Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Inhibition Research Articles

Understanding the Role of Escherichia coli Hydrogenases and Formate Dehydrogenases in the FO F1 -ATPase Activity during the Mixed Acid Fermentation of Mixture of Carbon Sources.

During fermentation Escherichia coli produces di-hydrogen (H2 ) via reversible membrane-bound [Ni-Fe]-hydrogenases (Hyd). This study describes the total and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited ATPase activity and H2 production at various pHs in E. coli wild type and mutants encoding Hyd enzymes and formate dehydrogenases (FDH) on fermentation of glucose, glycerol, and formate. The highest total ATPase activity was detected at pH 7.5 in hyaB hybC selC (lacking large subunits of Hyd-1 and Hyd-2 and FDH, respectively) triple mutant. This ATPase activity was mainly due to the proton-translocating ATPase but in FDH mutant the DCCD inhibition was less compared to wild type. Potassium ions stimulated total ATPase activity at pH 5.5 ~50% and ~35% in wild type and hypF (lacking all Hyd enzymes) mutant, respectively. Moreover, K+ also stimulated DCCD inhibited ATPase activity ~1.7-fold-2-fold in strains where FDH was absent only at pH 5.5. DCCD inhibited H2 production only at pH 5.5 in all assays. Taken together it is suggested that at low pH, FDH, and Hyd enzymes are linked with the FO F1 -ATPase for regulating and maintaining the cytoplasmatic pH and thus proton motive force generation. FDH and Hyd enzymes have impact on the FO F1 -ATPase activity depending on external pH and potassium ions. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(10):1040-1047, 2018.

Na+-stimulated ATPase of alkaliphilic halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica translocates Na+ into proteoliposomes via Na+ uniport mechanism

BackgroundWhen cells are exposed to high salinity conditions, they develop a mechanism to extrude excess Na+ from cells to maintain the cytoplasmic Na+ concentration. Until now, the ATPase involved in Na+ transport in cyanobacteria has not been characterized. Here, the characterization of ATPase and its role in Na+ transport of alkaliphilic halotolerant Aphanothece halophytica were investigated to understand the survival mechanism of A. halophytica under high salinity conditions.ResultsThe purified enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of Na+ but not K+, Li+ and Ca2+. The apparent Km values for Na+ and ATP were 2.0 and 1.2 mM, respectively. The enzyme is likely the F1F0-ATPase based on the usual subunit pattern and the protection against N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition of ATPase activity by Na+ in a pH-dependent manner. Proteoliposomes reconstituted with the purified enzyme could take up Na+ upon the addition of ATP. The apparent Km values for this uptake were 3.3 and 0.5 mM for Na+ and ATP, respectively. The mechanism of Na+ transport mediated by Na+-stimulated ATPase in A. halophytica was revealed. Using acridine orange as a probe, alkalization of the lumen of proteoliposomes reconstituted with Na+-stimulated ATPase was observed upon the addition of ATP with Na+ but not with K+, Li+ and Ca2+. The Na+- and ATP-dependent alkalization of the proteoliposome lumen was stimulated by carbonyl cyanide m - chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) but was inhibited by a permeant anion nitrate. The proteoliposomes showed both ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Na+ uptake activity. The uptake of Na+ was enhanced by CCCP and nitrate. On the other hand, both CCCP and nitrate were shown to dissipate the preformed electric potential generated by Na+-stimulated ATPase of the proteoliposomes.ConclusionThe data demonstrate that Na+-stimulated ATPase from A. halophytica, a likely member of F-type ATPase, functions as an electrogenic Na+ pump which transports only Na+ upon hydrolysis of ATP. A secondary event, Na+- and ATP-dependent H+ efflux from proteoliposomes, is driven by the electric potential generated by Na+-stimulated ATPase.

Redox activity and H2 production upon glycerol fermentation in Escherichia coli: are hydrogenases reversible?

The molecular hydrogen (H2) can be produced through bacterial hydrogenases catalyzing the reaction of 2H+ + 2e− -> H2. Under fermentation of glucose Escherichia coli hydrogenases (Hyd) 3 and 4 are responsible for H2 production depending on pH [1] and formate [2] and Hyd-1 and Hyd-2 operate as H2 uptake hydrogenases. Hyd-3 was shown recently can work in reverse mode [3].Redox activity and H2 production are studied under glycerol fermentation by E. coli at acidic [4] and slightly alkaline pH. Redox potential was shown to decrease upon glycerol fermentation at pH 7.5. The H2 production rate was ∼5-fold less in hybC (Hyd-2) than that in hyaB (Hyd-1) mutant but it was lower than that in wild type strain or hycE (Hyd-3) and hyfG (Hyd-4) mutants. Interestingly, 0.5 mM N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) noticeably inhibited H2 production in wild type and mutants used; at the same time DCCD inhibition of H2 production rate was less and H2 production was ∼14 times higher in hyaB than in hybC mutant. The results point out that Hyd-2 plays a main role in H2 production under glycerol fermentation; a participation of Hyd-1 is not ruled out although Hyd-3 and Hyd-4 don't operate under these conditions.E. coli Hyd-2 might be concluded to work in reverse mode similar to Hyd-3 [3] but in different conditions.

Catalysis of NADH→NADP+ transhydrogenation by adult Hymenolepis diminuta mitochondria

Hymenolepis diminuta mitochondria catalyze nonenergy-linked and energy-linked NADH-->NADP(+) transhydrogenations, with the latter driven by electron-transport dependent NADH oxidation (electron transport-driven, ETD) or ATP hydrolysis (ATP-driven, ATPD). Using submitochondrial particles, NADH-->NADP(+) transhydrogenations were characterized further. ETD and ATPD reactions were enhanced by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and were inhibited by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and niclosamide. The nonenergy-linked reaction was unaffected by these additives. Except for DCCD inhibition of the ATPD reaction, BSA mitigated inhibitor effects on energy-linked activities. BSA enhanced NADH oxidase (but not ATPase) activity. Although DCCD inhibited NADH oxidase and ATPase, BSA only lessened oxidase inhibition. With protonophores, an increase in NADH oxidase (but not ATPase) activity was suggested. Oxidase inhibition by rotenone was unaffected by BSA. The ATP-hydrolyzed/NADPH-formed for the ATPD reaction was almost unity. A model for H. diminuta energy-linked transhydrogenation is presented.

Analysis of Sequence Determinants of F1Fo-ATP Synthase in the N-terminal Region of α Subunit for Binding of δ Subunit

The stator in F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase resists strain generated by rotor torque. In Escherichia coli, the b(2)delta subunit complex comprises the stator, bound to subunit a in F(o) and to the alpha(3)beta(3) hexagon of F(1). Previous work has shown that N-terminal residues of alpha subunit are involved in binding delta. A synthetic peptide consisting of the first 22 residues of alpha (alphaN1-22) binds specifically to isolated wild-type delta subunit with 1:1 stoichiometry and high affinity, accounting for a major portion of the binding energy between delta and F(1). Residues alpha6-18 are predicted by secondary structure algorithms and helical wheels to be alpha-helical and amphipathic, and a potential helix capping box occurs at residues alpha3-8. We introduced truncations, deletions, and mutations into alphaN1-22 peptide and examined their effects on binding to the delta subunit. The deletions and mutations were introduced also into the N-terminal region of the uncA (alpha subunit) gene to determine effects on cell growth in vivo and membrane ATP synthase activity in vitro. Effects seen in the peptides were well correlated with those seen in the uncA gene. The results show that, with the possible exception of residues close to the initial Met, all of the alphaN1-22 sequence is required for binding of delta to alpha. Within this sequence, an amphipathic helix seems important. Hydrophobic residues on the predicted nonpolar surface are important for delta binding, namely alphaIle-8, alphaLeu-11, alphaIle-12, alphaIle-16, and alphaPhe-19. Several or all of these residues probably make direct interaction with helices 1 and 5 of delta. The potential capping box sequence per se appeared less important. Impairment of alpha/delta binding brings about functional impairment due to reduced level of assembly of ATP synthase in cells.

Aspartate-187 of cytochrome b is not needed for DCCD inhibition of ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase in Rhodobacter sphaeroides chromatophores.

N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) has been reported to inhibit steady-state proton translocation by cytochrome bc(1) and b(6)f complexes without significantly altering the rate of electron transport, a process referred to as decoupling. In chromatophores of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, this has been associated with the specific labeling of a surface-exposed aspartate-187 of the cytochrome b subunit of the bc(1) complex [Wang et al. (1998) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 352, 193-198]. To explore the possible role of this amino acid residue in the protonogenic reactions of cytochrome bc(1) complex, we investigated the effect of DCCD modification on flash-induced electron transport and the electrochromic bandshift of carotenoids in Rb. sphaeroides chromatophores from wild type (WT) and mutant cells, in which aspartate-187 of cytochrome b (Asp(B187)) has been changed to asparagine (mutant B187 DN). The kinetics and amplitude of phase III of the electrochromic shift of carotenoids, reflecting electrogenic reactions in the bc(1) complex, and of the redox changes of cytochromes and reaction center, were similar (+/- 15%) in both WT and B187DN chromatophores. DCCD effectively inhibited phase III of the carotenoid bandshift in both B187DN and WT chromatophores. The dependence of the kinetics and amplitude of phase III of the electrochromic shift on DCCD concentration was identical in WT and B187DN chromatophores, indicating that covalent modification of Asp(B187) is not specifically responsible for the effect of DCCD-induced effects of cytochrome bc(1) complex. Furthermore, no evidence for differential inhibition of electrogenesis and electron transport was found in either strain. We conclude that Asp(B187) plays no crucial role in the protonogenic reactions of bc(1) complex, since its replacement by asparagine does not lead to any significant effects on either the electrogenic reactions of bc(1) complex, as revealed by phase III of the electrochromic shift of carotenoids, or sensitivity of turnover to DCCD.

The Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentration Gradient of Sinapis alba Root Hairs as Revealed by Ca2+-Selective Microelectrode Tests and Fura-Dextran Ratio Imaging.

Using Ca2+-selective microelectrodes and fura 2-dextran ratio imaging, the cytosolic free [Ca2+] was measured in Sinapis alba root hair cells. Both methods yielded comparable results, i.e. values between 158 to 251 nM for the basal [Ca2+] of the cells and an elevated [Ca2+] of 446 to 707 nM in the tip region. The zone of elevated [Ca2+] reaches 40 to 60 [mu]m into the cell and is congruent with the region of inwardly directed Ca2+ net currents measured with an external Ca2+- selective vibrating electrode. The channel-blocker La3+ eliminates these currents, stops growth, and almost completely eliminates the cytosolic [Ca2+] gradient without affecting the basal level of the ion. Growth is also inhibited by pressure-injected dibromo-1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N[prime],N[prime]-tetraacetic acid, which causes a decrease in the [Ca2+] in the tip in a concentration-dependent manner. Indole-3-acetic acid, used as a model stimulus, decreases cytosolic free [Ca2+] by 0.2 to 0.3 pCa units in the tip, but only by about 0.1 pCa unit in the shank. Nongrowing root hairs may or may not display a [Ca2+] gradient, but still reversibly respond to external stimuli such as La3+, Ca2+, or indole-3-acetic acid with changes in cytosolic free [Ca2+]. During short time periods, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, which stops growth, does not abolish the [Ca2+] gradient, nor does it change significantly the basal [Ca2+] level. We conclude that the cytosolic [Ca2+] gradient and an elevated [Ca2+] in the tip, as in other tip-growing cells, is essential for tip growth in root hairs; however, its presence does not indicate growth under all circumstances. We argue that with respect to Ca2+, tip growth regulation and responses to external signals may not interfere with each other. Finally, we suggest that the combination of the methods applied adds considerably to our understanding of the role of cytosolic free [Ca2+] in signal transduction and cellular growth.

Sodium ion dependence of inhibition of the Na +-translocating F 1F 0-ATPase from Acetobacterium woodii. Probing the site(s) involved in ion transport

The Na +-translocating F 1F 0-ATPase of Acetobacterium woodii was stimulated not only by Na + but also by Li + and was protected by Na + or Li + from inactivation by N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and tributyltin (TBSn) but not N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or azide. The amount of Na + required for half-maximal protection from DCCD inhibition corresponded to the apparent K m for Na + of ATP hydrolysis. The inhibition by the amiloride derivatives hexamethylene-amiloride (HMA), ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), N-10-benzyl-amiloride (benzamil) and N-10-phenamil-amiloride (phenamil) could be relieved by Na + to various degrees. EIPA and HMA effectively protected the ATPase from DCCD inactivation, whereas the protection by benzamil and phenamil was only marginal indicating that the unsubstituted guanidinium group is essential for maximal protection from DCCD inactivation. These results indicate that the amiloride derivatives and Na + or DCCD compete for a common binding site. Chemical modification of histidine, arginine, aspartate or glutamate residues of the F 1F 0, complex resulted in an inhibition of ATP hydrolysis, indicating an essential function of these residues in the catalytic mechanism but this inhibition could not be relieved by Na +.

Bioenergetic studies of Methanosphaera stadtmanae, an obligate H2–methanol utilising methanogen

In Methanosphaera stadtmanae producing methane from the reduction of methanol with H2, sodium (> 0.3 mM Na+) was not required for methanogenesis or ATP synthesis. The ATPase inhibitor N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited both ATP synthesis and methanogenesis, but was only effective in the presence of low Na+ (< 1 mM). The observed N,N′ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition of methanogenesis was relieved by the addition of the protonophore 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. 3,3′,4′,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide itself caused a rapid decrease in the intracellular ATP concentration and stimulated methanogenesis. This stimulation was enhanced when the cells were incubated in the presence of NaCl. The effects of Na+ on the effectiveness of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 3,3′,4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide cannot yet be explained. Ionophores (3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, SF6847, monensin, and gramicidin) caused decreases in the membrane potential and the intracellular ATP concentration while stimulating methanogenesis. The data presented are consistent with the coupling of the last step of methanogenesis to ATP synthesis via a proton motive force in a representative of the Methanobacteriales.Key words: methanogenesis, proton motive force, membrane potential.

Effects of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) treatment on coupled activities of vanadate‐sensitive ATPase from plasma membrane of maize roots

The presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited the activities of vanadate‐sensitive H+ ‐ATPase in both native and reconstituted plasma membrane of maize (Zea mays L. cv. WF9 × Mo 17) roots. Concentration dependence of DCCD inhibition on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis of native plasma membrane vesicles suggested that the molar ratio of effective DCCD binding to ATPase was close to 1. The DCCD inhibition of ATP hydrolysis could be slightly reduced by the addition of ATP, Mg:ATP, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Mg:AMP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). More hydrophilic derivatives of DCCD such as l‐ethyl‐N?‐3‐trimethyl ammonium carbodiimide (EDAC) or 1‐ethyl‐3‐3‐dimethyl‐aminopropyl carbodiimide (EDC) gave no inhibition, indicating that the effective DCCD binding site was located in a hydrophobic region of the protein. The proton transport activity of reconstituted plasma membrane at a temperature below 20°C or above 25°C was much sensitive to DCCD treatment. Build‐up of the proton gradient was analyzed according to a kinetic model, which showed that proton leakage across de‐energized reconstituted plasma membranes was not affected by DCCD, but was sensitive to the method employed to quench ATP hydrolysis. Reconstituted plasma membrane vesicles treated with DCCD exhibited a differential inhibition of the coupled H+‐transport and ATP hydrolysis. The presence of 50 μM DCCD nearly abolished transport but inhibited less than 50% of ATP hydrolysis. The above results suggest that the link between proton transport and vanadate‐sensitive ATP hydrolysis is indirect in nature.

Time and concentration dependence of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition of proton movements in the cytochrome bc1 complex from yeast mitochondria reconstituted into proteoliposomes.

The cytochrome bc1 complex was isolated from yeast mitochondria solubilized with the detergent dodecyl maltoside and reconstituted into proteoliposomes to measure electrogenic proton pumping. Optimal respiratory control ratios of 4.0, obtained after addition of the uncoupler CCCP, and H+/e- ratios of 1.6 were obtained when the proteoliposomes were prepared with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine supplemented with cardiolipin. Moreover, it was critical to remove excess dodecyl maltoside in the final concentrated preparation prior to reconstitution to prevent loss of enzymatic activity. The rate of electrogenic proton pumping, the respiratory control ratios, and the H+/e- ratios were decreased by incubation of the cytochrome bc1 complex with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) in a time and concentration dependent manner. Maximum inhibitions were observed when 50 nmol DCCD per nmol of cytochrome b were incubated for 30 min at 12 degrees C with the intact cytochrome bc1 complex. Under these same conditions maximum labeling of cytochrome b with [14C] DCCD was reported in a previous study [Beattie et al. (1984). J. Biol. Chem. 259, 10562-10532] consistent with a role for cytochrome b in electrogenic proton movements.

NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-sensitivity of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Inhibition of activity and binding to subunits.

Dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide (DCCD) inhibition of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase was studied in submitochondrial particles and in the isolated form, together with the binding of the reagent to the enzyme. DCCD inhibited the isolated enzyme in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Over the concentration range studied, a maximum inhibition of 85% was attained within 60 min. The time course for the binding of DCCD to the enzyme was similar to that of activity inhibition. The NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity of the submitochondrial particles was also sensitive to DCCD, and the locus of binding of the inhibitor was studied by subsequent resolution of the enzyme into subunit polypeptides. Only two subunits (molecular masses 13.7 and 21.5 kDa) were labelled by [14C]DCCD, whereas, when the enzyme in its isolated form was treated with [14C]DCCD, six subunits (13.7, 16.1, 21.5, 39, 43 and 53 kDa) were labelled. Comparison with the subunit labelling of F1F0-ATPase and ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase indicated that the labelling pattern of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and enzyme complex with a multitude of subunits, is unique and not due to contamination by other inner-membrane proteins. The correlation between the electron- and proton-transport functions and the DCCD-binding components remains to be established.

N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteolipid of the vacuolar H+-ATPase from oat roots.

The inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was used to probe the structure and function of the vacuolar H+-translocating ATPase from oat roots (Avena sativa var. Lang). The second-order rate constant for DCCD inhibition was inversely related to the concentration of membrane, indicating that DCCD reached the inhibitory site by concentrating in the hydrophobic environment. [14C]DCCD preferentially labeled a 16-kDa polypeptide of tonoplast vesicles, and the amount of [14C]DCCD bound to the 16-kDa peptide was directly proportional to inhibition of ATPase activity. A 16-kDa polypeptide had previously been shown to be part of the purified tonoplast ATPase. As predicted from the observed noncooperative inhibition, binding studies showed that 1 mol of DCCD was bound per mol of ATPase when the enzyme was completely inactivated. The DCCD-binding 16-kDa polypeptide was purified 12-fold by chloroform/methanol extraction. This protein was thus classified as a proteolipid, and its identity as part of the ATPase was confirmed by positive reaction with the antibody to the purified ATPase on immunoblots. From the purification studies, we estimated that the 16-kDa subunit was present in multiple (4-8) copies/holoenzyme. The purification of the proteolipid is a first step towards testing its proposed role in H+ translocation.

Inhibition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.

The hydrophobic carbodiimide dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) has been shown to inhibit the catalytic (C) subunit of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.3) in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. The rate of inactivation was first order and showed saturation kinetics with an apparent Ki of 60 microM. Magnesium adenosine 5'-triphosphate (MgATP) was capable of protecting against this inhibition, whereas neither a synthetic peptide substrate nor histone afforded protection. Mg alone afforded some protection. When the catalytic subunit was aggregated with the regulatory subunit in the holoenzyme complex, no inhibition was observed. The inhibition was enhanced at low pH, suggesting that a carboxylic acid group was the target for interaction with DCCD. On the basis of the protection studies, it is most likely that this carboxylic acid group is associated with the MgATP binding site, perhaps serving as a ligand for the metal. Efforts to identify the site that was modified by DCCD included (1) modification with [14C]DCCD, (2) modification by DCCD in the presence of [3H]aniline, and (3) modification with DCCD and [14C]glycine ethyl ester. In no case was radioactivity incorporated into the protein, suggesting that the irreversible inhibition was due to an intramolecular cross-link between a reactive carboxylic acid group and a nearby amino group. Differential peptide mapping identified a single peptide that was consistently lost as a consequence of DCCD inhibition. This peptide (residues 166-189) contained four carboxylic acid residues as well as an internal Lys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Kinetics of inhibition and binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the 82,000-dalton mitochondrial K+/H+ antiporter.

Inhibition of K+/H+ antiport by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in Mg2+ depleted mitochondria follows first order kinetics, exhibiting a half-time of 13 min when mitochondria are incubated with 50 nmol/mg inhibitor at 0 degrees C. 14C radiolabeled N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binds to the 82,000-dalton protein, and the second order rate constant for binding is found to be approximately the same as the second order rate constant for inhibition. These findings provide additional confirmation of the identification of this porter with the 82,000-dalton protein and permit us to estimate that rat liver mitochondria contain about 8 pmol/mg of K+/H+ antiporter with a turnover number of 700 s-1. The K+/H+ antiporter of rat liver mitochondria is protected from N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition and binding by quinine and by endogenous Mg2+. An 82,000-dalton, [14C]N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein is also observed in rat liver submitochondrial particles, establishing this as an integral protein of the inner membrane. Submitochondrial particles, presumed to be inverted in membrane orientation, are protected from radiolabeling by external Mg2+, supporting the contention that the Mg2+ binding site is localized to the matrix side of the K+/H+ antiporter.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase in Halobacterium saccharovorum

Membranes from Halobacterium saccharovorum contained a cryptic ATPase which required Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ and was activated by Triton X-100. The optimal pH for ATP hydrolysis was 9–10. ATP or GTP were hydrolyzed at the same rate while ITP, CTP, and UTP were hydrolyzed at about half that rate. The products of ATP hydrolysis were ADP and phosphate. The ATPase required high concentrations (3.5 m) of NaCl for maximum activity. ADP was a competitive inhibitor of the activity, with an apparent K 1 of 50 μ m. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited ATP hydrolysis. The inhibition was marginal at the optimum pH of the enzyme. When the ATPase was preincubated with DCCD at varying pH values, but assayed at the optimal pH for activity, DCCD inhibition was observed to increase with increasing acidity of the preincubation medium. DCCD inhibition was also dependent on time of preincubation, and protein and DCCD concentrations. When preincubated at pH 6.0 for 4 h at a protein:DCCD ratio of 40 ( w w ), ATPase activity was inhibited 90%.

Similarities and differences between the tonoplast-type and the mitochondrial H+-ATPases of oat roots.

The native tonoplast and the mitochondrial H+-ATPase from oat roots were compared to determine whether the two enzymes have similar mechanisms. H+ pumping in low-density microsomal vesicles reflected activity from the tonoplast-type ATPase, as ATPase activity and ATP-dependent H+ pumping (quinacrine fluorescence quenching) showed similar sensitivities to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate, nitrate, quercetin, or 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. The tonoplast-type ATPase was stimulated by C1-,Br- greater than HCO3- whereas the mitochondrial ATPase was stimulated by HCO3- much greater than C1-,Br-. Both enzymes hydrolyzed ATP preferentially and were inhibited competitively by AMP or ADP. Apart from resistance to azide, the tonoplast-type ATPase was strikingly similar in its inhibitor sensitivities to the mitochondrial ATPase. The insensitivity to vanadate of both enzymes suggests the reaction mechanisms do not involve a covalent phosphoenzyme. Inhibition by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and N-ethylmaleimide and protection by ATP suggests tyrosine and cysteine residues are in the catalytic site of the tonoplast ATPase. The mitochondrial ATPase was 100 times more sensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide inhibition than the tonoplast H+-ATPase. These results suggest the tonoplast and the mitochondrial H+-ATPases share common steps in their catalytic and vectorial reaction mechanisms, yet sufficient differences exist to indicate they are two distinct ATPases.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibits the monoamine carrier of bovine chromaffin granule membrane.

The monoamine carrier of bovine chromaffin granule membrane catalyzes a H+/neutral amine antiport. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibits this carrier in a time- and concentration -dependent manner as shown by the following evidence: it inhibits the carrier-mediated pH gradient driven monoamine uptake without collapsing the pH gradient; it affects the binding of the specific inhibitors [2-3H]dihydrotetrabenazine and [3H]reserpine. The DCCD inhibition of the carrier occurs in the same concentration range as that of the ATP-dependent H+ translocase. Saturation isotherms of [2-3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding indicate that DCCD decreases the number of binding sites without any change of the equilibrium dissociation constant. Kinetic studies of DCCD inactivation indicate that the modification of only one amino acid residue is responsible for the inhibition. Preincubation of the membranes with tetrabenazine protects the carrier against inactivation by DCCD: in this case, [2-3H] dihydrotetrabenazine binding and pH gradient driven monoamine uptake are restored after washing out of DCCD and tetrabenazine. We suggest the existence in the monoamine carrier of a carboxylic acid involved in H+ translocation, similar to those demonstrated not only in F0-F1 ATPases but also in cytochrome c oxidase, mitochondrial cytochrome b-c1 complex, and nucleotide transhydrogenase. Protonation-deprotonation of this group would affect the binding of [2-3H]dihydrotetrabenazine by the carrier.

N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibition of Dunaliella growth, and restoration by some adenine nucleotides and plant growth regulators.

N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), an inhibitor of membrane-bound ATPase, strongly inhibited the growth, as measured by an increase in cell number, of Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous application of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine 2′-monophosphate (2′-AMP). Adenosine and adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) were ineffective in restroration of the DCCD-inhibited growth. Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) also reversed the inhibition of DCCD on D. tertiolecta growth, although these plant growth regulators did not promote an increase in cell number.

Interaction of purified nicotinamidenucleotide transhydrogenase with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.

The inhibition of the energy-linked nicotinamidenucleotide transhydrogenase (TH; EC 1.6.1.1) by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) has been further studied because of its important mechanistic implications. We had shown earlier that TH bound to submitochondrial particles from bovine heart is inhibited by DCCD and that NAD(H) protects the enzyme against this inhibition [Phelps, D.C., & Hatefi, Y. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 8217-8221]. By contrast, Pennington and Fisher [Pennington, R.M., & Fisher, R.R. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 8963-8969] working with purified TH concluded that NAD(H) does not protect against DCCD inhibition and that DCCD inhibition involves the TH proton channel rather than the nucleotide-binding active site. The present study shows that NAD(H) as well as AMP and ADP, which are known to bind to the NAD(H) binding site from competitive inhibition studies, protect the purified TH against inhibition by DCCD, whereas 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP, which bind to the NADP(H) site on TH, do not protect. In addition, it is shown that whereas the unmodified TH binds to NAD-agarose such that it is elutable by buffer containing NADH, the DCCD-modified enzyme does not bind to NAD-agarose. These results suggest strongly that DCCD binds at or near the NAD(H) binding site on TH. Another less likely possibility is that NAD(H) and DCCD bind to separate sites, but their bindings are mutually exclusive. With the use of [14C]DCCD, it has been shown that 100% activity inhibition corresponds to 0.5 mol of DCCD binding per mol of TH (Mr approximately 11 X 10(4].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)