Telone Research Articles

Nickel‐Based Single‐Molecule Catalysts with Synergistic Geometric Transition and Magnetic Field‐Assisted Spin Selection Outperform RuO2 for Oxygen Evolution

AbstractOvercoming slow kinetics and high overpotential in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) requires innovative catalysts and approaches that transcend the scaling relationship between binding energies for intermediates and catalyst surfaces. Inorganic complexes provide unique, customizable geometries, which can help enhance their efficiencies. However, they are unstable and susceptible to chemical reaction under extreme pH conditions. Immobilizing complexes on substrates creates single‐molecule catalysts (SMCs) with functional similarities to single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Here, an efficient SMC, composed of dichloro(1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) nickel [NiCl2dppp] anchored to a graphene acid (GA), is presented. This SMC surpasses ruthenium‐based OER benchmarks, exhibiting an ultra‐low onset and overpotential at 10 mAcm−2 when exposed to a static magnetic field. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical analyses imply that an interfacial charge transfer from the Ni center in NiCl2dppp to GA enhances the OER activity. Spectroscopic investigations reveal an in situ geometrical transformation of the complex and the formation of a paramagnetic Ni center, which under a magnetic field, enables spin‐selective electron transfer, resulting in enhanced OER performance. The results highlight the significance of in situ geometric transformations in SMCs and underline the potential of an external magnetic field to enhance OER performance at a single‐molecule level.

FIELD APPLICATION OF A REAGENT FOR IN SITU CHEMICAL REDUCTION AND ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DICHLORINATION TREATMENT OF AN AQUIFER CONTAMINATED WITH TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PCE), TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 1,1-DICHLOROETHYLENE, DICHLOROPROPANE AND 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (R-130)

Groundwater at an abandoned industrial area near Bergamo, Italy, was historically contaminated by tetrachloroethylene (PCE) (>100 g/L) and, to a lesser extent, by trichlorethylene (TCE), dichloropropane (DP) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (R-130). A liquid reagent (EHC Liquid) was selected for remediation of groundwater at the site. The reagent is provided in two parts: EHC Liquid Mix (a soluble organo-iron salt), and ELS Microemulsion (a lecithin-based carbon substrate), and is designed to promote both in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) and enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) to destroy chlorinated organic compounds. The two components are mixed with water and injected into the subsurface. Once in groundwater, EHC Liquid rapidly generates highly reduced conditions, favouring both biotic and abiotic dechlorination reactions. Less than 6 months after the injection of EHC Liquid in the main source area, concentrations of the target contaminants had reached the site-specific remediation target values (CSC Legislative Decree 152/06) in the main monitoring piezometers present in the area, thus demonstrating the effective establishment of enhanced biotic and abiotic reducing conditions and degradation of the target compounds.

Hazardous air pollutants and telomere length in the Sister Study.

Telomeres are vital for genomic integrity and telomere length has been linked to many adverse health outcomes. Some hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, increase oxidative stress and inflammation, two possible determinants of shortened telomere length. No studies have examined air toxic-telomere length associations in a non-occupational setting. This study included 731 Sister Study participants (enrolled 2003-2007) who were randomly selected to assess telomere length in baseline blood samples. Multiplex qPCR was used to determine telomere to single copy gene (T/S) ratios. Census tract concentration estimates of 29 air toxics from the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment were linked to baseline residential addresses. Air toxics were classified into tertile-based categories of the exposure. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in single pollutant models. Multipollutant groups were identified with regression trees. The average T/S ratio was 1.24. Benzidine (T3vsT1 β= -0.08; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.01) and 1,4-dioxane (T3vsT1 β= -0.06; 95% CI: -0.13, 0.00) in particular, as well as carbon tetrachloride, chloroprene, ethylene dibromide, and propylene dichloride, were associated with shorter relative telomere length. Benzidine (p=0.02) and 1,4-dioxane (p=0.06) demonstrated some evidence of a monotonic trend. The regression tree identified age, BMI, physical activity, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, ethylidene dichloride, propylene dichloride, and styrene in multipollutant groups related to telomere length. In this first study of air toxics and telomere length in a non-occupational setting, several air toxics, particularly 1,4-dioxane and benzidine, were associated with shorter relative telomere length.

Airborne mammary carcinogens and breast cancer risk in the Sister Study

IntroductionPotentially carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants (air toxics) have been inconsistently associated with breast cancer. Whether metabolic factors modify these associations is unknown. We studied 29 non-metallic air toxics classified as mammary gland carcinogens in animal studies in relation to breast cancer risk. MethodsParticipants included 49,718 women from the Sister Study. Census tract air toxic concentration estimates from the 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment were linked to enrollment residential addresses. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual air toxics were estimated using Cox regression. Body mass index (BMI) was considered a potential modifier. Relevant mixtures were identified using classification trees. ResultsOver follow-up (average = 8.4 years), 2975 women were newly diagnosed with breast cancer (invasive or ductal carcinoma in situ). Several air toxics, including methylene chloride, polycyclic organic matter, propylene dichloride, and styrene, were associated with increased risk. Of these, methylene chloride was most consistently associated with risk across multiple analyses. It was associated with overall (HRquintile 4vs1 = 1.21 (95%CI = 1.07–1.38)) and estrogen receptor positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer (HRquintile 4vs1 = 1.28 (95%CI = 1.08–1.52)) in individual pollutant models, although no dose-response was observed. Associations were stronger among overweight/obese (vs. non-overweight/obese) women (p < 0.05) for six air toxics. The classification tree identified combinations of age, methylene chloride, BMI, and four other toxics (propylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, ethylidene dichloride, styrene) related to overall breast cancer. ConclusionsSome non-metallic air toxics, particularly methylene chloride, were associated with the hazard for overall and ER+ breast cancer. Overweight/obese women may be particularly susceptible to air toxics.

Complex Systems of Distillation Columns Used in the Production of the Propylene Oxide

Complex systems of distillation columns were intensively studied within last decades and continue to show interest for researchers and for industrial application. The first designed complex distillation column with heat integration was the Petlyuk column and the development of complex systems of columns continued up to dividing wall columns (DWC) which are increasingly being used in industry. DWC are usually used to separate three products, components or fractions, from a multicomponent mixture. This study attempts to find the best fitting of complex systems of columns in the process of propylene oxide (PO) obtaining using the method of propylene chlorination and presents a proposed variant of separation which can lead to a reduced energy consumption. The fabrication of PO through this method lead to a multicomponent mixture which is separated in two main products: propylene oxide (PO) and heavier components containing as valuable compound 1,2 dichloropropane (DCP). Both products, PO and DCP, have important uses in the chemical industry. The study of complex schemes of columns used for PO separation was assessed by simulation using a simplified method based on Fenske � Underwood - Gilliland correlation (F.U.G.) [1]. The systems studied in this work include the following configurations of columns: column with prefractionator, column with partially coupled prefractionator, the Petlyuk column, the dividing wall column, column with side striper, column with side rectifier, the direct and the indirect sequence.

Hepatic distribution of GST cannot explain the gap between humans and rodents for induction of cholangiocarcioma following exposure to dichloropropane

Hepatic distribution of GST cannot explain the gap between humans and rodents for induction of cholangiocarcioma following exposure to dichloropropane

The Application and Analysis of the Risk Assessment Model about BLEVE Accident

The flammable vapor pressure inside the combustible liquid storage tanks in the fire environment elevates, and the of the tank wall the yield strength of enduring the heat decreases, which cause the collapse to occur soon, resulting in the happen of BLEVE. BLEVE is an incident form of great harm, and the study of its formation mechanism and hazard model is of great significance for the safety of the chemical enterprise. In this paper, the physical and chemical characteristic of dichloropropane and BLEVE in a dichloropropane tank area is analyzed, and the accident analysis model is built. According to TNT equivalent method, the vapor cloud fire and explosion models and the blast wave overpressure injury criteria, we calculated the accident consequence of BLEVE in different filling levels. The calculation and analysis shows that, if the BLEVE occurred, the entire tank area and adjacent buildings will be severely affected and the affect area will be up to 50.35 meter; the people less than 7.43 meter from the explosion tank will be subject to serious injury or death. Based on the above substance hazardous characteristics analysis in dichloro propane tank storage area and the corresponding qualitative and quantitative analysis, and according to the relevant requirements of the specification, the fire safety prevention and control measures in the tank area should be further strengthened.

Selective Additives for Improvement of Gasoline Octane Number

High octane blend base gasoline stocks are reformulated from 30% LSRN, 45% Reformate and 25% Powerformate on volume basis. ASTM standard and IROX 2000 analysis are performed to test blend stocks sample. Different additive types are used to improve octane number. These additives are tetraethyl lead, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl; methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol, active amyl alcohol, iso-pentyl alcohol, isobutyl carbinol, benzol ,telone, xylene, amino benzene, N-N-dimethyl aniline, dimethyl ketone, and ethyl methyl ketone. Comparison is made between significant individual RON gains measured by standard CFR test-engine. The results indicated that the combined iso-propanol, oxinol (50/50 blend of methanol and TBA), aniline, and xylene with hydrocarbons fraction content in the gasoline base pool is better to ensure high RON. The results showed that a mixture of 20/54/10/16 of blend aniline/ iso-propanol/ oxinol/ xylene respectively, led to an increase in RON of gasoline blend pool from 84.5 to 96 RON, or 11.5% RON gain.

Determination of 1, 2 propylene dichloride in air in working places

目的 建立工作场所空气中1,2-二氯丙烷的测定方法.方法按照 的要求,对空气中1,2-二氯丙烷通过活性炭吸附,经二硫化碳解吸,经FFAP柱分离后,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面枳定量.结果该方法在0～1500 mg/m3范围呈线性关系,样品在炭管中可保存10 d,方法重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.43%～3.63%,方法检出限为1.6μg/ml,平均解吸效率为94.93%～98.75%,采样效率为96.1%～100.0%,100 mg活性炭对1,2-二氯丙烷的穿透容量是8.2 mg,空气中与1,2-二氯丙烷共存的二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷等在该方法条件下不干扰测定.结论该方法各项指标均达到 的要求,适用于工作场所空气中1,2-二氯丙烷的现场监测。

A Meta-analysis of Strawberry Yield Response to Preplant Soil Fumigation with Combinations of Methyl Bromide–chloropicrin and Four Alternative Systems

Yield for annual California strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) production systems in soils treated with combinations of methyl bromide–chloropicrin (MB:CP) were compared with four alternative soil treatment systems using meta-analysis. Studies represent 11 production seasons, and were conducted at three distinct locations in California. Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB. In a combined analysis of 45 studies, fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d+ = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils. Further, the effect of MB:CP fumigation increased over the first three strawberry cultivation cycles: MB:CP–fumigated soils provided a 59.2% (d+ = 2.166 ± 0.146) yield advantage when one cycle of fumigation was omitted, a 100.2% (d+ = 3.000 ± 0.143) advantage when two cycles were omitted, and a 148.4% (d+ = 6.201 ± 0.348) yield advantage when three or more cycles of MB:CP were omitted. In a combined analysis that included 34 studies, soil fumigation with MB:CP conferred a 9.6% (d+ = 0.751 ± 0.087) yield advantage over fumigation with CP alone. Soils treated with MB:CP yielded 6.8% (d+ = 0.437 ± 0.114) more fruit than those treated with very high rates of CP (336–396 kg·ha–1), and 15.4% (d+ = 1.190 ± 0.134) more than soils treated with commercially realistic rates (168–224 kg·ha–1). Similar to the comparison using NF soils, the efficacy of very high rates of CP appeared to diminish over cycles of strawberry cultivation; MB:CP increased yield 2.2% (d+ = 0.043 ± 0.162) in the first CP production cycle, 10.6% (d+ = 0.588 ± 0.174) and 13.7% (d+ = 2.054 ± 0.401) in the following two cycles. Combinations of dichloropropene (DP) and CP were no more effective than were lower rates of CP alone, and MB:CP conferred a 14.4% (d+ = 0.962 ± 0.162) yield advantage over mixtures of DP:CP. Mixtures of MB:CP increased yield 29.8% (d+ = 3.199 ± 0.287) compared with metam sodium (MS). The standardized effect was similar when comparing MB:CP combinations with either MS or NF soils, suggesting little effect of MS on the yield response. Chemical names used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin); 1,3-dichloropropene (dichloropropene); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium).

Acquisition of clean ultrahigh vacuum using chemical treatment

The purpose of this study is to attain a state of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) under a mild baking condition using chemical treatment. The vacuum test involved the study of an aluminum alloy chamber 8.5 m long, 2 m2 in surface area and 27 l in volume with an elliptical aperture for the Recycler Ring at Fermilab. After the chamber was exposed to enough air of 95% relative humidity and evacuated to 10−5 Torr, dichloropropane (DCP) gas of 1 Torr was injected into the mildly heated chamber (at 80 °C) and evacuated. This process was repeated between three and four times, depending on the type of test performed. After the first chemical treatment (test-1 DCP), the ultimate pressures were 7×10−10 Torr at the left end and 9×10−10 Torr at the right end, an only slight difference. When test-1 DCP reached the ultimate lowest pressure, the chemical retreatment (test-2 DCP) was applied under the mild baking condition on the entire inner surface of all components: chamber, Bayard-Alpert gauges, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, an ion pump, and a turbomolecular pump. Test-2 DCP showed that the ultimate pressure at the left end near the main pump was less than 1×10−11, which was under the detectable limit of the gauge. On the other hand, in the case of a reference test (test-1 ref) conducted under the same condition as test-1 DCP but without the chemical treatment, the ultimate pressures were twice as high at the left end and 80 times higher at the right end than the pressures of test-1 DCP. Therefore, it was assumed that the lower outgassing rate resulted from the chemical treatment. In addition, it was suggested that DCP has a potential to promote water evacuation by breaking a weak intermolecular hydrogen bond of adsorbed multilayer water which is preferentially dissociated rather than a strong intramolecular oxygen-hydrogen bond of water.

Using diode laser spectroscopy to evaluate techniques for acceleration of etch chamber evacuation

Acceleration of vacuum chamber pumpdown through the use of species which react with adsorbed moisture is an attractive idea which appears particularly appropriate for application to a plasma-etching chamber after wet cleaning. Infrared diode laser spectroscopy was used to evaluate this technique by measuring time-dependent moisture concentrations in a metal etch chamber during evacuation and while introducing gaseous drying agents. The main advantage of this approach is that moisture levels can be measured truly in situ, with a fast response time, and with no interfering effects even in the presence of the drying agent. None of the techniques evaluated [treatment with boron trichloride, dichloropropane (DCP) and dimethoxypropane] gives any improvement in the time required to evacuate the chamber despite previously published results showing a reduction in evacuation time for an ultrahigh vacuum chamber following DCP treatment. This finding is attributed to the nature of the anodized aluminum surface of the chamber used in the present study.

Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for the Propylene Oxide + Water + Propylene Dichloride System

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid-Liquid Equilibrium for the Propylene Oxide + Water + Propylene Dichloride SystemBalakrishnan Srinivas, Madan G. Parande, and Raghavendra V. NaikCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1995, 40, 4, 927–930Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/je00020a043RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views225Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (347 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Recovery of 1,3-, 2,3-dichloropropenes, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, ando-, p-dichlorobenzenes from fatty and non-fat foodstuffs by liquid extraction technique

Food samples including fatty, non-fatty, grain-based, and nongrain-based types were fortified with the following five nematocides and fumigants: 1,3-dichloropropene, 2,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, o-dichlorobenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene. Then, depending on sample consistency and type, the samples were diluted in, or extracted with organic solvent such as isooctane. A few of the high-fat extracts were passed through Florisil to remove excess fat or endogenous interferences. Analysis of the initial or cleaned up extracts was done by gas chromatography (GC) at 90 degrees C. The dichloropropenes were determined on 20% OV-101 columns with electron-capture and Hall electroconductivity detectors. The dichlorobenzenes and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, which elute beyond 30 min on the above columns, were determined on 5%-loaded columns using the same detectors. All five analytes were recovered from these techniques. Mean analyte recovery following a direct dilution or extraction was 83%, and following the Florisil cleanup step, was 52%. In 1986, a fumigant survey of about 200 foodstuffs by using this overall technique gave no findings of the five compounds studied here.

Biological monitoring of dichloropropene: air concentrations, urinary metabolite, and renal enzyme excretion.

Fifteen applicators of dichloropropene (DCP) were studied for personal air exposure to DCP, excretion of the metabolite of DCP (3CNAC), and excretion of the renal tubular enzyme, N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG). Each was studied for four 6-8 h consecutive intervals following baseline determinations of 3CNAC and NAG excretion. In accord with pilot data, 24-h urinary excretion of 3CNAC (mg) correlated well with exposure product for DCP (min exposed.mg/m3), r = 0.854, p less than .001. A more precise correlation of the air exposure product with urinary excretion of 3CNAC was discerned by using the morning urine after the previous day of exposure (micrograms/mg of creatinine), r = 0.914, p less than .001. Four workers had clinically elevated activity of NAG (greater than 4 mU/mg creatinine) in any of their urine collections after baseline. Nine workers showed greater than 25% increases in NAG excretion when compared to baseline. Dichloropropene air exposure products of greater than 700 mg.min/m3 or excretion of greater than 1.5 mg 3CNAC/d distinguished abnormally high daily excretion of NAG. These data demonstrate a firm positive relationship between air exposure and internal exposure, and a possible subclinical nephrotoxic effect in DCP workers.

Rapid Determination of Fumigant and Industrial Chemical Residues in Food

A gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the determination of 22 fumigant and industrial chemical residues in a variety of foods. The fumigants and industrial chemicals determined are methyl bromide, methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, ethylene dichloride, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methylene bromide, propylene dichloride, 2,3-dichloropropene, trichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, chloropicrin, ethylene dibromide, tetrachloroethylene, propylene dibromide, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, p-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Except for the latter three, the fumigants are determined at 90 degrees C on 3.6 m 20% loaded OV-101 columns with electron-capture and Hall-electroconductivity detectors. The other 3 compounds (o-dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), which elute beyond 30 min on the above columns, are determined at 90 degrees C on 1.8 m 5% loaded OV-101 columns with the same detectors. The ng/g-level fortifications have an overall mean analyte recovery of 70% and a coefficient of variation of 40%. The variety of foods examined includes both fatty and nonfatty food types (e.g., off-the-shelf cooked and uncooked grain-based items, dairy products, fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, and meats). Samples are extracted and cleaned up according to fat content and food type. Samples containing less than 71% fat are extracted by using an aqueous: nonaqueous shakeout (20% acetone solution under isooctane). Most extracts (isooctanes) are analyzed directly. Extracts from samples containing from 21 to 70% fat (e.g., ground beef, pecans, and corn chips) are cleaned up further on micro-Florisil columns to remove excess fat. A few other samples containing more than 71% fat or oil (e.g., butter, salad dressing, and vegetable oil) are diluted directly in isooctane and, depending on the degree of dilution, can be cleaned up further on micro-Florisil columns. Also, clear beverages (e.g., soda and tea) are extracted directly with isooctane. These extraction and cleanup techniques were tested on 231 different table-ready foods. Three-hundred incurred residues of 10 different fumigants were found in 138 items examined; 93 items had no detectable residues. The main advantage of the method is rapid semiquantitative determination of multiple fumigants from all food types.

1,2-Dichloropropane.

1,2-Dichloropropane, also known as propylene dichloride, or DCP, has been used as a solvent for oils and fats, a solvent for dry cleaning and degreasing operations, and a component of soil fumigants. Its structure and properties are given in Table 1. DCP is a volatile synthetic compound which is released to the environment primarily through its use as a soil fumigant (USEPA 1983a).

ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF DICHLORO(1,3‐BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)PROPANE)DIGOLD(I)

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 15, Issue 28 Organoelement Compounds ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND X-RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF DICHLORO(1,3-BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)PROPANE)DIGOLD(I) M. K. COOPER, M. K. COOPERSearch for more papers by this authorL. E. MITCHELL, L. E. MITCHELLSearch for more papers by this authorK. HENRICK, K. HENRICKSearch for more papers by this authorM. MCPARTLIN, M. MCPARTLINSearch for more papers by this authorA. SCOTT, A. SCOTTSearch for more papers by this author M. K. COOPER, M. K. COOPERSearch for more papers by this authorL. E. MITCHELL, L. E. MITCHELLSearch for more papers by this authorK. HENRICK, K. HENRICKSearch for more papers by this authorM. MCPARTLIN, M. MCPARTLINSearch for more papers by this authorA. SCOTT, A. SCOTTSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 10, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198428309Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume15, Issue28July 10, 1984 RelatedInformation

Mutagenicity of chemicals of industry and agricultural relevance in Salmonella, Streptomyces and Aspergillus.

AbstractFive chemicals of industrial and agricultural relevance—ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, allyl alcohol and sulphallate—were tested for their ability to induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and forward mutations in Streptomyces coelicolor and Aspergillus nidulans. Ethylene dibromide was positive in all the genetic systems employed; sulphallate gave a positive response, to different degrees, in all the microorganisms; ethylene dichloride was weakly active in S. typhimurium following microsomal activation; propylene dichloride was detected as a direct acting mutagen in S. typhimurium and A. nidulans but not in S. coelicolor; allyl alcohol was completely negative in all test systems.

Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals III. Alkane halides, alkanols and ethers

A variety of alkane halides, alkanols and ethers, analogous to the previously considered halogenated unsaturated (Part I) and saturated hydrocarbons (Part II) possess significant utility in a broad spectrum of applications including: solvents, fumigants, propellants and intermediates in the production of other chemicals, textiles, plastics and ion-exchange resins. Ethylene dichloride and dibromide, propylene dichloride; dibromochloropropane; 2-chloroethanol; 1-chloro-2-propanol; 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol; bis(chloromethyl)-, chloromethyl methyl-, bis(2-chloroisopropyl)-, and bis(2-chloroethyl-ethers were reviewed principally in terms of their synthesis, areas of utility, stability, distribution, reactivity, levels of exposure, population at risk, metabolism, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.