Dichotomous Frame Research Articles

Which civil society? State-run media and shaping the politics of NGOs in post-uprising Egypt

ABSTRACT This article explores the role of traditional, state-run media as tools for both, promoting policy, and providing feedback about non-governmental organizations (NGOs)-related policies in Egypt. It also gives insights into how media might contribute to shaping policy on NGOs in countries with similar systems of media governance. The study tests the social construction and policy design theory's “target population proposition” by conducting a thematic analysis of news articles on NGO Law 70 of 2017. It adds a new media studies perspective to Schneider and Ingram’s theory by exploring the framing effects of the media as mediators between governmental policy and target groups of that same policy. The findings confirm Schneider and Ingram’s theory in post-uprising Egypt. It delineates that state-run media variously frame policy rationales of Law 70 of 2017. Dichotomous framing was found to support the significant burdens imposed on, and the sub-rosa benefits granted to, NGOs by the new policy. Media frames also varied according to NGOs’ social construction and power level. This distinction in policy rationales draws the line between developmental NGOs and advocacy organizations whose agenda is perceived as a source of threat to the sovereignty, political independence, and national interests of the state.

Understanding Literature through Dichotomous Frame

This article aims at dealing with the issue of 'dichotomies in literature', though it is not explicitly referred to in the literary genres. The specific objective of this study is to explore the dichotomous aspects in the literary field and thereby to assess how the knowledge of two-fold distinctions helps the readers understand the whole issue of certain aspect of mutually exclusive points. While dealing with the notion 'dichotomy in literature', it has availed the qualitative research design which has primarily relied on non-numerical data with explicit reference to the binary oppositions, concepts, definition and the features. The necessary data have been drawn from authentic books, journals or online resources. The available data have been analyzed by applying the compare-contrast pattern of development. From the analysis, the conclusion has been drawn that in the literary discourse, there are significant numbers of dichotomous notions, and when they are dealt with the two-fold distinctions, the mutually exclusive entities can be grasped more easily than treating them in isolation. It is fairly expected that the study can be helpful for the beginners of the literary studies.

“False Positives, Re-Entry Programs and Long Term English Learners”: Undoing Dichotomous Frames in U.S. Language Education Policy

ABSTRACT At the core of contemporary U.S. language education policy is the dichotomous dividing of bilingual students into English Learners (ELs) who are entitled to extra support and non-ELs who are not entitled to this support. In this article, we genealogically trace the normative assumptions that go into this framing of the issue. We begin by examining the historical development of this dichotomous grouping of bilingual students within the remedial framing of the Bilingual Education Act that, building on the verbal deprivation theory that was prominent at the time, reproduced raciolinguistic ideologies that framed the language practices of racialized bilingual students as deficient and in need of remediation. We then examine how this remedial framing provided incentives for proponents of bilingual education to advocate for limited English proficiency as broadly as possible to ensure that more students were deemed eligible for these programs. We then examine contemporary vignettes that point to the tensions that this ideological underpinning has created for contemporary U.S. language education policymakers. We end with a discussion of ways of reconceptualizing U.S. language education policy that reject the remedial orientation that has informed this dichotomous framing and is responsive to the tensions reported by these educators.

Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science by Maya J. Goldenberg

Reviewed by: Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science by Maya J. Goldenberg Jacob Steere-Williams Maya J. Goldenberg. Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science. Science, Values, and the Public. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021. xii + 251 pp. Ill. $32.00 (978-0-8229-6690-6). In December of 2020 the United States Food and Drug Administration authorized two mRNA vaccinations for emergency use to protect individuals sixteen and older from SARS CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic. The New York Times called it a “turning point in the pandemic,” and many in the scientific and public health community believed that the technological solution of safe, effective, and widely available vaccines would either end, or drastically-reduce rising COVID-19 infections and deaths. The majority of the public, in other words, would trust the science and get vaccinated. But that did not happen, and as of August 2022, only 67 percent of the American population is vaccinated against the disease. Leading up to the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine, historians and philosophers of public health warned that technological solutions alone do not solve public health crises. As Mark Largent and Elena Conis have argued, vaccine hesitancy, skepticism, and anxiety have long been entrenched in American public health [End Page 171] debates. Even if we did not listen to the historians, our collective hubris might have been a product of short-term memory loss; in January of 2019, for example, the World Health Organization listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the leading global health threats, alongside the likes of air pollution, climate change, and warfare. In the words of philosopher of science and medicine Maya Goldenberg, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a “clear global test case in public trust between health and government bodies and members of society” (p. ix). But what frameworks do we have for understanding the broader patterns of scientific mistrust that have risen to levels of palpable public health crisis in the past two and a half years? Maya Goldenberg’s new book, Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science, is the siren call for critical health studies scholarship that we all need right now. Historians, public health practitioners, ethicists, and clinicians will all find this book relevant. Written in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, but published in the pandemic crisis year of 2021, Vaccine Hesitancy is a cogently-written and lucidly-argued account of the rise of vaccine hesitancy as both a public attitude and an analytical concept. So where does the public mistrust of the science of public health stem from, and why are so many Americans skeptical of the safety and efficacy of vaccines? Many public health practitioners, Goldenberg argues, have relied on a “knowledge deficit model,” which suggests that public mistrust is a product of the misunderstanding and ignorance of scientific ideas. The policy implications which follow from this approach, Goldenberg maintains, are broad-based attempts at science education in order to reinvigorate the idea that scientific experts should guide public policy. In other words, vaccine hesitators are often dismissed as morally-bankrupt, confused, ignorant, or ideologically-driven. This war-laden set of metaphors, which Goldenberg argues are common in the public health community, create a false dichotomy between righteous, bias-free ‘science’, on one side, and an irrational public on the other. Goldenberg rejects the knowledge deficit model, resolving that “characterizing vaccine hesitancy and refusal as a war on science is both descriptively inaccurate and normatively unhelpful” (p. 12). In place of this dichotomous framing, Goldenberg argues for a contextualist reading of vaccine hesitancy, one which focuses on the historical and structural reasons for public mistrust that lie in a wide-range of factors that comprise social identity. In this way, debates around vaccine hesitancy need to be understood alongside those about climate change and genetically-modified organisms. What is at stake is not a war on science, but a negotiation about deeper cultural values of democracy, the environment, and governance. Vaccine Hesitancy is organized into two parts. The first four chapters in Part 1 analyze and disambiguate the war on...

What Causes Moral Actions? -----Moral Feelings and Moral Reasoning in Mencius.

The dispute of Mencius' moral ideas in the English world mainly focuses on three aspects: do moral feelings and cognition come from the root of consanguineous affection or the "heart-mind" /xin/ of universal love? What causes moral motivations: feelings, or reasoning? What actions are moral? This dispute arises due to the analysis of Mencius in a dichotomous frame. This paper reveals that there is no paradox between the root of consanguineous affection and universal love. Because the mind of "four sprouts" is unified, moral feelings and cognition interweave with each other to stimulate moral motivations. According to Mencius, there are three processes of moral development: the first is the natural process mainly with moral feelings; the second is the process of probing the root or cultivating, and the third is the process of expanding moral feelings with reasoning. Moral actions occur in the first and third processes.

“False Positives, Reentry Programs, and Long Term English Learners”: Undoing Dichotomous Frames in U.S. Language Education Policy

ABSTRACT At the core of contemporary U.S. language education policy is the dichotomous dividing of bilingual students into English learners, who are entitled to extra support, and non-English learners, who are not entitled to this support. In this article, we genealogically trace the normative assumptions that have gone into this framing of the issue. We begin by examining the historical development of this dichotomous grouping of bilingual students within the remedial framing of the Bilingual Education Act that, building on the verbal deprivation theory that was prominent at the time, reproduced raciolinguistic ideologies that framed the language practices of bilingual students from low-income families as deficient and in need of remediation. Next, we examine how this remedial framing provided incentives for proponents of bilingual education to advocate for limited English proficiency to be defined as broadly as possible to ensure that more students were deemed eligible for these programs. We then examine contemporary vignettes that point to the tensions that this ideological underpinning has created for contemporary U.S. language education policymakers. We end with a discussion of ways of reconceptualizing U.S. language education policy that reject the remedial orientation that has informed this dichotomous framing and is responsive to the tensions illustrated in these vignettes.

Reconceptualizing Necessity Entrepreneurship

Recent scholarly work on necessity entrepreneurship has highlighted shortcomings in theoretical development underlying the construct and, by extension, limitations in our understanding of the behaviors of individuals we assign to this category. While necessity entrepreneurs compose a sizable proportion of the world’s entrepreneurs (approximately 30% according to Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data), theory about their behavior remains sparse, and our understanding of who they are, their motivations and their outcomes remains limited. Often conceptualized within a push-pull framework, necessity entrepreneurship occurs when individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship by negative forces, as opposed to opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship, which occurs when individuals are pulled into founding a venture by the attractiveness of an opportunity. This push-pull framework has resulted in a dichotomous view that, despite being widely used, some scholars have described as over-simplified, and unable to account for the wide array of antecedents, processes and outcomes. In this symposium, we convene established scholars who routinely use these constructs in the field. We highlight recent work to develop the constructs, identify use cases where a dichotomous framing of entrepreneurial motivation is insufficient, and suggest ways to develop a more meaningful framework moving forward. This symposium aims to contribute by further developing our understanding of the necessity entrepreneur, by considering new frameworks to better explain the nuance in nascent entrepreneurial motivation, and by discussing practical steps for measuring these constructs in the field. Entrepreneurial Processes Under the Condition of Basic Needs Presenter: Marc B. Gruber; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Blurred Lines: NE and OE Amongst Rural Coffee Farmers Presenter: Robert Nason; McGill U. - Desautels Faculty of Management Presenter: Pierre-Yann Dolbec; John Molson School of Business, Concordia U. Entrepreneurship in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: The Fine Line Between Necessity and Opportunity Presenter: Angelique Slade Shantz; U. of Alberta School of Management Presenter: Madeline Toubiana; U. of Alberta Necessity Entrepreneurship: A Construct Cut Adrift? Presenter: Philip James O'Donnell; Dublin City U. Presenter: Margot Leger; Utrecht U. School of Economics The (Not-So) Bare Necessities of Entrepreneurship Presenter: David Gras; U. of Tennessee Presenter: Ace Beorchia; U. of Tennessee A Needs-Based View of Entrepreneurial Motivation Presenter: Sanwar A. Sunny; U. of Baltimore Presenter: Chad David Coffman; U. of Missouri, Kansas City

Firm specific determinants of open innovation in European SMEs

To manage the changing innovation landscape a key strategic decision for owner-managers of SMEs is the extent to which they adopt open innovation. Extant research however has tended to study open innovation processes in terms of a binary distinction- either open or closed. The purpose of this paper is to move beyond this dichotomous framing and identify the extent of openness in the innovation processes of SMEs in Europe. Furthermore, the study explores the association between internal firm-specific factors related to the capabilities and strategies of the firm and open innovation in SMEs. This study explores if (a) innovation objectives, (b) innovation activities, and (c) innovation expenditures, influence the extent of openness in the innovation process in SMEs. Drawing on data from the 6th Community Innovation Survey (CIS) of 9,949 SMEs from nine European countries, hypotheses are tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The study contributes to the literature by showing that the extent of openness in the innovation process is low for European SMEs. SMEs are more likely to be characterised by higher levels of openness in their innovation if they prioritise product/process innovation objectives, conduct internal R&D, purchase/license external knowledge, and commitment more financial resources to innovation.

GOVERNING URBAN AGRICULTURE: Formalization, Resistance and Re‐visioning in Two ‘Green’ Cities

AbstractAs municipalities across the global North highlight urban agriculture as a marker of their ‘greenness’, how can we best understand how the spaces and practices of urban food production are governed? This article develops an analysis of urban agriculture as a complex site of governance in which numerous interests engage. We underscore the politics of governance, through which some actors resist the imposition of a narrowly normative and exclusive notion of urban agriculture and against which they envision and enact alternatives. The article contributes to efforts to transcend the often dichotomous framing of urban agriculture as radical or neoliberal, formal or informal, political or post‐political by employing ‘everyday governance’ and ‘everyday resistance’ as lenses through which to focus on the prosaic practices of engaging with, pushing back against, and stepping beyond the imposition of hegemonic models of urban agriculture. We argue that the co‐constitutive, ‘braided’ nature of urban agricultural governance is revealed through attention to the manifold forms of negotiation and resistance to formal urban agricultural governance. Moreover, our perspective highlights the ways that some practitioners are excluded by, challenge, or re‐vision formal definitions of urban agriculture. We draw on the cases of Portland, OR and Vancouver, BC to illustrate our argument.

Precision medicine approach to dialysis including incremental and decremental dialysis regimens.

Conventional standardization of haemodialysis for treatment of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is predicated upon the fixed construct of one disease stage and one patient category. Increasingly recognized are subgroups of patients for whom less-intensive haemodialysis, such as incremental or decremental haemodialysis, could be employed. Almost 30% of patients with incident ESKD have clinical and residual kidney function (RFK) parameters that could accommodate less-intensive haemodialysis. In one study, patients with incident ESKD and substantial RKF treated with low-dose haemodialysis had similar mortality rate as those treated with standard-dose haemodialysis, adding to the evidence that endogenous kidney function -- when present -- can complement less-intensive haemodialysis schedules. Hazards related to incremental haemodialysis include insidious development of fluid overload and higher rates of fluid removal. Finally, deintensification of haemodialysis treatment could be employed in patients with ESKD who seek conservative care. A shift in approach to ESKD from a dichotomous frame -- disease presence versus absence -- to stages of dialysis-dependent kidney disease, each stage associated with attuned haemodialysis intensity, has been proposed. Haemodialysis standardization and personalization -- often considered mutually exclusive -- can be combined in incremental haemodialysis. Data from ongoing and future randomized clinical trials, comparing less-intensive with standard haemodialysis schedules, are required to change practice.

Tracing Digital Contact Tracing: Surveillance Technology and Privacy Rights During COVID-19 in China, South Korea, and the United States

In many societies, during large-scale crises such as those involving public health or national security, privacy is often framed as an individual value, right, or responsibility that can be sacrificed, pitted against more important public and social values. Yet, the social importance of privacy has been suggested by various scholars, considering its value for a democratic political system, societal trust, and interdependent or networked nature of privacy. As such, we also find the dichotomous framing that considers privacy as an individual right to be traded off for other public values misleading. It delegitimates discussions and concerns around privacy, and by doing so, unduly privileges some agendas at the sacrifice of certain individuals or marginalized communities.We started this collaborative project, acknowledging such individualistic conceptualization of privacy to be problematic. This project is an attempt to start brainstorming alternative thinking and framing of privacy, particularly in the context of restrained mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. That is, privacy is not necessarily what individuals or certain groups of people should give up when the bigger communities are perceived to be under threat or crisis. Rather, privacy needs to be considered as a collective value and right, which should be carefully considered in discussion of ways to overcome different modes of crises in society. For example, if we are not carefully protective of everyone’s privacy rights during the pandemic, considering only the benefits of being able to trace individuals’ or specific populations’ health records or movements, the consequence may be tied to dire social problems, especially racism and discrimination, which would reinforce existing social polarization with long-lasting impacts on society.We focused on digital contact tracing methods introduced in different parts of the world (i.e., USA, China, and South Korea) to conduct a comparative case study that surveys how each country has approached the global public health crisis at the national level and what implications it brought to the understanding, discourse, and protection of privacy. For case studies on the three countries, we took an approach of “thin description” to reflect upon a variety of texts identified for each country’s context (i.e., the popular press, academic articles, legal documents, government and corporate informational materials). The purpose of this project was rather to provide a brief but a critical overview of privacy implications along with the digital contact tracing technologies introduced and implemented in the three countries that have divergent cultures and political systems.

Insider-outsider as process: drawing as reflexive feminist methodology during fieldwork

This article illustrates the potential of drawing as a creative method to document and analyse the shifting insider-outsider status of the researcher during fieldwork. I draw on my experiences conducting field-based research at night around outsourced call centres in Mumbai, India, where I examined how women made decisions regarding night-time urban mobility and household social reproduction. While conducting research, I analysed my fluctuating position as an insider or outsider, and how these shifts impacted research dynamics. Furthermore, I relied on boundary-making to alter my relative distance from research participants, thus shaping my positioning on the insider-outsider spectrum. I used hand drawing as a representational technique to document the site, as well as to analyse my positionality within it. This article places feminist methodological insights in conversation with geographic scholarship on drawing to make the following contributions. I show how drawing as a technique can enrich feminist claims about the complex relations between researcher and research participants, challenging a static and dichotomous framing of the researcher as insider or outsider. I also contend that feminist concerns about power dynamics can shape the use of drawing as a critical methodological tool.

Learning from Workaround Practices: the Challenge of Enterprise System Implementations in Multinational Corporations

AbstractBased on a four‐year longitudinal case study of a French multinational corporation (MNC) this research explains how a global enterprise system, initially designed to provide greater control by headquarters across its MNC sites, led to the emergence of unexpected practices – known as workarounds – in its Chinese subsidiaries. Drawing on concepts from activity theory our findings provide greater theoretical understanding of workarounds in three ways. First, users are involved in collectively constructing and implementing workaround practices rather than simply being passive users or reduced to the dichotomous framing of ‘accepting’ or ‘rejecting’ an information system. Workarounds are not simple individual user improvizations but are collectively developed and become unofficial local rules. Second, workarounds are part of learning which goes beyond the view of workarounds as deviant and non‐compliant behavior. Third, learning activities are not restricted to users and their practices. Rather, as we demonstrate learning and evolution take place between the users, managers, processes and the system; that is, workarounds are not only a critical part of ‘getting work done’ but also an integral part of the institutionalization of an enterprise system.

Beyond sameness and difference: Narrative sense-making in life and literature

AbstractThis article analyses two major problems in the dichotomous framing of the question of whether narratives in fiction and “real life” are the same or different. The dichotomy prevents us from seeing, first, that there arebothcrucialsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetween them and, second, that there are important similarities between variants of the “similarity approach”andthe “difference approach”, both of which tend to rely on ahistorical, universalizing and empiricist-positivistic assumptions concerning factuality, raw experience and the non-referentiality of narrative fiction. The article presents as an alternative to both approaches narrative hermeneutics, which sees all narratives as culturally mediated and historically changing interpretative practices but approaches literary narratives as specific modes of making sense of the world – as ones that have truth-value on a different level than non-literary narratives. Narrative hermeneutics shares with (at least some forms of) unnatural narratology and the Örebro School a passion for the uniqueness of literary narratives, but it places the emphasis on the ability of literature to disclose the world to us in existentially charged ways that would not be otherwise culturally available – in ways that open up new possibilities of thought, action and affect.

Poetry corner: Personality assessment scales: Psychometric and poetic.

The formal structure of both the sonnet and haiku present a dichotomous frame that the reader is invited to interpret in Likert-scale fashion. Included is the author's contribution to this tradition, which, were it to be translated into an MMPI-2 question, might contribute to Scales 2 (Depression) and 10 (Social Introversion). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Leave Lamarck Alone! Why the Use of the Term "Lamarckism" and Its Cognates Must Be Shunned.

Many scholars avoid the use of the term "Darwinism." It is not ideal, even to refer to Darwin's own complex and fluid thinking about evolution, let alone to modern transformations of his ideas. The addition of the prefix neo- for those modern transformations does not solve the terminological problem. The same argument can be made for Lamarckism and its cognates: they are not ideal or meaningful labels to refer to Lamarck's heterogeneous ideas. Lamarck's name is even less appropriate as a label for modern developments in biology and, particularly, for the idea of the (presumed) inheritance of acquired characters. The dichotomous framing of modern thinking about evolution in terms of "Darwinian" and "Lamarckian" is especially confusing and un-helpful. Historians are obliged to use historical terms like "Lamarckism" or "Darwinism," but philosophers and biologists should try to avoid using these terms and their cognates and learn to use more precise and less ambiguous, confusing, misleading, and emotionally charged words and phrases.

메를로-퐁티의 현상학적'얽힘(Chiasme)'을 통하여 본 현대건축에 관한 연구 - 건축적 재생공간을 중심으로 -

The approach of this study was to move away thinking and reasoning and visual-centered approach as the idea of contemporary architecture and to approach the person to experience the space and the construction of the relationship in terms of a variety of physical perception, through the analysis of Merleau Ponty's phenomenological chiasme, Away from the dichotomous framing, past and present, subject and object, entirety and part depending on the person to experience the space to find a possibility be interpreted in view of the experience. Therefore, base on the literature in the philosophy of Merleau Ponty's phenomenological ground. This is reflected in the architectural practice uses a revival space of contemporary architecture divided into ruins, mirrors, fragments by a framework of analysis and investigation of their properties and how to use that analysis and investigation of their properties and how to use that analysis.

Metaphor as a mechanism of global climate change governance: A study of international policies, 1992–2012

This paper explores the emergence of a global climate change mitigation regime through an analysis of the language employed in international science-policy reports. We assume that a global climate regime can only operate effectively on the basis of a shared understanding of climate change which is itself based on a shared language of governance. We therefore carried out an in-depth thematic and metaphor analysis of 63 policy documents published between 1992 and 2012. Results show that global climate science-policy discourses universalise the myriad impacts of a changing climate into a single dichotomous impacted/not-impacted scenario and aim to govern this world according to economic principles of cost–benefit analysis. These discourses use metaphors that draw on narrative structures prevalent in the wider culture to produce and legitimate a reductionist representation of climate change. This representation undermines public understanding of and engagement with climate change by marginalising subordinate policy framings which do not align with the prevailing dichotomous framing. The types of documents we analyse in this paper represent important sources for journalists reporting on climate change. We therefore suggest that any attempt to improve public communication of climate change should include revisions to these organisational discourses.

Terms of the debate on the format and structure of visual memory.

Our ability to actively maintain information in visual memory is strikingly limited. There is considerable debate about why this is so. As with many questions in psychology, the debate is framed dichotomously: Is visual working memory limited because it is supported by only a small handful of discrete "slots" into which visual representations are placed, or is it because there is an insufficient supply of a "resource" that is flexibly shared among visual representations? Here, we argue that this dichotomous framing obscures a set of at least eight underlying questions. Separately considering each question reveals a rich hypothesis space that will be useful for building a comprehensive model of visual working memory. The questions regard (1) an upper limit on the number of represented items, (2) the quantization of the memory commodity, (3) the relationship between how many items are stored and how well they are stored, (4) whether the number of stored items completely determines the fidelity of a representation (vs. fidelity being stochastic or variable), (5) the flexibility with which the memory commodity can be assigned or reassigned to items, (6) the format of the memory representation, (7) how working memories are formed, and (8) how memory representations are used to make responses in behavioral tasks. We reframe the debate in terms of these eight underlying questions, placing slot and resource models as poles in a more expansive theoretical space.

일제말기 일본어문학의 재정립과 임순득의 (재)발견, 그리고 또 다시보기: - 「대모」(名付親, 1942)를 중심으로 = A Study on the Japanese as Depicted in the Literature of Joseon Korean in the Last Period of Japanese Imperialism: Im Sun-Deuk and “A Godmother” (“Nazukeoya,” 1942)

Since the beginning of the new millennium, literary critics have tried to view Japanese literature in its Korean colony as a dual-language literature, not pro-Japanese. Im Sun-Deuk is one of the writers focused on in that process. Among her works, “A Godmother” is especially notable. Most preceding studies analyzed the writer Im Sun-Deuk as expressing national liberation and women’s liberation under the domination of the Japanese Empire. These studies have important meaning for those who tore off the “pro-Japan” label that had been pasted without reservation on the authors of works in the period of Japan’s violent occupation, especially on authors who wrote in the Japanese language. Such labeling missed the way that these studies applied a dichotomous frame of cooperation/resistance to the writers or works from the period of the violent Japanese occupation. But the issue boils down to this. The one-sided view established toward Im Sun-Deuk and the fallacy of applying it so translations were continued steadily in every aspect. There are many reasons that studies must continue on the question of her supposed anti-nationalism and the question of whether or not to include her and her works in the identity of the Korean nation and finally to re-evaluate the contradictory situation and the dual attitude and resolve it.