Diamond Lake Research Articles

Keanekaragaman Plankton di Danau Ceramin Bekas Tambang Intan Banjarbaru

South Kalimantan has the potential to develop tourism, one of the place is ex mined diamond in Banjarbaru. The aspects that need to consider in the management and development of tourism are the aspect of cleanliness and safety in freshwater. One of microorganism can determine life in water is plankton. The study determined the community structure of plankton found at ceramin lake ex mined diamond lake Banjarbaru. Sampling was taken from Ceramin lake with different depths of 0 meters, 3 meters, and 6 meters. Sample of each depth was taken 4 times. Result showed in Ceramin lake consist of 4 phyla for Fitoplankton, Euglenophyta (1 spesies), Chlorophyta (2 spesies), Cyanobacteria (1 spesies), Bacilarophyta (3 spesies), dan Zooplankton yang ditemukan terdiri 1 filum yaitu Rotifera (2 spesies).

Effects of cyprinid removal and reintroduction: Diamond Lake, Oregon

Eilers J, Miller R, Loomis D, Vogel A. 2023. Effects of cyprinid removal and reintroduction: Diamond Lake, Oregon. Lake Reserv Manage. 39:156–173. Diamond Lake, located in the Oregon Cascade Range, was treated with rotenone in 2006 to remove invasive populations of cyprinids, Gila bicolor and Notemigonus crysoleucas. The treatment successfully removed all fish, and the lake was restocked in 2007 with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The treatment resulted in large increases in transparency, large cladocerans (Daphnia pulicaria), and benthic invertebrates. The previous cyanobacterial blooms were comprised almost exclusively of Anabaena [Dolichospermum], whereas the current populations of cyanophytes include Gloeotrichia. Cyprinids were reintroduced into the lake and documented in 2008 (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and 2015 (Gila bicolor), likely contributing to a decline of several metrics of water quality. Piscivorous trout (Salmo trutta and Salmo trutta x Salvelinus fontinalis) were introduced into the lake starting in 2016 to control the introduced cyprinids. The cyprinid populations have stabilized, and most metrics of lake status (Secchi disk transparency, phytoplankton biovolume, abundance of large cladocerans, zoobenthic biomass, trout condition factor) indicate that the lake has improved substantially since the treatment and introduction of piscivorous trout. It is unclear whether the cyprinid populations are constrained by behavioral mechanisms associated with the introduction of the piscivorous trout or whether other factors currently keep the cyprinids in check. The success of this biomanipulation project requires continued monitoring and use of adaptive management strategies to respond to changes in fish composition.

Response to Comments for “An Ecological Function Approach to Managing Harmful Cyanobacteria in Three Oregon Lakes: Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)”, Water 2019, 11, 1125

The commenter’s key argument is that Diamond Lake’s problem is strictly one of biomass, i.e., introduction of the invasive Tui Chub fish. There are a few things to note in that respect. The Tui Chub is a bait fish. It is a lower-order prey fish for higher-order trout/salmonid species. Tui Chub is zooplanktivorous. Since the Tui Chub feed on zooplankton, if they themselves are prey for other species (or are being “culled” by artificial means), and there is no other entity to feed on the plankton and algae, the result would be a mass of plankton/algae bloom (i.e., harmful algal blooms (HABs)). This would lead to anoxic conditions in the euphotic zone, which puts even more stress on the higher-order trout/salmonid species. Our work found that the biological community (i.e., invertebrates and fish) are lagging indicators (i.e., response indicators).

Fate and behavior of rotenone in Diamond Lake, Oregon, USA following invasive tui chub eradication.

In September 2006, Diamond Lake (OR, USA) was treated by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife with a mixture of powdered and liquid rotenone in the successful eradication of invasive tui chub Gila bicolor. During treatment, the lake was in the middle of a phytoplankton (including cyanobacteria Anabaena sp.) bloom, resulting in an elevated pH of 9.7. Dissipation of rotenone and its major metabolite rotenolone from water, sediment, and macrophytes was monitored. Rotenone dissipated quickly from Diamond Lake water; approximately 75% was gone within 2 d, and the average half-life (t½) value, estimated by using first-order kinetics, was 4.5 d. Rotenolone persisted longer (>46 d) with a short-term t½ value of 16.2 d. Neither compound was found in groundwater, sediments, or macrophytes. The dissipation of rotenone and rotenolone appeared to occur in 2 stages, which was possibly the result of a release of both compounds from decaying phytoplankton following their initial dissipation. Fisheries managers applying rotenone for fish eradication in lentic environments should consider the following to maximize efficacy and regulatory compliance: 1) treat at a minimum of twice the minimum dose demonstrated for complete mortality of the target species and possibly higher depending on the site's water pH and algae abundance, and 2) implement a program that closely monitors rotenone concentrations in the posttreatment management of a treated water body.

Temperature fluctuations underneath the ice in Diamond Lake, Hennepin County, Minnesota

[1] Diamond Lake in Minnesota is covered every winter with ice and snow providing a modified thermal insulation between water and air. Autonomous temperature sensors, data loggers, were placed in this lake so that hourly measurements could be obtained from the snow-covered ice and water. The sensors that became frozen measured damped and delayed thermal response from the air-temperature fluctuation. Those sensors that were deeper within the snow-covered ice measured continuous, almost constant, temperature values near freezing. Several of them were within the liquid water and responded with a fluctuation of 24 h periods of amplitudes up to 0.2°C. Our analysis of the vertical temperature profiles suggested that the source of periodic water heating comes from the lake bottom. Because of the absence of daily temperature variations of the snow-covered ice, the influence of the air-temperature fluctuation can be ruled out. We attribute the heating process to the periodic inflow of groundwater to the lake and the cooling to the heat diffusion to the overlying ice cover. The periodic groundwater inflow is interpreted due to solid Earth tides, which cause periodic fluctuations of the groundwater pressure head.

Eradication of an invasive cyprinid (Gila bicolor) to achieve water quality goals in Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA)

We used a case study of whole-lake fish removal to demonstrate the importance of the fish community to nutrient cycling in Diamond Lake, Oregon, USA, to meet regulated water quality standards for pH, dissolved oxygen and nuisance algae. The cyprinid tui chub (Gila bicolor) was removed through a process beginning with netting and ending with a whole-lake and tributary rotenone treatment in September 2006. The lake was stocked with rainbow trout in spring 2007. Between 2007 and 2009, lake transparency increased 250%, accompanied by decreases in epilimnetic pH, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon. Mean concentrations of total phosphorus and ortho-phosphorus remained unchanged in epilimnetic waters. Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biovolume, Anabaena biovolume, and Anabaena cell density declined. Daphnia pulicaria, a large herbivorous cladoceran virtually absent for 10 years, returned in abundance, and benthic biomass increased more than 12-fold. The project successfully demonstrated that water quality and fishery goals can be met through eradication of the invasive cyprinid. Fish populations need to be considered in some lakes to achieve water quality standards.

Recreational Use of Acid Mine Pit Lakes

PP-31-195 Background/Aims: In recent years, both the mining industry and regulators have begun to recognize the importance of the environmental and social impacts of pit lakes formed through open cut mining. In the mining town of Collie, in south-western Australia, there are 15 pit lakes of which 3 are commonly used for recreational purposes including swimming, fishing, and boating. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of community use of the lakes was undertaken. Questionnaires were mailed to 1200 randomly selected addresses in the Collie shire with an additional 170 questionnaires distributed to specific interest groups. Participants were asked about their uses of the lakes, frequency and duration of use, and any health symptoms experienced after use. Results: A total of 250 questionnaires were returned, 176 (15%) from the random mail out and 74 (43%) from the targeted mail out. More males responded than females and 63% were aged over 50 years. Three pit lakes were used for recreational purposes by 62% of respondents. Black Diamond Lake had the highest number of visitors (126 respondents) and was also the most frequently visited lake (10 visitor d/yr). Attendance at the lakes was seasonal with most visits occurring in the summer months. Swimming was the most common activity (2.5–2.9 hour per week) and time spent on other water-based activities ranged from 2.9 to 5.1 hour per week. In all, 52% of respondents using the lakes were concerned about lake water quality and 28% reported health effects with 22% experiencing sore eyes from a particular lake (Black Diamond). Of those who used the lakes, 24% used one or more lakes for fishing (marron) and 82% ate the seafood they caught. Conclusion: These data and chemical and biological characteristics are being used in a preliminary assessment of the risks of recreational use of the pit lakes.

Biological effects of repeated fish introductions in a formerly fishless lake: Diamond Lake, Oregon, USA

Biological responses to a formerly fi shless lake in the Cascade Range, Oregon (USA) were assessed through monitoring of recent changes and paleolimnological techniques to assess earlier changes. We used un- published fi sheries reports, sediment cores, and available published and unpublished water quality data to evaluate changes to the lake. Diamond Lake has undergone four periods of fiintroductions in the 20 th century. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were annually released from 1910-2006, except for 1949 and 1954. Tui chub (Gila bicolor), an omnivorous cyprinid, were introduced in the late 1930s and the late 1980s, presumably as discarded live bait. Diamond Lake was treated with rotenone in 1954 which successfully eradicated the tui chub. The introductions of trout caused relatively modest changes in water quality and lake biota, whereas the introductions of tui chub caused major increases in cyanobacteria, changes in diatom community composition, reduction in transparency, increases in the proportion of rotifers, major reduction in benthic standing crop, and virtual elimination of amphipods, gas- tropods, and other large-bodied invertebrates. The unintended biomanipulations demonstrate the importance of an omnivorous cyprinid in promoting a series of biological responses throughout the lake food web.

Low-temperature serpentinization processes and kimberlite groundwater signatures in the Kirkland Lake and Lake Timiskiming kimberlite fields, Ontario, Canada: implications for diamond exploration

Groundwaters from diamondiferous kimberlite pipes in the Kirkland Lake and Lake Timiskaming regions display unusual geochemical characteristics and signatures compared with groundwaters from the surrounding host rock. Reaction modelling was used to better constrain water/rock ratios, alteration mineralogy and groundwater geochemistry. A soil-zone Ca-HCO 3 − water from glacial till was reacted, using a reaction-modelling program, with three different suites of minerals: a kimberlite suite, a felsic intrusive suite and a mafic intrusive suite. Decreasing pH and alkalinity with increasing water/rock ratios in model reactions with the kimberlite suite suggest that sampled groundwaters are from both the hypabyssal facies (high pH and alkalinity; low water/rock ratios) and the diatreme facies (low pH and alkalinity; high water/rock ratios). Geochemical concentrations of sampled groundwaters from kimberlites were compared to modelled waters; results indicate that these waters are different from those flowing through local felsic or mafic intrusive rocks. The kimberlitic groundwaters, and modelled waters, contain low concentrations of Mg and Fe, high concentrations of K and Ca, have elevated pH (up to 12.45), and are defined as a Ca-OH − water for the A4 and B30 kimberlites. In contrast, the C14, Diamond Lake and 95-2 kimberlites contain groundwaters that have higher Mg and Fe, lower Ca and K concentrations, and relatively low pH (8.5–10). The reaction model suggests that different minerals precipitate where the water interacts with different kimberlite facies and/or where a different water/rock ratio exists. More hydroxide phases form where pH and hydroxide alkalinity are high. Where kimberlite waters interact with host-rock waters, minerals not likely to be found otherwise, such as magnesite, brucite and magnetite, may be detected along fractures, or near seeps or springs where groundwater comes to surface. Exploration for kimberlites can benefit from the use of groundwater. Groundwater interaction with kimberlitic rocks produces characteristic aqueous geochemical anomalies due to low-temperature serpentinization reactions. The identification of geochemical anomalies in the groundwaters down-flow of a kimberlite and the unusual mineral assemblages that may precipitate from these groundwaters may aid in the location of undiscovered kimberlites.

An assessment of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, stocking contributions in eastern South Dakota lakes

The success and value of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), stocking programmes are largely unknown because of the difficulties in differentiating between naturally recruited and translocated stocks. To determine stocking contributions of yellow perch, fingerlings and adults were collected from natural rearing ponds in south‐eastern South Dakota. Prior to stocking, all fish were marked for 6 h in transfer tanks containing 700 mg L−1 oxytetracycline hydrochloride. Six lakes containing yellow perch populations were supplemented at low, medium and high stocking densities of about 25, 135 or 200 fish ha−1, respectively. Yellow perch populations were subsequently sampled with experimental gill nets during late summer; two lakes were resampled with additional gears (electric fishing, trap nets and cloverleaf traps). Yellow perch were processed for routine measurements, and saggital otoliths were removed to determine the origin of the fish. Stock contribution estimates determined from gill‐net samples for Island (low), Oak (low), Twin (medium) and Wall (high) lakes were approximately 18, 5, 41, and 38%, respectively. Samples from other gears provided stock contributions of 15 and 10% for Cavour Lake and 41% for Diamond Lake (high density stockings). Although these results showed that supplemental stockings were successful, variability in stock contributions among populations indicates a need for further assessment of variables that may influence the stocking success of yellow perch.

Effects of Fisheries Management and Lakeshore Development on Water Quality in Diamond Lake, Oregon

ABSRTACT Paleolimnological techniques were used to assess water quality changes in a heavily used recreation lake in the Oregon Cascades. Diamond Lake was fishless prior to 1910, but has been intentionally stocked with rainbow trout annually and unintentionally stocked with tui chub in the 1930s and the 1990s. The lake was converted from a mesotrophic system to an eutrophic lake as a consequence of watershed inputs of nutrients associated with shoreline development and biomanipulation in the form of fisheries management. Despite installation of a sewage collection and diversion system, Diamond Lake has increased in sediment accumulation rate and the diatom community has shown an increase in Fragilaria crotonensis and Asterionella formosa, species which are often associated with eutrophication. The two largest increases in sediment accumulation rate and alterations in the diatom community correspond most closely with the two increases in the tui chub population rather than shoreline development. Diatom-inferred (DI) pH increased from 7.95 circa 1910 to over 8.20 in the 1940s. The effects of a rotenone treatment in 1954 to eliminate the tui chub are evident in the short-term decrease in DI- pH and the response of the diatom community. The lake also experienced a major increase in zooplankton abundance in the 20th century as indicated by the remains in the sediment. The results illustrate the need to consider both external and internal sources of nutrients in lake restoration and management attempts.