Diarrhea In Ruminants Research Articles

In vivo experimentally study the effect of Nigella Sativa silver nanoparticles for treatment of salmonella species causing diarrhea in ruminants

Salmonellais one of the main etiological agents of infectious diarrhea in large and small ruminants but emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains faster rate than previously, leads to develop of MDR strains among animals needs different alternative therapeutic strategies. Our study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa silver nanoparticles (NS AgNPs) on specific pathogen-free (SPF) Wister rats. Nigella sativa silver nanoparticles were prepared and confirmed their formation by optical observations, UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rats in group G2 were infected experimentally with Salmonella spp and treated with ciprofloxacin orally for duration of 6 days at a dose rat 10 mg/kg. On the other hand, rats in group G1 were infected with salmonella and treated for 20 days with NS AgNPs in oral dose of (10 mg/kg rats), and the results were compared to control groups G3 which received bacterial infection without treatment and G4 control negative. The results of optical observation, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM revealed typical characteristics of prepared NS AgNPs. Liver, kidney function biomarkers, hematologic analysis, and histological examination the tissues of liver, kidney, and stomach of rat's model improved that NS AgNPs has antimicrobial effect and has the ability to decrease the inflammatory reaction caused by Salmonella spp infection. The results of our study indicate that NS AgNPs are effective in controlling MDR Salmonella spp in vivo without causing any adverse effects. Moreover, our findings suggest that reducing the use of antimicrobials could be a key factor in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and can provide valuable insights into identifying the most appropriate treatment strategies to tackle this issue effectively in the future.

INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN EGBA ZONE OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

This study assessed the management of indigenous livestock in Egba zone of Ogun State using one hundred and forty four farmers and twenty Village Extension Agents. Data were collected with interview schedule and questionnaire respectively. The study revealed that indigenous livestock farmers were of average age of 48 years, mostly (77.8%) native of these communities sampled and literate (63.2%), more female (58.3%) and they were not cosmopolite (83.3%). Poultry, sheep and goats are mostly kept by indigenous livestock farmers, followed by cattle and pig, snail and rabbit by a few farmers. Most (66.7%) farmers raised their livestock on free range while few provided feeding and housing for their animals. Local materials were used for feeding, housing, and ethno-veterinary care for animals. Livestock farmers earned an average of twenty one thousand seven hundred and fifty naira monthly from their animals. The materials livestock farmers used included pawpaw seeds for deworming, lime and sandpaper leaf to control lice, sulphur, lime and palm oil to control mange; Iyeye leaves [Spondia mombin] for treatment of diarrhea in ruminants. Communication methods used in the diffusion of ethno-veterinary practices were town criers, traditional songs and festivals, folk tales, use of signs and symbols, life dramas and face-to-face interpersonal media while the sources of information were extension agents, community leaders, fellow farmers, neighbours, livestock traders, and farmers` union. Most important information came from fellow farmers. Indigenous livestock farmers should be involved in research and extension planning and regular visits to farmers by village extension agents is recommended.

Spineless cactus use management on microbiological quality, performance, and nutritional disorders in sheep.

The physically effective neutral detergent fiber content alone has not been able to explain the appearance of diarrhea in ruminants fed diets with large volumes of spineless cactus, so the proliferation of enterobacteria in spineless cactus may be associated with cases of diarrhea in sheep. In the in vitro test, used two varieties of spineless cactus, both of which were chopped to particles of 4 and 2 cm2. For the in vivo test, 15 lambs were allocated to three treatment groups, namely, spineless cactus crushed and immediately supplied to the animals; spineless cactus crushed 8 h before supply; and silage of spineless cactus. The variables evaluated were dry matter intake, weight gain, fecal score, hemogram, and fecal colony count. In the in vitro test, higher Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria counts were found both at 12 h and 24 h when the spineless cactus was crushed to 2 cm2 in both varieties. The sheep fed the spineless cactus crushed 8 h prior to supply showed the highest Enterobacteriaceae count in the feces (8.48 CFU/g), compared to animals fed silage of spineless cactus (4.95 CFU/g). It can thus be concluded that the management of spineless cactus influences the development of total and fecal coliforms, especially when it is chopped to 2 cm2 and exposed to the environment for periods longer than 7 h, and that the bacterial population can be controlled by administering the spineless cactus in the form of silage.

Medicinal plants used for diarrhoea treatment in sheep and goats among smallholders in farm settlements of Ogun state, Nigeria

The use of traditional remedies in the treatment of diarrhoea in ruminants is a common form of therapy among poor resource smallholder farmers in Nigeria with restricted access to veterinary healthcare services. The medicinal plants of antidiarrheal importance in smallholder sheep and goat production systems were studied in farm settlements namely Ado-Odo, Ikenne and Ibiade, located in Ogun state, Nigeria. Techniques including interviews, observations and guided field walks were used to collect data from 150 farmers across the farm settlements. Results showed that all respondents owned either sheep or goats with goats more preferred, while diarrhea was also observed to be a major disease problem in goats compared to sheep. About 92% of the farmers admitted using anti-diarrhoea herbs and about 80% agreed to their effectiveness in the treatment of diarrhoea in sheep and goats. The study identified 11 plant species used to treat diarrhoea with varied recipe and the route of administration was orally. Less than 12% of these plant parts were administered solely, preparing as a single-component while the majority of the identified plants were used in combination with other plant parts. Phytochemical components were analyzed for tannin, saponin, flavonoid and alkaloid which were observed in different plant parts showing their potential as antidiarrheal agents.The usage of these plants could therefore be an indispensable component of traditional medicine practice which can serve as safe alternative and complementary medicines to various allopathic drugs that could help safeguard health and obtain optimum production from animals.

Prevalence of multi drug resistant Escherichia Coli in diarrheic ruminants

Abstract: Escherichia coli is the most significant cause of neonatal diarrhoea in ruminants. The current study was designed to monitor the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. Coli in diarrheic ruminants in Egypt. Rectal swab samples (n=150) were collected between November 2018 and April 2019 from diarrheic calves(n=35), lambs(n=35) and goat kids up to 3months(n=80) from Gimmeza animal production researches station, Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Egypt. Samples were submitted for isolation and identification of E. coli by conventional culture methods. From the examined samples(n=150), eighty-two (54.67%) were positive for E. coli isolation. Among the 82 E. coli isolates,48 were identified as pathogenic E .coli by cultivation on Congo Red Agar to assess the resistance profile, the 48 pathogenic E. coli isolates were submitted for antibiogram sensitivity tests, which revealed that 10/48 (20.83%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The 10 MDR. coli isolates were serologically identified as four (n=4) O157:H7isolated from calves (n=2) and goat kids (n=2) and three (n=3) O125isolated from calves (n=2) and lambs (n=1) and three (n=3) O44isolated from goat kids (n=2) and lambs (n=1).

The association between detection of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> DNA in feces and histopathological classification

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), a chronic infectious disease that causes intractable diarrhea in ruminants. To control the occurrence of JD in cattle, a national surveillance is conducted in Japan. Since 2013, real-time quantitative PCR has been used for definite diagnosis. In this study, we compared the amount of fecal MAP DNA with histopathological classification of ileocecal lesions. Multinomial logistic regression models enabled us to predict the probability of finding the histopathological classification from the amount of fecal MAP DNA. These results suggest that shedding level of MAP DNA could act as an indicator of JD progression.

Traitement et prévention de la cryptosporidiose chez les jeunes ruminants (chevreaux) : intérêt des polysaccharides naturels

Cryptosporidiosis is a cosmopolitan parasitosis affecting many animal species. It causes neonatal diarrhea in ruminants causing economic losses in farms. The main protozoan responsible is Cryptosporidium parvum. No fully effective treatment is available to control cryptosporidiosis. In this article, we present a new therapeutic approach based on the use of natural polysaccharides (chitosan). In our work, using 2 in vitro models of intestinal cells (HCT-8 and Caco-2), we have shown that Chitosan is effective in reducing the number of oocysts of C. parvum. Another study was also conducted to confirm these inhibitory effects on experimentally infected goat kids. The results show, in infected animals treated with a product containing Chitosan, a decrease in faecal excretion of C. parvum oocysts and the severity of diarrhea.

Phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and diarrhoeic calves in Mashhad, Iran.

Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. Certain Escherichia coli strains have been associated with neonatal diarrhoea in ruminants. These strains can be assigned to one of the four main phylogenetic groups, A, B1, B2 and D. Several studies have shown the relationship between phylogeny and pathogenicity of E. coli, a great deal can be obtained by determining the phylogroup of unknown E. coli strains. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of diarrhoea on the genetic composition of E. coli populations isolated from calves. A total of 80 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from healthy and diarrhoeic calves. Phylogenetic grouping was done based on the Clermont triplex PCR method using primers targeted at three genetic markers, chuA, yjaA and TspE4.C2. According to our results, phylogenetic group A strains was the most prevalent in both healthy (37.5%) and diarrhoeic calves (55%). Group B1 contained 27.5% of isolates in healthy calves, followed by group B2 (17.5%), and group D (7.5%). Also, four isolates from healthy calves were not included in the major phylogenetic groups or subgroups. A total of 14% and 4% of isolates from diarrhoeic calves beloned to phylogroups B2 and D respectively. Although no isolate from diarrhoeic calves was found to belong to group B1, there was no significant difference between healthy and diarrhoeic calves for other phylogroups. There was not a dramatic shift in E. coli phylogroup/subgroup due to occurrence of diarrhoea in calves, except for phylogroup B1 which was higher in healthy calves. This can be due to the difference in secretions of digestive system in diarrhoeic calves which can prevent the conditions for instability of Escherichia coli isolates of phylogroup B1. The majority of isolates from both healthy and diarrhoeic calves belonged to nonpathogenic phylogentic group A and B1.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in young domestic livestock in India

A total of 938 faecal samples (461 cattle calves, 264 buffalo calves, 55 lambs, 116 kids and 42 piglets) from different livestock farms and individual small holdings in six targeted states of India were collected and screened by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its association with age, sex, season and faecal consistency in domesticated animals. Overall, 16.2 % of the animals were positive for Cryptosporidium infection with prevalence of 16.3, 24.2, 1.8, 3.5 and 19.1 % in cattle calves, buffalo calves, lambs, kids and piglets, respectively. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher (p<0.05) in bovines (19.3 % cattle and 33.7 % buffalo) below 1 month of age than in animals between 1 and 3 months of age. But in piglets, it was higher in the age group of 1 to 3 months (22.6 %) than in younger animals (9.1 %). Also, higher prevalence (p>0.05) was recorded in females than in males. Seasons had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the prevalence of infection in large ruminants, with the highest prevalence in monsoon (cattle 28.8 % and buffalo 36.6 %) followed by pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. However, in case of sheep and goats, the prevalence was higher (p>0.05) in post-monsoon than in monsoon season. A high degree of association was noticed between Cryptosporidium infection and diarrhoea in ruminants screened during the present study. But, in case of pigs, the prevalence was higher in non-diarrhoeic than in diarrhoeic animals. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. based on nested PCR amplification of partial 18S rRNA and its subsequent digestion with SspI, VspI and MboII restriction enzymes revealed prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in representative number of positive samples of cattle, buffalo and goats.

Typing of the eae and espB genes of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli isolates from ruminants

The types of the eae and espB genes of 178 attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy ruminants were investigated by PCR. Six types of the eae gene: β (beta), γ1 (gamma-1), γ2 (gamma-2), ε (epsilon), ζ (zeta) and ι (iota), and three types of the espB gene: α, β and γ were identified in the strains studied. Moreover, three strains were negative to all the types of the eae gene tested. The types β and γ2 in healthy cattle, β, γ2 and ε in healthy sheep and goats, and β in diarrhoeic calves, lambs and goat kids were the most frequent types of the eae gene among the strains studied. Although the eaeβ gene was the most prevalent among AEEC from healthy and diarrhoeic ruminants, the percentages of AEEC strains with this type found in this study in diarrhoeic animals (66.7–100%) were higher than those found in healthy animals (33.3–40.6%). Thus, these data suggest that AEEC strains with the eaeβ gene are associated with neonatal diarrhoea in ruminants. The eaeγ1, eaeζ and eaeι genes were found in low percentages in the strains studied (4.5, 2.8 and 7.3%, respectively). All the types of the eae gene, except the type ι, showed a close correlation with the types of the espB gene: the eaeβ and eaeε genes with the espBβ gene, the eaeγ2 and eaeζ genes with the espBα gene and the eaeγ1 gene with the espBγ gene.