Diclofenac Research Articles

Naringenin Suppresses the Hyperexcitability of Trigeminal Nociceptive Neurons Associated with Inflammatory Hyperalgesia: Replacement of NSAIDs with Phytochemicals

The present study examines whether the systemic application of naringenin (NRG) reduces inflammation-induced hyperexcitability in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) related to hyperalgesia, and compares its impact with that of diclofenac (DIC). To provoke inflammation, the whisker pads of rats were injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant, and subsequently, mechanical stimuli were administered to the orofacial region to determine the escape threshold. Compared to naïve rats, the inflamed rats showed a significantly lower mechanical threshold, and this reduced threshold returned to normal levels two days post-administration of NRG, DIC, and half-dose DIC plus half-dose NRG (1/2 DIC + 1/2 NRG). Using extracellular single-unit recordings, the activity of SpVc wide-dynamic range neurons was measured in response to mechanical stimulation of the orofacial area under anesthesia. The average firing rate of SpVc neurons when exposed to both non-painful and painful mechanical stimuli was significantly reduced in inflamed rats following NRG, DIC, and 1/2 DIC + 1/2 NRG administration. The heightened average spontaneous activity of SpVc neurons in rats with inflammation was significantly reduced following NRG, DIC, and 1/2 DIC + 1/2 NRG administration. The increased average receptive field size observed in inflamed rats reverted to normal levels after either NRG, DIC, or 1/2 DIC + 1/2 NRG treatment. These findings indicate that NRG administration can reduce inflammatory hyperalgesia linked to the heightened excitability of SpVc wide-dynamic range neurons.

Drug release kinetics from in-situ modulated agar/chitosan-bacterial cellulose patches for differently soluble drugs.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) stands out as a promising candidate for novel drug delivery systems due to its micro-mesoporous nanofibrous interconnected structure. However, its performance is limited by the burst release of hydrophilic drugs and lower incorporation of the less water-soluble or insoluble drugs. In this study, we explored its potential as a drug carrier for two distinct types of drugs: Diclofenac sodium and Simvastatin, representing water-soluble and water insoluble compounds, respectively. To tune the morphology and drug-BC interaction, agar and chitosan were introduced into the culture medium during BC synthesis for in-situ modification. These modulated BCs are characterized and further analyzed through drug release studies and mathematical modeling to understand the mechanisms and key factors controlling the drug release behavior. Incorporating agar and chitosan into the BC network results in changes to its microstructure and crystallinity, which in turn affects the overall swelling, drug loading and release properties. Our results revealed that the BC followed a first-order quasi-Fickian kinetics for water-soluble drug and non-Fickian release mechanism for water-insoluble drug. In contrast, agar-modulated BC (A-MBC) demonstrated a non-Fickian first-order diffusion kinetics, with slow release for water-soluble drug and sustained release for the water-insoluble drug due to the higher density which impedes drug release. Chitosan-modulated BC (C-MBC) exhibited non-Fickian first-order kinetics, with slower release for water soluble drug. Further, C-MBC exhibited extended release for water insoluble drug to over 14 days, following first-order kinetics for the first 12 h, then transitioning to zero-order kinetics with a Case II release mechanism, attributed to drug-matrix interactions. These findings successfully demonstrate the possibility to tailor BC thus the release kinetics for both water-soluble and less soluble or insoluble drugs.

Diclofenac sodium removal by powdered activated carbon of coconut endocarp: process optimization, kinetics, and isotherms

ABSTRACT Emerging contaminants (ECs) have been detected in various environmental compartments, especially in aquatic bodies. Among EC, diclofenac sodium (DS) is one of the most ecotoxic and causes hemodynamic changes, thyroid tumors, and adverse effects under chronic exposure. Therefore, some countries have adopted restrictive legislation, encouraging the development of technology to mitigate this situation. Among the available water treatment processes, adsorption is an effective alternative in technical and economic aspects. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate, on a bench scale, the efficiency of DS removal in powdered activated carbon (PAC) of coconut endocarp. The adsorption of DS was analyzed through central composite design (CCD), using four factors: diclofenac sodium concentration (CDS from 50 to 450 mg · L−1), adsorbent concentration (CPAC from 0.2 to 5 g · L−1), contact time (Ct from 5 to 45 min), and pH (from 5 to 9). The results supported response modeling for adsorption capacity, pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, intraparticle diffusion (IPD), and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. DS demonstrated an affinity for adsorption on PAC. The maximum adsorption capacity was 169.39 mg · g−1 for PAC (CDS of 331.64 mg · L−1, CPAC of 0.2 g · L−1, Ct of 40.6 min, and pH 5) obtained through duplicate confirmation batches.

Clinical effect of indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick in treatment of back myofascitis: a randomized controlled trial

To observe the impact of indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick on pain severity and the quality of life in the patients with back myofascitis, and evaluate its clinical effect and safety. Seventy-two patients with back myofascitis were randomly divided into an observation group (36 cases, 1 cases dropped out) and a control group (36 cases, 3 cases dropped out). Three to six ashi points were selected using acupoint diagnosis methods. In the observation group, the indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick was operated at the ashi points, once every other day, three times a week. In the control group, the topical treatment with diclofenac sodium gel was given at ashi points, three times daily. The treatment was delivered consecutively for 2 weeks in the two groups. The scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) were recorded before treatment, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, and after 4 weeks of treatment completion (follow-up visit) in the two groups separately. The difference value between VAS score after 2 weeks of treatment and that before treatment was taken as the primary outcome. The SF-36 score was observed before treatment, after 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, and the safety was evaluated in the two groups. The difference value of VAS scores was (-4.57±1.50) points and (-2.40±1.31) points in the observation group and the control group, respectively, the reduction of the score in the observation treatment was larger than that of the control group (P<0.001). After 1 and 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, VAS and SF-MPQ scores were reduced when compared with those before treatment (P<0.05) in the two groups, and VAS and SF-MPQ scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the follow-up visit, VAS and SF-MPQ scores in the observation group were dropped in comparison with those after 1 week of treatment (P<0.05), and these scores in the control group were elevated compared with those after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, the score of each dimension and total score of SF-36 scale were increased in comparison with those before treatment in the observation group (P<0.05); and the scores of the dimensions except that of mental health of SF-36 scale were elevated in the control group (P<0.05). During the follow-up visit, in the control group, the scores of physical functioning, bodily pain, general health and role emotional were elevated when compared with those before treatment (P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, the score of every dimension and total score of SF-36 scale in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). During the follow-up visit, the score of bodily pain was increased when compared with that after 2 weeks of treatment in the observation group (P<0.05), while the scores of bodily pain and vitality were dropped in the control group (P<0.05). No adverse event happened in the two groups. The indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick effectively reduces pain severity and improves the quality of life in the patients with back myofascitis. This therapy presents the superior and persistent effect compared with topical application of diclofenac sodium gel.

Effect of dimethyl itaconate on expressions of NGFI-A and NGFI-B and inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord in the formalin test

Abstract Neural sensitization can cause neuroinflammation, which is a type of inflammation that occurs in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system (CNS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) on the expression of NGFI-A and NGFI-B and inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord in the formalin test. The rats were divided into five groups: control, formalin, DMI 10 mg/kg + formalin, DMI 20 mg/kg + formalin, and diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg + formalin. We evaluated the impact of DMI on the spinal cords NGFI-A and NGFI-B expressions and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10). The findings indicate that DMI 10, DMI 20, and diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg can relieve pain in rats during the formalin test. In addition, these substances were found to reduce the expression of NGFI-A and NGFI-B in the spinal cord. Moreover, DMI 10, DMI 20, and diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg were observed to increase the expression of IL-10 while decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the spinal cord when compared to the formalin group. We have found that administering DMI can alleviate pain in rats during formalin test. Through our research, we have observed that DMI decreases the expression of NGFI-A and NGFI-B in the spinal cord. Furthermore, DMI has been shown to increase the levels of IL-10 while decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the spinal cord.

Anti –Inflammatory Activity of Propolis Trigona sp. Water Extract from North Lombok with Red Blood Cell Membrane Stability Method

Propolis is a bee product that can be used as an anti-inflammatory. Cultivation of propolis-producing bees is also carried out in North Lombok. However, propolis has not been utilized optimally by the people of North Lombok. Apart from that, testing of North Lombok propolis is still limited to the chemical content and antioxidant activity of propolis extracted with ethanol solvent. Therefore, this study aims to determine the activity and effective concentration of North Lombok propolis water extract as an anti-inflammatory using the red blood cell membrane stability method. Groups include control groups such as positive control (diclofenac sodium), negative control (distilled water), and test groups (propolis water extract concentrations of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, and 30%). In The first step human blood was centrifuged of human blood, and then part of the red blood cells (sediment) was taken and saline was added to obtain a red blood cell suspension. Next, mixing the test solution was carried out in the order of 0.5 ml of red blood cell suspension, then 0.5 ml of extract was added (0.1% w/v Na-diclofenac solution in the positive control, distilled water in the negative control), 1 mL of buffer solution and 2 mL of hyposaline solution, then homogenized. Each group was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. The supernatant was taken, and the absorbance was read with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 560 nm. Next, the percentage value of red blood cell hemolysis protection was calculated. The data obtained were tested statistically using One-way ANOVA and post-hoc (LSD) tests SPSS version 29. The results showed that propolis water extract concentrations were 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, and 30% have anti-inflammatory activity because they can increase the stability of the red blood cell membrane with a percentage of hemolysis protection of respectively 57.92%, 59.99%, 60.99%, 61.99%, 64.31%, 69.59%, 75.07%, 79.77% and 84.45%. Propolis water extract concentrations of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, and 25% had anti-inflammatory effects that were not significantly different from the positive control (p&gt;0.05). The 27.5 % and 30% concentrations had a higher percent hemolysis protection value than the positive control (p&lt;0.05).

PH-sensitive polymeric hydrogels coated with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for combined drug delivery as controlled release carriers: fabrication and in-vitro estimation

In this investigation, we produced pH-responsive hydrogels for the controlled release of drugs by graft copolymerizing Gum ghatti and acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous medium. N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) and ammonium persulphate (APS) served as cross-linkers during the synthesis process. Our research explores the integration of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles (CFMNPs) in delivering a combination drug comprising metformin hydrochloride and sodium diclofenac. The diverse applications of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have driven the exploration of innovative and environmentally sustainable production methods. The development of novel materials for nanoparticle synthesis adheres to the principles of “Green Chemistry” through a co-precipitation technique. Characterization of the cross-linked hydrogels involved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. In vitro drug release kinetics were observed under physiological conditions using Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy. The drug-loaded Gg-cl-poly(AA)/CoFe2O4 hydrogels exhibited a sustained drug release profile over 24 h, with significant release occurring at a pH of 4. To comprehend the drug release mechanism, we employed kinetic modeling, encompassing Zero order, First order, Higuchi model, Hixson-Crowell model, and Korsmeyer-Peppas model, for all developed hydrogels. The findings indicated that the drug release mechanism from the hydrogels followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The study concludes that the developed hydrogel offers a promising solution for the controlled administration of metformin hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium.Graphical

Hypothesizing the Oleic Acid-Mediated Enhanced and Sustained Transdermal Codelivery of Pregabalin and Diclofenac Adhesive Nanogel: A Proof of Concept.

Pregabalin (PG) and diclofenac diethylamine (DEE) are anti-inflammatory molecules that are effective in relieving inflammation and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, arthritis, and post-traumatic pain, among others. Intravenous and oral delivery of these two molecules has their limitations. However, the transdermal route is believed to be an alternate viable option for the delivery of therapeutic molecules with desired physicochemical properties. To this end, it is vital to understand the physicochemical properties of these drugs, dosage, and strategies to enhance permeation, thereby surmounting the associated constraints and concurrently attaining a sustained release of these therapeutic molecules when administered in combination. The present work hypothesizes the enhanced permeation and sustained release of pregabalin and diclofenac diethylamine across the skin, entrapped in the adhesive nano-organogel formulation, including permeation enhancers. The solubility studies of pregabalin and diclofenac diethylamine in combination were performed in different permeation enhancers. Oleic acid was optimized as the best permeation enhancer based on in vitro studies. Pluronic organogel containing pregabalin and diclofenac diethylamine with oleic acid was fabricated. Duro-Tak® (87-2196) was added to the organogel formulation as a pressure-sensitive adhesive to sustain the release profile of these two therapeutic molecules. The adhesive organogel was characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurement. The HPLC method developed for the quantification of the dual drug showed a retention time of 3.84 minutes and 9.69 minutes for pregabalin and diclofenac, respectively. The fabricated nanogel adhesive formulation showed the desired results with particle size and contact angle of 282 ± 57 nm and ≥120⁰, respectively. In vitro studies showed the percentage cumulative release of 24.90 ± 4.65% and 33.29 ± 4.81% for pregabalin and diclofenac, respectively. In order to accomplish transdermal permeation, the suggested hypothesis of fabricating PG and DEE nano-organogel in combination with permeation enhancers will be a viable drug delivery method. In comparison to a traditional gel formulation, oleic acid as a permeation enhancer increased the penetration of both PG and DEE from the organogel formulation. Notably, the studies showed that the use of pressure-sensitive adhesives enabled the sustained release of both PG and DEE.Therefore, the results anticipated the hypothesis that the transdermal delivery of adhesive PG and DEEbased nanogel across the human skin can be achieved to inhibit inflammation and pain.

Facile synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework/Chitosan cryogel as a robust Scavenger for Diclofenac sodium

Diclofenac sodium (DS), a commonly detected contaminant in aquatic environments, poses a a significant risk to both the ecological balance and the safety of aquatic products. Therefore, efficient removal of DS from water is ergently needed but remains a major challenge. In this study, an environmentally friendly Fe-based metal–organic framework/chitosan (NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/CS) cryogel was prepared through a Schiff base condensation reaction under mild conditions. Taking advantage of the catalytic role of the MOF in accelerating the reaction between CS and 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol, NH2-MIL-53(Fe) powders were incorporated into the polymeric networks within 30 s. Owing to the rich binding sites, the resulting NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/CS cryogel demonstrated remarkable efficacy in eliminating DS from water. The adsorption process reached equilibrium within 120 min with a maximum adsorption capacity of 728.6 mg g−1. A comprehensive mechanistic investigation revealed that the exceptional adsorption capability of the NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/CS cryogel for DS was attributed to the synergistic effect of multiple interactions, including favorable hydrophilicity, electrostatic forces, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and coordination. Thus, this study provides a straightforward and rapid synthesis route for MOF/CS cryogel, offering a promising adsorbent that combines exceptional adsorption performance with ease of separation. The resulting MOF/CS cryogel holds great potential for the treatment of DS-contaminated wastewater.

Carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate oxide pH-sensitive dual-release hydrogel for diabetes wound healing: The combination of astilbin liposomes and diclofenac sodium

Difficulty in diabetic wound healing presents a significant challenge in clinical practice. This study developed a hydrogel utilizing oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) as the matrix. Astilbin (ASB), known for its antioxidant properties, was incorporated into Astilbin liposome (AL) using a thin film dispersion method. Diclofenac sodium (DS) and AL, both possessing anti-inflammatory properties, were then encapsulated in the hydrogel to create a pH-responsive dual-release system for topical application to expedite diabetic wound healing. Results from the research demonstrate that the composite hydrogel exhibits favorable biodegradability, stable rheology, and swelling capacity, facilitating the controlled release of AL and DS. In vivo and in vitro data demonstrated that the hydrogel was biocompatible and anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and homeostatic, and significantly promoted the process of inflammation suppression, angiogenesis and fibrotic repair of wounds. In conclusion, this novel hydrogel provides a simple and effective method for the repair of chronic diabetic wounds.

Removal of Diclofenac Sodium from Simulated Wastewater through an Optimized Plasma Technology System Synergized with Activated Carbon and Persulfate

Diclofenac sodium (DCF) has received much attention due to the contaminations associated with its frequent usage. Current technologies for DCF removal from wastewater have presented higher energy consumption and lower cost efficiency, thus efficient removal of DCF without secondary pollution would be required. In this study, removal of DCF by plasma technology was modeled and optimized via the response surface methodology (RSM). The DCF removal rate could reach 66.3% after a treatment of 60 min when the voltage was 12.7 kV, the discharge gap was 15 mm, and the number of discharge needles was 5. Subsequently, further addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) and persulfate (PS) enhanced the removal of DCF through the construction of an optimized plasma/GAC/PS system. The improved removal rate of DCF could rise to 90.4%, when GAC was 2 g/L and PS was 2 mmol/L under the optimal conditions of RSM. Based upon the analysis of UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UV-vis and free radical quenching, the removal of DCF in the plasma/GAC/PS system mainly relied on the attack of •OH and SO4•⁻ on the benzene ring, involving the C-N breakage of DCF and the generation of by-products. Finally, residual toxicity and cost of the DCF treatment were evaluated.

Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis and Assessments of Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Activity of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Cheilanthes tenuifolia: In Vivo Study.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.), commonly known as the Sword Fern or Narrow-leaved Cloak Fern, is a little evergreen fern that belongs to the Pteridaceae family and is abundant in various bioactive compounds exerting promising medicinal properties. The current study is designed to evaluate in vivo analgesic and antidiarrheal activity of the methanol leaf extract of C. tenuifolia (MCT). For this purpose, Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the analgesic and antidiarrheal properties using acetic acid-induced writhing and castor oil-induced diarrhea methods, respectively. The mice were administered orally with different doses of MCT (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg). The vehicle performed as a negative control (NC), while diclofenac sodium (DCN) (25 mg/kg), loperamide (LOP) (3 mg/kg), bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) (10 mg/kg), and nifedipine (NDP) (2.5 mg/kg) were supplied as positive controls (PC) (p.o.). In both models, combination treatment of MCT (higher dose) and PC was also administered to different groups of animals for assessing potential antagonistic or synergistic activity. Findings of the in vivo study demonstrated that MCT dose-dependently significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited analgesic and antidiarrheal properties by reduction in the number of writhing and reductions in the total fecal output in contrast to the NC group. Moreover, in combination treatment, MCT significantly (p < 0.05) synergized the activity of PC in both models, exerting potential analgesic and antidiarrheal activity. In conclusion, MCT has analgesic and antidiarrheal activity; it might be beneficial for the management of pain and diarrhea.

Response of crop seed germination and primary root elongation to a binary mixture of diclofenac and naproxen.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NPX), represent a group of environmental contaminants often detected in various water and soil samples. This work aimed to assess possible phytotoxic effects of DCF and NPX in concentrations 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L, both individually and in binary mixtures, on the seed germination and primary root elongation of crops, monocots Allium porrum and Zea mays, and dicots Lactuca sativa and Pisum sativum. Results proved that the seed germination was affected by neither individual drugs nor their mixture. The response of primary root length in monocot and dicot species to the same treatment was different. The Inhibition index (%) comparing the root length of drug-treated plants to controls proved to be approximately 10% inhibition in the case of dicots lettuce and pea, and nearly 20% inhibition in monocot leek, but almost 20% stimulation in monocot maize. Assessment of the binary mixture effect confirmed neither synergistic nor antagonistic interaction of DCF and NPX on early plant development in the applied concentration range.

Extraction of diclofenac and tetracycline from simulated aqueous wastewater using ionic liquids as carriers by pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion

Diclofenac (DCF) and Tetracycline (TC) are used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and antibiotics, respectively. Both these drugs, when released into the environment through various routes, cause adverse effects on aquatic life and humans. The traditional approaches employed for the removal of these drugs have various drawbacks and adverse effects on the environment. The present work gives a deeper insight into the potential application of ionic liquids as carriers in the pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) technique for removing these compounds from the simulated aqueous solution. The extraction of DCF and TC was performed using different organic carriers, Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), Tributyl phosphate (TBP), Trioctyl amine (TOA), and also using ionic liquids, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][[TFSI]), 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPy][[TFSI]) and 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate ([OMIM][PF6]). Comparing the performance of all carriers, it was found that [OMIM][PF6] showed 100 % extraction of DCF, while for TC, the maximum extraction obtained was 91.85 %. Effective extraction of DCF and TC up to the 4th cycle indicated the stability of the membrane phase inside the micropore. Membrane phase and pseudo-emulsion are also characterized by FTIR, micrograph images and Turbiscan. A recyclability study of pseudo-emulsion showed that with the increase in the number of cycles for extraction, the stripping phase was gradually saturated by extracting feed (DCF/TC), which led to a drop in extraction efficiency.

Antiinflamation Activity Test of Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispa (L.) Blume) Leaves Extraction on White Mencites (Mus musculus)

Background: Inflammation often occurs in According to data from WHO, 2004) the number of people with bone inflammation worldwide reached around 11.9 million people. In high-income countries, around 1.3 million people experience bone pain, while in low to middle-income countries, the prevalence reached 5.9 million. In Southeast Asia, there are 4.4 million people with arthritis. In North Sumatra, the prevalence of arthritis according to the diagnosis of health workers is 8.4%, while based on diagnosis or symptoms it reaches 19.2%. In Medan City, the prevalence based on the diagnosis of health workers is 5.1%, and based on diagnosis and symptoms it is 17.2%. The method used in this study is the formation of artificial edema on the soles of the feet of male white mice with 1% carrageenan induction. Testing the anti-inflammatory activity of keji beling leaf extract was carried out with 25 test animals divided into 5 treatment groups. The groups consisted of positive controls given sodium diclofenac at a dose of 6.5 mg/kgBW, negative controls given Na-CMC 0.5%, and three extract groups at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW. The results showed that the percentage of inflammation in the five test groups decreased consistently from the 60th minute to the 360th minute after carrageenan induction. The highest percentage of inflammation was recorded at the 120th minute for the Na-CMC group, followed by the 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, and sodium diclofenac groups. The highest percentage of inflammation inhibition was obtained from the sodium diclofenac portion, followed by 300 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 100 mg/kgBW. This shows that the good inhibition percentage is owned by EDKB 300 mg/kgBW continued sodium diclofenac, and EDKB 200 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW. This indicates that the sodium diclofenac portion and extract with doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW have the power to function as anti-inflammatory agents, compared to the Na-CMC group which showed no effect.

Comparison of the efficacy of aescin and diclofenac sodium in the management of postoperative sequelae and their effect on salivary Prostaglandin E2 and serum C-reactive protein levels after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.

Surgical removal of an impacted third molar is one of the most common oral surgical procedures performed in dental offices. The postoperative phase is often associated with severe inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually prescribed to manage postoperative discomfort. NSAIDs have been associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, renal function disturbances, and platelet count reductions. Thus, the present study demonstrates the utility of aescin in managing postoperative discomfort after the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.This study aimed to correlate and compare the impact of aescin and diclofenac on salivary PGE2 levels and serum C-reactive protein levels after surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar. The study will also evaluate and compare the effectiveness of individual drug therapy in managing postoperative pain, swelling and mouth opening. The planned study is a single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel, prospective clinical trial. Each patient will be prescribed either diclofenac sodium 150 mg/day or aescin (escin) 120 mg/day to be taken orally in divided doses for five days after surgically removing the impacted mandibular third molar.Pain will be assessed using a visual analog scale. Facial swelling and mouth opening will be recorded using a metric scale with standardized reference points. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) will be employed to measure salivary Prostaglandin E2 and serum C-reactive protein levels. All parameters will be recorded preoperatively (T0) on the second postoperative day (T1) and fifth postoperative day (T2). The proposed study is expected to show a clinically acceptable response to the administration of aescin for the management of postoperative discomfort compared to diclofenac sodium after third molar surgery.The proposed study is expected to positively manipulate the levels of salivary Prostaglandin E2 and serum C-reactive protein, which are reliable inflammatory markers.The outcome of this study may provide an efficacious and safe alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for managing postoperative discomfort following third molar surgery.

Optimization of TiO2-based UV-LED Photocatalytic System for Mixed Dyes and Pharmaceutical Contaminants

To optimize the working efficiency of the novel UV-LED system based on TiO2 photocatalyst, the influence mechanism of LED lamp arrangement, light source wavelength and working voltage on photocatalytic efficiency was investigated. Acid red 26 (AR 26), acetaminophen (ACT) and diclofenac (DCF) were used as contaminant targets of the photocatalytic system. LED lamp arrangement had almost no effect on the degradation of AR26. However, the degradation efficiency of ACT and DCF was improved under a higher light uniformity. The ACT concentration and DCF concentration at 360 min decreased by 14% and 15%, respectively, with increasing light distribution from 45% to 66.5%. The main reason for this discrepancy in effect was whether the rate-determining step of the degradation mechanism was affected by the light uniformity. The short wavelength and high working voltage of LEDs were conducive to the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants to a different degree. When the wavelength was reduced from 405nm to 365nm, the conversion of AR26, ACT, and DCF increased by 77%, 227%, and 106%, respectively. The conversion rates of AR26, ACT, and DCF increased by 28%, 54%, and 32%, respectively, with voltage increasing from 3 V to 4 V. The data of this work will provide support for optimizing the working efficiency of UV-LED systems based on TiO2 photocatalysts. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Formulation of Microemulsion-Based Gels for Enhanced Topical Administration of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly administered orally to manage pain and inflammation, but they can have negative gastrointestinal side effects. Topical delivery is an alternative, and microemulsions (μEs) have been shown to be effective in facilitating, but they suffer from a liquid nature and low long-term retention on the skin. Hence, microemulsified gels (μEGs) have been developed, and in this study, we explored certain μEGs with diclofenac sodium (DF-Na) and naproxen sodium (NP-Na) with the hypothesis to ensure a slower and more sustained delivery of NSAIDs through the skin. The μEGs comprised castor oil (∼8%), water (∼12%), Tween-20 (∼72%), Span-20 (∼8%), poloxamer 407, and DF-Na or NP-Na. Optical microscopy was used to study the microstructures in the μEs and μEGs, and phase transitions from water-in-oil (w/o) to oil-in-water (o/w) with continuous networks were observed. Based on studies with dynamic light scattering and analyses of electron micrographs, it was observed that the μEs and μEGs loaded with DF-Na and NP-Na comprised monomodal nanodroplets. The average sizes of the droplets were (∼35 nm) and (∼60 nm) for the μEGs, without and with drugs. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to ensure that the drugs were more likely to be present in the hydrophobic microenvironment of the formulations. Moreover, ex vivo permeation studies were conducted at pH values of 5.5 and 7.4 across rabbit skin. The release rates of DF-Na (>99 ± 1.5%, P < 0.07) and NP-Na (>89 ± 1.1%, P < 0.01) were slower for the μEGs within 8-10 h than for the μEs at the low pH, which is of relevance to the optimal pH of the skin. It was observed that μEGs with high viscosities are effective and may have potential for use in topical drug delivery applications.

Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Pharmaceuticals: Optimization of the Process by Response Surface Methodology.

Batch heterogeneous catalytic ozonation experiments were performed using commercial and synthesized nanoparticles as catalysts in aqueous ozone. The transferred ozone dose (TOD) ranged from 0 to 150 μM, and nanoparticles were added in concentrations between 0 and 1.5 g L-1, with all experiments conducted at 20 °C and a total volume of 240 mL. A Ce-doped TiO2 catalyst (1% molar ratio of Ce/Ti) was synthesized via the sol-gel method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to identify the most significant factors affecting the removal of selected pharmaceuticals, with TOD emerging as the most critical variable. Higher TOD resulted in greater removal efficiencies. Furthermore, it was found that the commercially available metal oxides α-Al2O3, Mn2O3, TiO2, and CeO2, as well as the synthesized CeTiOx, did not increase the catalytic activity of ozone during the degradation of ibuprofen (IBF) and para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF) are compounds susceptible to ozone oxidation, thus their complete degradation at 150 μM transferred ozone dose was attained. The limited catalytic effect was attributed to the rapid consumption of ozone within the first minute of reaction, as well as the saturation of catalyst active sites by water molecules, which inhibited effective ozone adsorption and subsequent hydroxyl radical generation (●OH).

Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films for the sustained release of diclofenac sodium: An innovative approach for pain management

The research explores the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films for the sustained release of diclofenac sodium, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for pain relief. Mucoadhesive buccal films are an innovative drug delivery system designed to adhere to the mucous membrane in the oral cavity, enabling the controlled release of drugs directly into the bloodstream, bypassing first-pass metabolism and improving therapeutic outcomes. These films provide sustained release, localized action, and improved compliance, making them more convenient for patients. Mucus membranes, which are moist surfaces lining body cavities, are the main components of mucus gels. The wetting theory applies to mucoadhesion, which involves the release of mucus from the mucosal surface into the bloodstream. The study aims to develop a more efficient and effective method for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium, a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.