure, and defect characteristics as well as optical, dielectric, and nonlinear properties of the ceramics were systematically studied. A CuO second phase was detected in doped samples. Grain boundary precipitates, Na with a low melting point, and oxygen and cation vacancies together caused the grain size to first increase and then decrease with an increase in the Na+ doping amount. The abundant emerging cation vacancies with an increase in Na+ content led to a decrease in the optical energy band. The sample with x = 0.04 exhibited the highest ε' value (∼35 800) due to its largest grain size. Moreover, it possessed a lower tan δ (∼0.053) at 10 kHz, which was attributed to the multiplication of insulating grain boundaries. The huge dielectric constant originated from Maxwell-Wagner polarization at low frequencies and followed the internal barrier effect model. The lowest tan δ (∼0.037) and optimal nonlinear properties (α = 3.66 and E b = 3.82 kV cm-1) were obtained in the sample with x = 0.08, which were associated with its highest grain boundary resistance and barrier height. Electric modulus data proved that dielectric relaxation at low frequencies was associated with grain boundaries. Dielectric anomalies in the high temperature range were attributed to oxygen vacancies.

The Halogenation Effect Induces a Variety of Switchable Phase Transition and Second-Harmonic-Generation Materials.

Halogen engineering offers a means of enhancing the physical properties of materials by fine-tuning the rotational energy barrier and dipole moment, which proved to be effective in achieving switchable phase transitions and optical responses in materials. In this work, by substituting the methyl group in ligand N-ethyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (CH3CH2-3.3.0-Dabco) with halogen atoms X (Cl or Br) and then contining to react it with FeBr3 in a HBr aqueous solution, we successfully synthesized three kinds of organic-inorganic hybrid switchable phase-change materials, [CH3CH2-3.3.0-Dabco]FeBr4 (1), [ClCH2-3.3.0-Dabco]FeBr4 (2), and [BrCH2-3.3.0-Dabco]FeBr4 (3), which were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction. Compared to compound 1, compounds 2 and 3 show two pairs of reversible phase transitions, dielectric anomalies, and a second-harmonic-generation effect, which are successfully induced due to the halogen substitution. This study offers an effective molecular design strategy for the exploration and construction of iron halide organic-inorganic hybrid materials with temperature-adjustable physical properties.

Jahn–Teller effect driven dielectric anomaly and intrinsic magnetodielectric behaviors in nickel chromate

Some spinel chromium oxides with the chemical formula ACr2O4 exhibit magnetic-induced multiferroicity due to the special spiral spin order. However, because of the relatively low temperature of the ordered spiral phase, this kind of multiferroicity generally displays a limited coexistence of magnetic and ferroelectric orders in a narrow temperature range. The Jahn–Teller (JT) effect, serving as a crucial link between charge and orbit degrees of freedom, can facilitate efficient modulation of multiferroic properties. In this work, Ni1−xCuxCr2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) series are synthesized by occupying the same Wyckoff site with two kinds of JT ions. The microstructure and JT distortion can be distinctly influenced by varying the doping level of Cu2+ ions. Particularly, Ni0.85Cu0.15Cr2O4 (x = 0.15) presents the pronounced JT distortion, accompanied by observation of dielectric anomaly at ∼78 K, resulting from spin–orbit coupling. This implies that the JT effect can significantly promote the contribution of spin–orbit coupling in magnetoelectric correlation. Moreover, the magnetodielectric effect induced by intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling is confirmed in Ni0.85Cu0.15Cr2O4 over a wide temperature range of 10–200 K, which is much higher than the Néel temperature of ∼85 K. It indicates that spin–orbit coupling based on the JT effect could overcome the constraint of magnetic order to achieve effective control on electric polarization performance under an applied magnetic field, thereby showing broad application prospects.

Relaxor unveils geometrical frustration

For over a century, materials science has been focused on comparing magnetism and ferroelectricity, revealing similarities in order types, domains, hysteresis, and responses to external stimuli. The exceptional physical properties of magnets often originate from frustration, which can result from site disorder and lattice geometry. While disordered relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit ultra-high dielectric and piezoelectric properties and fingerprinted behavior similar to spin glasses, ferroelectric-like materials with clear geometrically frustrated states have not been previously identified. Here we introduce a new type of relaxor material, a geometrically frustrated relaxor, exemplified by a Bi2Ti2O7 single crystal with a compositionally ordered pyrochlore structure. Our findings demonstrate canonical relaxor behavior, including dielectric anomalies, dipole freezing, non-ergodicity and a lack of spontaneous phase transitions. Furthermore, we show the emergence of a unique dipole ice state upon cooling, arising from conflicting order parameters related to two mutually exclusive rigid unit modes of Bi4Oʹ tetrahedral rotations. The coexistence of these rotations does not satisfy symmetry constraints, causing geometrical frustration and suppressing the long-range order. The results provide the structural mechanism of geometrical frustration manifestation in Bi-containing pyrochlores, opening up avenues for exploring exotic ground states and advanced functionalities in dielectric materials.

Tailoring Bi1−x−yBaxFeyFeO3 for desired properties: insights into structural, dielectric, and magnetic responses

In present study, samples of Bi1−x−yBaxFeyFeO3 have been synthesized, where x = 0.15, y = 0; x = 0.10, y = 0.10; and x = 0.15, y = 0.10 utilizing a swift two-stage solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data has been Rietveld refined to evaluate the structural parameters. Micro-strain is also calculated using Williamson Hall method. Temperature (300 K to 660 K) dependent measurements of the dielectric constant have been conducted at various frequencies (100 kHz, 500 kHz, and 1000 kHz). The dielectric constant (ε′) rises as the temperature increases. Two dielectric anomalies around 450 K and 613 K have been noticed in ε′ versus T curves for all the samples which might be related with defect dipoles and the magnetic transition respectively. Further, an insignificant value of loss tangent (0.2) specifically at around 300 K is a signal of small leakage current in the samples. The source of high dielectric constant is discussed by considering the structural distortions in the ceramics. A clear hysteresis loop has been observed for all the samples which is a sign of collapse of antiferromagnetic nature of BiFeO3. Further, in case of co-doped samples, almost a saturation in magnetization with magnetization value 5.9718 emu g−1 has been noticed in hysteresis curve indicating a major contribution of ferromagnetic interaction. Enhancement in the net magnetization is briefly discussed by considering the ferromagnetic type direct interaction among Fe3+ ions and suppressing the anti-ferromagnetic type super exchange interaction.

Magnetization and magnetodielectric effect in Cr3+-doped Ca3Co2-xCrxO6 compounds

In one dimensional Ca3Co2O6, the magnetic frustration could result in partially disordered antiferromagnetic state. The Ca3Co2O6 thus presents spin freezing and slow relaxation at low temperature. In this investigation, magnetic Cr3+-dopants were chosen to substitute the Co3+ cations and a series of Ca3Co2-xCrxO6 ceramics were synthesized. Their magnetoelectric properties were characterized. The results manifest that the introduced Cr3+ cations situate in the CoO6 octahedral centers and they could increase the lattice volume slightly. The antiferromagnetic coupling between Cr3+ and the adjacent Co3+ could reduce the frustration. The doped-Ca3Co2-xCrxO6 compounds display a slower magnetic dynamic behavior. The Cr3+ substitution also has great impact on the dielectric properties of Ca3Co2O6. The slower response of the freezing spin in Cr3+ doped-Ca3Co2O6 makes the dielectric anomaly (anomaly Ⅰ) around the freezing temperature weakens with increasing Cr3+. Additionally, the introduced Cr3+ dopant not only increases the dielectric permittivity but also decreases the dielectric loss greatly. Cr3+ cation is a good candidate for improving the dielectric properties of Ca3Co2O6. Magnetodielectric measurement reflects the effectiveness of magnetic field on manipulating the electric dipole of Ca3Co2O6. For spin frustrated materials, electric measurement is proved to be an effective method on characterizing the subtle variation of the magnetic structure.

Observation of Magnetic Field‐Induced and Partially Switchable Electric Polarization in Spin‐Chain FePbBiO4

AbstractThe linear magnetoelectric (ME) characteristics of a quasi‐1D spin‐chain compound, FePbBiO4, are reported. Two distinct antiferromagnetic (AFM) orders occurring at ≈23 K (TN1) and 12 K (TN2) are verified using magnetization, specific heat, and conspicuous dielectric (ε′) anomalies. A striking observation is that no pyrocurrent (Ipy) is detected in the absence of magnetic field (H); however, H‐induced ferroelectric polarization (P) at TN1 and P unexpectedly partially switches or reverses below TN2 as reproduced by applying positive and negative electric fields (E). The resulting magnetic field and temperature (H‐T) phase diagram illustrates T‐dependent H‐induced spin reorientation and electric P. The interaction between T, H, spin dynamics, and lattice structures is pivotal and is qualitatively discussed and proposed as an explanation for the observed ME nature.

Tunability of Photovoltaic Functions via Halogen Substitution [(Ade)2 CdX4](X = Cl, Br): A Class of Three-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials.

Two new three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid crystalline materials, [(Ade)2 CdCl4] (1) and [(Ade)2 CdBr4] (2), were obtained by the slow evaporation of adenine (Ade) and cadmium chloride in aqueous solution at room temperature with hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid used as halogen sources. The structural, thermal, optical, and electrical properties were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, variable-temperature-variable-frequency dielectric constant analysis, and electrochemical tests. With increasing the substitution of Cl by Br, the composition of the material changed and the space group shifted from P-1 to P21/m, with a significant blue-shift in the fluorescence emission. Changing the temperature induced the deformation of the three-dimensional framework structure formed by hydrogen bonding interactions, leading to dielectric anomalies. Cyclic voltammetry tests showed the good reversibility of the electrolysis process. The structural diversity of the complexes was realized by modulating the halogen composition, and a new method for designing novel organic-inorganic hybrids with controllable photoelectric functionality was proposed.

Preparation and Properties of a High-Entropy Wolframite-Type Antiferromagnet, (Mn0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Cd0.2)WO4.

The homogeneous high-entropy wolframite-type solid solution (Mn1/5Co1/5Ni1/5Cu1/5Cd1/5)WO4 was prepared by solid-state reaction at 1000 °C. Elongated "crystals" were grown from the Na2WO4 flux, but their strongly broadened powder X-ray diffraction patterns indicated partial dissolution. Nevertheless, successive annealing of the homogeneous solid solution for 3-4 h at 800, 700, and 600 °C did not bring any sign of dissolution. Thus, the material is kinetically stable at low temperatures although thermodynamically unstable. The long-range antiferromagnetic order was established at TN ∼ 24.8 K. Based on magnetization and specific heat measurements, a magnetic phase diagram was built, demonstrating the presence of an additional field-induced phase. In contrast to the parent MnWO4, no dielectric anomaly has been found down to 2 K.

Solid-state structural transformation triggered by water in zinc(Ⅱ) coordination polymers based on 3,5-ditertbutyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid:Structural characterization and dielectric properties

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation provides a good platform for obtaining new functional coordination polymers. In this study, we demonstrate a violent and rapid structural transformation between two d10 coordination polymers (CPs). The complex 1 [Zn(3,5-thbzc)2(C2H6O)2] transformed into the complex 2 {[Zn(3,5-thbzc)2(H2O)2]·C3H7NO·2H2O} (where t = tbutyl, hbzc− = 2-Hydroxybenzoato) triggered by deionized water under standard temperature and pressure conditions in solid state. The transformation reaction was confirmed using single-crystal XRD, PXRD and SEM. The results showed that complex 1 adopts a bidentate chelate six-coordination mode, and complex 2 adopts a monodentate four-coordination mode. SEM clearly showed that complex 2 was in the form of random nanowire clusters, suggesting that their transformation required degradation of the entire crystal structure. UV–Vis–NIR spectra were used to calculate the band gaps of complexes 1 and 2, which demonstrated wide-bandgap semiconductor-like materials with ∼3.2 eV band gap widths. The results of dielectric studies of complex 1 revealed that it possessed a medium dielectric constant (κ = 6.08 at 1 kHz), while complex 2 displayed an even higher dielectric constant (κ = 7.97 at 1 kHz) at room temperature. Interestingly, parent complex 1 exhibited a small ladder-like dielectric anomaly at 188 °C, while progeny complex 2 did not. This paper describes a new strategy for preparing adjustable functional dielectric materials.

Structural origins of dielectric anomalies in the filled tetragonal tungsten bronze Sr2NaNb5O15

The tetragonal tungsten bronze, Sr2NaNb5O15, shows promise for application in high-temperature high-efficiency capacitors vital for the sustainable energy revolution. Previously, the structural complexity of this and related materials has obscured the mechanisms underpinning two large anomalies in relative permittivity (εr) which give rise to their exceptionally broad dielectric response. Here, we comprehensively investigate the structural evolution from −173 to 627 °C, combining electron, X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy, and first principles electronic structure calculations to unambiguously identify the structural origins of both anomalies. The peak in εr at 305 °C is associated with a polar-nonpolar phase transition, wherein cations displace along the c axis. Guided by DFT, we identify a further transition upon cooling, associated with the second peak at −14 °C, linked to the softening of an in-plane polar distortion with a correlation length limited by ferroelastic nano-domains arising from rigid-unit-like tilting of NbO6 octahedra at high temperature, imparting relaxor-like behaviour. Thus, the two dielectric anomalies in Sr2NaNb5O15 are associated with two distinct crystallographic phase transitions and their interplay with a microstructure that arises from a third, non-polar structural distortion. Chemical control of these will enable development of tuneable materials with dielectric properties suitable for high-temperature energy storage applications.

Structural and dielectric features of (Bi0.5Na0.5)1−xBaxTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics: An approach to the phase diagram

(Bi0.5Na0.5)1−xBaxTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics were synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. Structural and dielectric properties were investigated as a function of the doping concentration, considering x = 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 18 at. % Ba. The structural analyses were carried out from the x-ray diffraction technique, including the Rietveld refinement method, and Raman spectroscopy. Results confirmed the formation of the perovskite structure, revealing different crystalline symmetries, depending on the Ba2+ concentration: the single rhombohedral ferroelectric phase (R3c) for x = 0 and 2 at. %; coexistence of both rhombohedral ferroelectric (R3c) and tetragonal antiferroelectric (P4bm) phases for x = 5 at. % Ba; the single tetragonal antiferroelectric phase (P4bm) for x = 8 at. % Ba; coexistence of two tetragonal phases (antiferroelectric P4bm and ferroelectric P4mm) for x = 10 at. % Ba; and the single tetragonal ferroelectric phase (P4mm) for x = 12, 16, and 18 at. % Ba. The characteristics of the phases’ transition, investigated from dielectric analysis, revealed the presence of two dielectric anomalies, which indeed have been associated to different phases’ transitions, one of them showing relaxor-like characteristics. The obtained results offer new insights for a better understanding on the features of the phase diagram for the studied ceramic system, according to the different observed crystalline symmetries (ferroelectric and antiferroelectric) in a very wide doping concentration. In the light of the obtained results, a new phase diagram has been proposed considering a wider compositional range than those reported in the literature.

Experimental Study on the Dielectric Properties of Coal In Situ with Variable Temperatures.

The aim of this study was to explore the mapping relationship between the temperature and the dielectric parameters of coal and rock under variable temperatures as well as to determine the characteristics of a dielectric anomaly response. Experiments were performed using lignite, nonstick coal, gas coal, coking coal, and anthracite. The evolution of pyrolysis characteristics, microcrystal structure, and dielectric properties with changing temperature was investigated, and the changes in the dielectric parameters of coal and rock were comprehensively analyzed. As such, the cause of the dielectric anomaly with changing temperatures of coal and rock was revealed. The results show that the dielectric properties of coal at different pyrolysis temperatures are closely related to the degree of intermolecular thermal motion, the evolution of microcrystal structure, and the mechanism of polarization response. In the low-temperature stage, the thermal motion of coal molecules is weak and exhibits electronic polarization, and the dielectric parameters change slightly with temperature while being dependent on the moisture content. In the high-temperature pyrolysis stage, the intense molecular thermal motion leads to the breaking of chemical bonds and the release of volatiles; moreover, the distance between aromatic layers of coal decreases, the order of aromatic structure increases, the dipole turning polarization is the main polarization type, and the dielectric response is obvious. When the pyrolysis reaction is basically complete, the dielectric constants of the five coal samples reach the maximum. As the temperature increases continuously, the coal structure is destroyed by the weakening of the thermal motion of the coal molecules and the accumulation of thermal stress; meanwhile, the dielectric constant decreases gradually, while the dielectric loss and tangent of dielectric loss increase rapidly. At the same temperature, the dielectric constant decreases with an increase in test frequency. These results lay a foundation for the inversion of dielectric data in fire areas of coal mines.

Localization of Dielectric Anomalies with Multi-level Outlier Detection through Membership Function and Ensemble Classification Framework

This research presents an innovative method for real-time detection of dielectric anomalies, with a primary focus on evaluating apple quality and ripeness using dielectric tomography. The study involves the development of an advanced tomography system within an anechoic chamber, harnessing electromagnetic wave technology and sophisticated antenna systems for data acquisition. The proposed framework encompasses critical stages, including data collection, range bounds computation, threshold determination, class membership assignment, and ensemble classification. By seamlessly integrating statistical methods, density-based clustering, and ensemble learning, this approach significantly enhances precision and reliability in anomaly detection. The integration of available statistical methods, density-based clustering, and ensemble learning may demand substantial computational resources, limiting the scalability and real-time applicability of the proposed framework. Empirical results demonstrate the superior performance of the method, with an accuracy rate of 98.9%, precision of 0.989, F-measure of 0.989, dielectric anomaly recall rate of 0.99, and a low error rate of 0.18. Overall, this research introduces an advanced approach with the potential to revolutionize apple quality assessment and industrial processes across various sectors.