Dichotomous Pairs Research Articles

Ingeborg Bachmanns ,Das Buch Franza‘: Rekonstruktion der örtlichen Topoi

The study examines the uncompleted novel ,The Book of Franzaʻ (,Das Buch Franzaʻ, 1965–1966) written by the Austrian writer Ingeborg Bachmann. The attention is focused on the specifics of the topographical paradigms „center“ and „province“, categories „fictional“ and „real“, which form dichotomous pairs and reconstruct the space. The article investigates three main topoi, which, at the level of form, correspond to three chapters of ,The Book of Franzaʻ. The chapter ,Return to Galicienʻ presents the Carinthian province, ,Jordanian timeʻ – the Austrian post-war metropolis and ,The Egyptian darknessʻ – the desert of North Africa that balances the space specifics of the text.

Структурализм и строение УК РФ 1996 года

The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution and perfection of the structure of the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the light of the system-structural approach, using the dichotomous pairs “law” and “law”, “system” and “structure”. The author shows and evaluates the most important structural transformations in the domestic criminal legislation, identifies adaptive and homeostasis norms in the structure of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, justifies the usefulness of using the structuring index to achieve optimal harmony of the text of the criminal law.

Spettralità: tra la vita e a morte

The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of spectrality in Jacques Derrida's thought. To do this, I will start from the terminological aspect, in order to distinguish this notion from that of "spirit". Then, I will try to compare the derridean view with the idea of spirit in Hegel and Heidegger. At this point, I will show how the spectrum is a useful deconstructive category, because it allows to think in a new way the dichotomous pairs typical of metaphysical thought: presence/absence, life/death, soul/body, personal/impersonal. Finally, I will show the ethical scope of this concept, describing the relationship between it and the idea of justice.

THE ANIMAL WORLD IN THE LIGHT OF ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY

Ancient Chinese philosophy has a deep ontological and culturological character. This philosophy is characterized by its symbolic and spiritual meaning, which consists in certain ways of understanding the essence of the world and the place of man in it. This world is inseparable from the feeling of being nature and its perception as one of the foundations of the existence of living things. The embodiment of the natural essence of the world is the flora and fauna, with which man has many relationships - from practical utilitarian to symbolic and cultural. The very cyclical existence of the world is measured in the Chinese socio-cultural space through the existence of the animal world - each year of existence of Chinese civilization, which is more than 5,000 years old, is marked by a certain animal symbol. These symbols have a deep meaning in the sense of human perception of natural attributive phenomena in their cyclicity and immutability. On the other hand, through dichotomous pairs - living - inanimate, light - dark, black - white, female - male, Chinese mythology, philosophy, in general, culture, express a specific vision of the world and human attitude to this world. Regarding the animal world, Chinese culture has its own specific vision, which is expressed through an understanding of its origins and course of life. Animals for the Chinese are not so much exotic at the level of zoos and tourism, as the practical plane of existence of Chinese society. From the domestication of wild animals and their transformation into the first helpers in the economy, Chinese civilization has come a long way, which today is embodied both at the level of people’s lives and everyday life, and at the level of the most thorough and meaningful gaps in cultural life.These gaps are realized through mythology, religion, philosophy, art, education and upbringing. From the point of view of the holistic perception of Chinese culture, it is difficult to separate scientific and non-scientific elements, especially in the field of attitude to the animal world - wild and domesticated. The traditional Chinese worldview is broad and diverse in terms of the ratio of rational and non-rational, mystical, elements. The cult of flora and fauna is for Chinese culture is perfectly embodied in Chinese culture at the level of mentality, emotional and cognitive perception. Recreational lacunae of Chinese life completely reproduce the life of nature - this is health practices, and cultural leisure areas, especially represented in mass forms - in the form of festivals “snakes”, “dragons”, tigers”, this is the cult of pandas, this is the daily economic occupations of the Chinese, in which animals and plants are present, it is also restaurant business, it is also ecological tourism, etc. These traditions, recorded at the level of cults, rites, rituals, also have a philosophical basis in certain philosophical disciplines: in ontology, in epistemology, in anthropology, social philosophy, especially philosophy of culture, art, literature and education.

Комунікативна толерантність у публічному управлінні як чинник інтеграції в європейську систему гуманістичних цінностей

The article analyzes the term «communicative tolerance» through the prism of the significance of this phenomenon not only in the individual dimension as an indicator of the external culture of the individual, but also in the social – as an assessment of public managers in terms of citizens. The opinions of scholars on this issue and the positions of international law that interpret communicative tolerance as a humanistic value that characterizes European society and is needed by Ukrainians to integrate into it, which is the goal of modern Ukraine. It is emphasized that the communicative tolerance of a public servant is defined in two dimensions - as a component of his professional competence and as an indicator of citizens' trust in general in public authorities and local self-government. This corresponds to the binary specifics of considering the phenomenon of general tolerance – at the individual and international levels, where the first implies a more humanistic orientation, and the second – the current desire for peaceful development of relations in the world. Dichotomous pairs are defined as conclusions: tolerance as social indifference, uncertainty - tolerance as a sign of worldview activity; tolerance as patience or indulgence – tolerance as an active affirmation of human rights, democracy; tolerance as a tolerance of social injustice, humble acceptance of other people's beliefs - tolerance as the preservation of one's own individuality and recognition of other people's beliefs. In defining the features of a public manager, elements of communicative tolerance are noted: professional (communication with citizens); moral and ethical (evaluated by citizens); actually communicative (creating a trusting atmosphere of communication); administrative (form the assessment of citizens of public service in general and public authorities in particular). Among such features, the leading ones are coordination and constructive ones, which consist in anticipating and leveling potential conflicts that may occur in society and the community.

La enfermedad de la ciudad. Una mirada a la literatura vírica

Este artículo pretende ofrecer una revisión de algunas obras de la literatura vírica para exponer las formas en las que se aborda la noción de contagio. A través de un examen de algunas obras clásicas en torno a las epidemias y, después, de algunos relatos del siglo XX, el artículo presenta los pares dicotómicos que se forman sobre la enfermedad: dentro-fuera y propio-impropio. La escritura del contagio revela su persistencia por la búsqueda del origen y, en ese intento, la producción de una exterioridad que, no obstante, le pertenece al relato. Sin embargo, si la literatura vírica desde su aproximación etiológica produce narraciones basadas en el pensamiento dicotómico, también cuenta con una capacidad de situarse en el margen y expresar las debilidades que acompañan a la lógica dicotómica.

Lo animal como lugar de resistencia ante la trama sacrificial de la filosofía

El presente artículo analiza las posibilidades de resistencia ético-políticas que habilitan la deconstrucción de la dicotomía humano-animal. Se argumenta que el concepto de carno-falogocentrismo visibiliza las taxonomías de subordinación que constituyen la matriz de inteligibilidad de las estructuras de dominación modernas, al establecer nexos oblicuos entre binomios jerarquizados (animal/humano, mujer/hombre, emoción/logos). En este sentido, se sostiene que la deconstrucción interseccional de la maquinaria carno-falogocéntrica posibilita la apertura a otros modos de comunidad en los que no hay una propiedad que delimite un espacio de lo común, sino la promesa de construir otros modos de existir con y entre los otros en la diferencia radical.

High frequency spectral changes induced by single-pulse electric stimulation: Comparison between physiologic and pathologic networks.

To investigate functional coupling between brain networks using spectral changes induced by single-pulse electric stimulation (SPES). We analyzed 20 patients with focal epilepsy, implanted with depth electrodes. SPES was applied to each pair of adjacent contacts, and responses were recorded from all other contacts. The mean response amplitude value was quantified in three time-periods after stimulation (10-60, 60-255, 255-500ms) for three frequency-ranges (Gamma, Ripples, Fast-Ripples), and compared to baseline. A total of 30,755 responses were analyzed, taking into consideration three dichotomous pairs: stimulating in primary sensory areas (S1-V1) vs. outside them, to test the interaction in physiologic networks; stimulating in seizure onset zone (SOZ) vs. non-SOZ, to test pathologic interactions; recording in default mode network (DMN) vs. non-DMN. Overall, we observed an early excitation (10-60ms) and a delayed inhibition (60-500ms). More specifically, in the delayed period, stimulation in S1-V1 produced a higher gamma-inhibition in the DMN, while stimulation in the SOZ induced a higher inhibition in the epilepsy-related higher frequencies (Ripples and Fast-Ripples). Physiologic and pathologic interactions can be assessed using spectral changes induced by SPES. This is a promising method for connectivity studies in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.

A Re-evaluation of the Holism-individualism Dispute

Abstract The present article aims at evincing the positive valences of the holism-individualism dispute in the epistemology of social sciences. Like other dichotomous pairs, holism and individualism have become the predominant spaces of academic analysis in social sciences, being vested with a great power of theoretical discrimination. Instead of treating methodological individualism and holism as complete, a-temporal, antagonistic paradigms, it is our presumption that they are but historical evolutions in social thinking, which are under no circumstances definitive, but improvable and possibly complementary. In this context, the present study claims that there is less and less justification for a dispute between a “holist” Durkheim and an “individualism”-championing Weber, all the more so as in the past few decades consensus and synthesis have been sought by the very proponents of these doctrinary oppositions.

Love Gone Wrong, Then Right Again: Male/Female Dynamics in the Bahrām Gūr–Slave Girl Story

This article examines male/female dynamics in three versions of the classical story of the Sassanian prince Bahrām Gūr and his lyre-playing slave girl: that of the Shāhnāma of Firdawsī, the Haft Paykar of Nizāmī Ganjavī, and the Hasht Bihisht of Amīr Khusraw. It argues that each version provides progressively more positive depictions of intergender dynamics, ones that are contingent upon more egalitarian understandings of the male/female dichotomy. The later authors destabilize the categories of “male” and “female,” equalizing and even uniting the dichotomous pairs, so that men and women draw nearer to each other in qualities rather than remaining in their usual polarized positions. In the Hasht Bihisht, moreover, we witness a reversal of hierarchies in which traditionally feminine qualities receive preference over masculine virtues—an act that suggests fresh possibilities for harmonious interactions between the sexes.

Managing globalization of R&D: Organizing for offshoring innovation

This article analyzes the challenges brought about by the globalization of innovative activity to the science and practice of management. The task of matching organization structure and management practices to the needs of R&D offshoring is analyzed through a set of dichotomous pairs of concepts: (1) Drastic vs. Gradual and Systemic vs. Autonomous Innovation, (2) High vs. Low Skill Specificity, (3) Input Markets vs. Output Markets, (4) Intra-Firm vs. Arms Length Offshoring. In the trade-off between markets and hierarchies, the firms often come down on the side of the latter when it comes to the setting up of R&D facilities abroad. Organizational directives and internalization, i.e., intra-firm offshoring can trump market incentives and foreign outsourcing, when it comes to the uncertain returns from innovative activity, particularly in the case of drastic innovations and high skill specificity. Globalization has led to dispersed markets and firms have responded with dispersed locations of core assets, creating competence clusters all over the world, and the innovative firm of the future will restructure each individual cell, the basic building block of the firm consisting of an occupation devoted to a product, and redeploy and relocate them globally, where it is most advantageous.

Approximating the distribution of maximally selected McNemar's statistics.

It is common in epidemiologic analyses to summarize continuous outcomes as falling above or below a threshold. With paired data and with a threshold chosen without reference to the outcomes, McNemar's test of marginal homogeneity may be applied to the resulting dichotomous pairs when testing for equality of the marginal distributions of the underlying continuous outcomes. If the threshold is chosen to maximize the test statistic, however, referring the resulting test statistic to the nominal chi 2 distribution is incorrect; instead, the p-value must be adjusted for the multiple comparisons. Here the distribution of a maximally selected McNemar's statistic is derived, and it is shown that an approximation due to Durbin (1985, Journal of Applied Probability 22, 99-122) may be used to estimate approximate p-values. The methodology is illustrated by an application to measurements of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in matched prostate cancer cases and controls from the Physicians' Health Study. The results of simulation experiments that assess the accuracy of the approximation in moderate sample sizes are reported.

What do wolves mean? Conflicting social constructions of Canis lupus in “bordertown”

Meanings are an indispensable part of all human societies, yet when social controversies arise, meanings often lose their shared, commonly understood characteristics. This is exhibited in the substantial variety of meanings imbued to wolves (Canis lupus) by social groups in communities bordering Yellowstone National Park, where wolves were reintroduced beginning in 1995. Residents of the region give a range of meanings to the wolves, including symbols of freedom and wildness, scientific conundrum, and vicious killer. Underlying this complex of meanings is a distinction between dichotomous pairs of concepts, “control/power”; and “self‐determination/freedom.”; Residents see their personal—and even the wolves'—volition (self‐determination and freedom) as being lost to a domineering (powerful and controlling) federal government. In the future, governmental agencies may be able to use an understanding of the multiplicity of meanings created by the social groups involved in environmental controversies to lessen conflict over contentious wildlife issues by seeking out those meanings at the earliest stages of policy implementation and incorporating them into conflict resolution processes.