Diameter Of Ovulatory Follicle Research Articles

Impact of a hypocaloric dietary intervention on antral follicle dynamics in eumenorrheic women with obesity.

Do antral follicle dynamics change in women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles after a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention? After a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention, women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles displayed evidence of improved antral follicle dynamics defined by the emergence of more dominant follicles, larger ovulatory follicle diameter at selection, and increased luteal progesterone concentrations compared to pre-intervention. Precise events in antral folliculogenesis must occur in order for natural and regular monthly ovulation. In healthy women of reproductive age, antral follicles are recruited for growth in a wave-like fashion, wherein a subset of follicles are selected for preferential growth, and typically, one dominant follicle culminates in ovulation. Women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles display evidence of suppressed antral follicle development, as evidenced by fewer recruitment events, fewer selectable and dominant follicles, smaller diameter of the ovulatory follicle at selection, and a higher prevalence of luteal phase defects. While improvements in gonadotropin and ovarian steroid hormone concentrations after weight loss have been documented in eumenorrheic women with obesity, the precise impact of weight loss on antral follicle dynamics has not been evaluated. A pre-post pilot study of 12 women who participated in a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention. Twelve women with obesity (total body fat ≥35%) underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and venipuncture every-other-day for one inter-ovulatory interval (IOI) both before (baseline) and during the final month (Month 7) of a six-month hypocaloric dietary intervention. Participants were aged 24-34 years and had a self-reported history of regular menstrual cycles (25-35 days). Follicle number and diameter (≥2 mm) were quantified at each study visit, and individual growth profiles for all follicles ≥7 mm were determined. Blood samples were assayed for reproductive hormones. Follicle dynamics and reproductive hormone concentrations were compared pre- and post-intervention. Further, post-intervention follicle and endocrine dynamics (Month 7 IOI) were compared to an age-matched reference cohort of lean women with regular ovulatory cycles (total body fat <35%, N = 21). Participants lost an average of 11% of their original body weight with the hypocaloric dietary intervention. More dominant follicles were detected (≥10 mm) at Month 7 compared to baseline (0. 3 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.5 follicles, P = 0.001), and ovulatory follicles were selected at larger diameters post-intervention (7.3 ± 2.0 versus 10.9 ± 2.6 mm, P = 0.007). Luteal progesterone concentrations were increased at Month 7 compared to baseline (5.3 ± 3.65 versus 6.3 ± 4.74 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). However, risk for luteal phase dysfunction as judged by the prevalence of a luteal phase length <10 days, integrated luteal progesterone levels <80 ng/ml or peak progesterone <10 ng/ml did not differ pre- versus post-intervention (all, P > 0.05). In Month 7, follicle dynamics and endocrine profiles were similar to the reference cohort across all measures. This study does not inform on the earliest stages of ovarian follicle development and is limited to providing knowledge on the later stages of antral follicle development. This study cannot fully address causation between weight loss and sustained improvements in antral follicle dynamics. The data cannot be extrapolated to comment on potential improvements in fertility and fecundity with weight loss. The small group sizes limit statistical power. The increasing prevalence of obesity necessitates an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie potential improvements in reproductive health outcomes with weight loss. Women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles who undertook a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention demonstrated improvements consistent with benefits of lifestyle intervention on reproductive health even in those without overt signs of reproductive dysfunction. Potential improvements in the cellular makeup of follicles, which may underlie the restoration of normal follicle development and amelioration of subfertility, require further investigation. Cornell University, President's Council of Cornell Women, United States Department of Agriculture (Grant No. 8106), and National Institutes of Health (R01-HD0937848). B.Y.J. and H.V.B. were supported by doctoral training awards from the National Institutes of Health (T32-DK007158) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant No. 146182), respectively. The authors have no competing interests. NCT01927432 and NCT01785719.

Dinâmica folicular em ovelhas leiteiras dentro e fora da estação reprodutiva, empregando alta ou baixa concentração de progesterona na sincronização do clico estral

Abstract Follicular dynamics in dairy sheep is poorly understood. This study assessed the follicular dynamics of dairy sheep within and out of the breeding season by observing the effect of two progesterone concentrations (60 and 120 mg) used in vaginal pessaries in pre-synchronization. The experiment was conducted in April/May and October/November using 40 healthy multiparous dairy ewes predominantly of the Lacaune breed, which underwent daily transrectal ultrasound examinations. The number of ovulations (1.35 vs 1.05), ovulatory follicle diameter (mm) (5.97 vs 5.05), length of the luteal phase (11 vs 9.14 days), and length of the estrous cycle (16.83 vs 16.6 days) were assessed within and out of the breeding season, respectively. The sheep out of the breeding season did not present a corpus luteum at the time of insertion of the vaginal pessary, characterizing anestrus. The ovulatory follicle had a larger diameter in the breeding season even with the shorter length of the follicular phase, suggesting higher viability and quality of the ovulated oocyte. The application of exogenous progesterone extends the luteal phase in the breeding season (11 vs 9.14 days). The anestrus observed out of season suggests the need for a higher progesterone concentration in reproductive protocols. Therefore, breeding protocols can be adapted for different seasons, suggesting the use of vaginal pessaries with a higher progesterone concentration (120 mg) out of the breeding season. The data allowed the characterization of follicular dynamics in dairy sheep, demonstrating their differences in each season based on the use of different progesterone doses in pre-synchronization.

Ovarian function and pregnancy rates in dairy goats that received 300 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) intravaginally at the time of artificial insemination

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of administering 300 IU hCG intravaginally (i.vag.) at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on ovulatory response, luteal function and pregnancy rates in cyclic Alpine (A) and Saanen (S) goats. All animals received two i.m. injections of 37.5 μg of d-cloprostenol (Prolise®; Tecnopec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) at 11.5-day (Experiments 1 and 2) or 7.5-day intervals (Experiment 2). One day after the onset of estrus (day of AI=D0), the goats were randomly allocated to one of the two groups that received: 300 IU hCG (Vetecor®; Hertape-Calier, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) i.vag. (G-hCG; Experiment 1: n = 12 A; Experiment 2: n = 80 A + 63 S) or 0.3 mL or saline solution i.vag. (G-Control; Experiment 1: n = 12 A; Experiment 2: n = 82 A + 65 S). Blood samples for measurements of circulating progesterone concentrations were drawn on both days of d-cloprostenol injections and on D3, D7, D10, D13 and D21 (Experiment 1). Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was done on D7, D10, D13, D17 and D21 (Experiment 1), and pregnancy detection was performed on D60 (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the mean diameter of ovulatory follicles, timing and number of ovulations, and incidence of early luteal regression between the two groups of goats. However, the total luteal area on D17 and D21 and luteal vascularization on D10 and D13 were higher (P < 0.05) in G-hCG compared with G-Control does. In Experiment 2, the pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.05) in G-hCG compared with G-Control goats (80.4% compared with 67.3%, respectively). Human chorionic gonadotropin (300 IU) given i.vag. at the time of AI did not alter ovulatory response or progesterone secretory ability of resultant corpora lutea nor did it completely prevent premature luteal regression, but it increased the luteal area and luteal vascularization as well as the conception rate in dairy goats (the latter by 13.1%).

Effect of hCG administration on ovulation and estrus in Saanen goats subjected to short-term estrus synchronization protocol during the breeding season

This study aimed to compare the effect of hCG administered at 24 or 36 h following a short-term estrus synchronization treatment on the ovulation time and estrus parameters in non-lactating Saanen goats during the breeding season. The estrous cycles of does were synchronized with an intravaginal sponge containing 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) for six days, and an injection of 125 µg of d-cloprostenol at the time of sponge insertion in addition to an injection of 300 IU of eCG 24h before sponge removal. After removal of the sponges, does were injected intramuscularly either 1 ml physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after 12 h (Group1/Control; n=10), 100 IU hCG after 24 h (Group2; n=9) or 100 IU hCG after 36 h (Group3; n=9). Estrus behavior after sponge removal was observed twice daily for 84 h using teaser bucks and transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed twice a day for seven days to determine small, medium and large follicle numbers, luteal development and the time of ovulation. Blood samples were collected on the same days to determine serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentrations. No significant differences were observed in terms of estrus parameters, ovarian structure and serum P4 and E2 concentrations between the hCG-treated groups and the control group. Average values observed for all groups: estrous response (53.57%), the interval from sponge removal to estrus and ovulation (35.2 h and 67.86 h, respectively), duration of estrus (18.4 h), the interval from estrus onset to ovulation (50.37 h), ovulation rate (96.43%), number of ovulations (1.36), ovulatory follicle diameter (6.86 mm), corpus luteum diameter (8.22 mm), follicle and luteal growth rate (1.17 and 0.68 mm/day, respectively). In conclusion, administration of hCG at 24 or 36 h following a short-term estrous synchronization protocol does not affect ovulation time, estrus parameters, and serum P4 and E2 concentrations in goats during the breeding season.

Comparison of the efficacy of Lecirelin and hCG for ovulation induction in mares

Ovulating agents are very useful drugs in equine breeding, hCG being the first intention molecule, whereas GnRH agonists are especially interesting for any mare immunized against hCG, like repeat breeders and embryo donor mares. In Europe, no long acting GnRH agonist is available in veterinary practice. Saline solutions of buserelin or triptorelin, which is only available for human treatments in Europe are commonly used for equine ovulation induction (Dordas-Perpinya et al. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 2020; 55:374-383). An alternative, Lecirelin which is licensed in cattle and rabbits, has been evaluated in donkeys (Carluccio et al. Therio. 2007;68:914-919). The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of lecirelin with hCG in horses. Forty mares underwent ovulation induction on four consecutive cycles, two cycles with hCG and two cycles with lecirelin, including one spontaneous estrus and one following chemical luteolysis. Mares were examined on a daily basis to check ovarian follicles diameter, uterine edema, and cervical softening. Once they presented a preovulatory follicle over 35 mm, and uterine edema (>=2) (Mc Kinnon. Equine diagnostic ultrasonography. 1998; 79-102) and a soft cervix, they were randomly injected with saline solution containing 200 µg of Lecirelin or 1500 IU of hCG intravenously. After induction, they were scanned every 12 hours until ovulation. Mares were inseminatedwith a mix of fresh semen of two fertile stallions 20 hours after induction on the spontaneous cycles. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at day 12 and day 14. As each mare is her own control, statistical analysis was performed by χ², Fisher's test and Student's test for matched data. Follicle size at injection did not differ significantly between the two induction treatments (p>0,05), with or without distinction of spontaneous and induced cycles. Rates of ovulation in the 24-48 hours post-injection did not significantly differ between lecirelin (71%) and hCG (83%) on estrus following chemical luteolysis (p>0,05) or spontaneous estrus (43% for lecirelin and 68% for hCG) (p>0,05). We observed significantly more spontaneous ovulations occurring within the first 24 hours after induction with hCG (27% on spontaneous estrus, and 15% after chemical luteolysis) than with lecirelin (5% on spontaneous estrus, 7% after chemical luteolysis) (p < 0,05). Pregnancy rates were not significantly different following induction by lecirelin (67%) or hCG (57%) (p>0,05). These results highlight the usefulness of saline solution of lecirelin licensed in Europe for bovine and rabbit for induction and synchronization of ovulation for mares with control cycles. Lecirelin may be particularly suitable for embryo donor mares with a reduced hCG response.

Administration of melatonin prior to modified synchronization protocol improves the productive and reproductive efficiency of Chinese crossbred buffaloes in low breeding season.

Melatonin is a neurohormone involving various biological processes, including restoration of cyclicity in animals with seasonal breeding patterns. The use of melatonin in different forms has gained broader acceptance in different species, particularly in summer anestrous buffaloes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the melatonin effect on the reproductive and productive performance of crossbred buffaloes during the low breeding season. Sixty-five cyclic and reproductively sound crossbred buffaloes were randomly allocated to three groups: the G1 (n = 20) served as the control group and received no single melatonin, G2 received melatonin (n = 22; 18 mg/50 kg, body weight) once prior to synchronization and G3 group was administered multiple melatonin injections (n = 23; 6 mg/50 kg body weight) for three consecutive days before the start of the synchronization protocol. The reproductive performance, milk yield traits, and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and melatonin levels were evaluated in treated and untreated crossbred buffaloes. The results revealed that a single dose of melatonin administration has (p < 0.05) improved estrus response, ovulation occurrence and follicular growth in crossbred buffaloes compared to control groups. Higher pregnancy rates were observed in both melatonin-treated buffalo groups compared to the control. Following the administration of melatonin, serum IgM level increased in G2 and G3; however, an increment in melatonin level (p < 0.05) was detected in the G2 group only as compared to the control group subsequent day of melatonin administration. The milk compositions were not affected by melatonin administration except for milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count (SCC). The melatonin administration (p < 0.05) decreased the somatic cell count in buffalo milk compared to untreated. In conclusion, single or multiple doses of melatonin before initiating the synchronization protocol improved the ovulation, ovulatory follicle diameter and pregnancy rates in crossbred buffaloes during the low breeding season. Moreover, the administration of melatonin enhanced the IgM values along milk traits in terms of milk protein, MUN and somatic cell count in treated buffaloes.

Comparation of Physiology, Diameter of Ovary and Follicle at PO Cows Treated Different Method of Estrus Synchronization

One of the biotechnology reproductive used is estrus synchronization. This study determined the body’s physiological, estradiol level, and ovarian and follicle diameter in Peranakan Ongole (PO) cow estrus synchronization using modified progesterone-PGF2α and double injection of PGF2α. This study used 10 PO cows which were divided into two groups. Group 1, cows were given a modified intravaginal sponge containing 250 mg progesterone/sponge for 6 days, followed by intramuscularly injection of PGF2ɑ 25 mg/cow on day sixth. Appearance of estrus was observed on day 7th -9th. Group 2, cows were given a double injection 25 mg/cow of PGF2ɑ intramuscularly at 14-day intervals, then estrus was observed on day 15th -17th. The vaginal temperature was checked using a thermometer, the respiratory frequency was checked by inspection of thorax movements, and the pulse rate was checked by palpation of the coccygeal artery. Ovarian and Graafian follicle diameters were examined using ultrasonography. The data were analyzed using either T-Test or descriptive test. The results showed that in cows that were synchronized to estrus using combination of modified progesterone-PGF2ɑ and double injection of PGF2ɑ, the vaginal temperature, pulse rate, and respiration frequency were 36.9±0.98 and 37.34±0.83, 57.60±12.52 and 74.80±26.59, 30.40±10.43 and 20.00±2.83 respectively. There was no significant difference in ovarian and follicle diameter (P>0.05). The conclusion was the results of body physiology were in normal conditions but still below the average of cows undergoing estrus, and there were no significant differences in ovarian and Graafian follicle diameters.

Ovarian follicle dynamics in ewes treated with intra-vaginal progesterone pessaries. 2. Factors affecting timing of estrus and reproductive outcomes following artificial insemination.

This study extends observations on the effects of intra-vaginal progesterone treatment on the relationships between the time of luteolysis, emergence of the ovulatory follicle, timing of estrus and ewe fertility. Observations were made in progesterone - treated ewes in autumn, the spring equinox and late spring (Experiment 1, Data set 1) and in progesterone - treated ewes and naturally cycling ewes in autumn and the spring equinox (Experiment 1, Data set 2). In Data set 1, the day of emergence of both the first and second ovulatory follicle was positively related to the day luteal regression within each season. In turn, the day of emergence influenced the timing of estrus by means of a season by day of luteal regression interaction (P<0.001) indicating that the relationship was positive in autumn and the spring equinox but negative in late spring. In autumn, older ovulatory follicles were associated with an earlier onset of estrus compared with younger ovulatory follicles. In late spring, this relationship was reversed and was influenced by whether or not ewes were cycling at the time of pessary insertion. In Data set 2, the relationship between the day of follicle emergence and luteal regression was influenced by a treatment by day of regression interaction indicating the relationship was positive in treated ewes and negative in naturally cycling ewes. Timing of estrus was positively related (P<0.001) to both the day of luteal regression and the day of follicle emergence (P<0.05), with both relationships being stronger in naturally cycling ewes than in treated ewes. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rate following artificial insemination in autumn was highest (90.2%) when luteolysis occurred during Days 7-9 of the pessary period compared with Days 1-6 (77.8%, P=0.16), 10 to 12 (68.8%, P<0.05) or Days ≥13 (71.2%, P<0.05). Timing of estrus was not affected. The mean diameter of ovulatory follicles that emerged during Days 7-9 was larger on Day 12 (5.8±0.13mm) compared with other periods (range 4.7±0.05 to 5.6±0.14mm). This study provides two potential strategies to improve the success of AI programs. Firstly, appropriately timed treatment with PGF2α to control the time of emergence of ovulatory follicles and, secondly, earlier treatment with eCG to improve the development of ovulatory follicles that emerge late in the pessary period. Each is likely to be influenced by season and the cyclical status of the ewe.

Nasal immunization with AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccine for improving follicle development and fertility in buffaloes.

Inhibin DNA vaccine has already been proven to improve the fertility of animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)-Inhibin (INH)-RF-amide-related peptides (RFRP) DNA vaccine on immune response and reproductive performance in buffalo. A total of 84 buffaloes were randomly divided into four groups and nasally immunized twice a day with 10 ml of either AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccines (3 × 1010 CFU/ml in group T1, 3 × 109 CFU/ml in group T2, and 3 × 108 CFU/ml in group T3) or PBS (as a control) for 3 days, respectively. All animals received a booster dose at an interval of 14 days. ELISA assay revealed that primary and booster immunization significantly increased the anti-AMH, anti-INH, and anti-RFRP antibody titers in the T2 group compared with that in the T3 group. After the primary immunization, the antibody positive rate was significantly higher in the T2 group than that in the T3 group. In addition, ELISA results indicated that concentrations of E2, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were significantly higher in the antibody-positive (P) group compared to the antibody-negative (N) group. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of P4 between the P and N groups. Ultrasonography results revealed a highly significant increase of 2.02 mm in the diameter of ovulatory follicles in the P group compared to the N group. In parallel, growth speed of dominant follicles was significantly higher in the P group than that in the N group (1.33 ± 1.30 vs 1.13 ± 0.12). Furthermore, compared to N group, the rates of oestrus, ovulation, and conception were also significantly higher in the P group. The novel AMH-INH-RFRP DNA vaccine improves the proportion of oestrus, ovulation, and conception in buffalo by promoting the production of E2 and the growth of follicles.

Histological study to the effect of Potassium Dichromate on the reproductive organs in mature rats

This study was designed to show the effect of potassium dichromate (24 mg/kg orally for 60 day) in mature male and female. The results of experiment in male rats showed decrease in seminiferous epithelia thickness and number of stage VII cells (spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatids) at the same time the experiment of immature female rats treated with potassium dichromate showed increase in the diameter of ovarian follicles in the categories (101-200), (201-300) and (&lt;400) .It was concluded that potassium dichromate has detrimental effects on living tissue and in some sexual parts in both sexes (male and female) .

Dietary Supplementation of Capsaicin Enhances Productive and Reproductive Efficiency of Chinese Crossbred Buffaloes in Low Breeding Season.

The present study investigated the role of dietary capsaicin (CPS) supplementation on milk yield (liters/head) and milk composition (total solids, lactose, albumin, protein, fat, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), somatic cell count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), serum metabolites (lipoprotein esterase (LPL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and reproductive physiology (follicular development, estrus response, ovulation and pregnancy) following synchronization during the low breeding season. One hundred (n = 100) crossbred buffaloes were randomly assigned to four dietary groups consisting of CPS supplementation dosages (0, 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg of total mixed ration; TMR) as CPS-0 (n = 26), CPS-2 (n = 22), CPS-4 (n = 25) and CPS-6 (n = 27), respectively, in a 30-day feed trial. The results revealed that the CPS-4 group of buffaloes had a better estrus rate (72%) along with improved (p < 0.05) ovulatory follicle diameter (13.8 mm), ovulation rate (68%) and pregnancy rate (48%) compared to other treatment groups. Milk yield improved (p < 0.05) in CPS-4 supplemented buffaloes after day 20 of the trial, comparatively. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of milk sampling day (day 30) on total milk solids, lactose, milk protein and MUN levels, whereas lactose, MUN, SCC and SCS were influenced by supplementation dosage (CPS-4). Glucose levels were affected in buffaloes by sampling time (artificial insemination (AI) and 50-day post-AI) and CPS-dose (CPS-4 and CPS-6), respectively. LPL level changed in CPS-2 and CPS-4 groups at AI time and 50 days after AI. In addition, the AST level was different in CPS-4 at AI time and 50 days after AI. Therefore, our data suggest that a medium dose (~4 mg/kg of TMR) of CPS provided a better response in the form of milk yield, milk composition, serum metabolites and reproductive performance in crossbred buffaloes during the low breeding season.

Nonlethal Tools to Identify Mass Ovarian Follicular Atresia in Burbot

AbstractSkipped spawning, or variation in spawning periodicity, occurs in many annual spawning fish species and is an important consideration for population management. We assessed plasma sex steroid concentrations and measured gonad size and ovarian follicle diameter as metrics to nonlethally identify mass ovarian follicular atresia, which may contribute to skipped spawning in Burbot Lota lota. We maintained wild fish in captivity and exposed them to increasing water temperatures during a 3-wk period before the spawning season to induce mass ovarian follicular atresia. We collected ovarian follicles, blood plasma, and gonadal sonograms from fish weekly between January 28, 2018, and March 25, 2018. We histologically analyzed ovarian follicles to confirm stage of maturity. We measured concentrations of plasma sex steroids testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β (E2) by radioimmunoassay. We measured gonad diameter and circumference by ultrasonography and ovarian follicle diameter by image analysis. Mean plasma T concentration decreased from 8.94 ng/mL during late vitellogenesis to 1.83 ng/mL during atresia, suggesting that plasma T concentrations may be used to identify mass ovarian follicular atresia. We do not recommend using plasma E2 concentrations to identify mass ovarian follicular atresia because E2 concentrations rapidly decreased during the completion of vitellogenesis and the initiation of atresia in Burbot; therefore, plasma E2 may not accurately identify mass ovarian follicular atresia. Mean gonad diameter measured by ultrasonography decreased from 4.05 cm during late vitellogenesis to 3.65 cm during atresia. Mean diameter of ovarian follicles decreased during the final week of the study, suggesting that ovarian follicle diameter may be used to identify advanced mass ovarian follicular atresia. The nonlethal tools assessed—plasma sex steroid concentrations, ultrasonography, and ovarian follicle diameter—enable fisheries biologists to determine the occurrence and frequency of mass ovarian follicular atresia among Burbot in Lake Roosevelt and may be applied to other Burbot populations.

Follicular fluid and serum biochemical and hormonal profiles of normal and cystic dromedary camel breeds.

Ovarian cysts (OC) in female dromedary camels have been described as problematic because they can cause infertility. This study aimed to compare the hormone concentrations and biochemical contents present in serum and follicular fluid of normal and cystic she-dromedaries of the two most common Algerian camel breeds (Sahraoui and Targui) to gain a better understanding of biological differences that may yield insights into preventing or treating this ovarian abnormality. At an abattoir in southeastern Algeria, 100 pairs of the same females' ovaries and blood samples were taken immediately after the slaughter of clinically healthy, non-pregnant females (8-15 years old) over two consecutive breeding seasons (November 2017-April 2018 and November 2018-April 2019). The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, protein, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were determined using commercial diagnostic kits and standard analytical procedures. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay was used to measure progesterone (P4) and insulin concentrations. The concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and P4 in sera and follicular fluid (regardless of ovarian follicle diameter) were different (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the other parameters studied. Glucose, insulin, cholesterol, urea, and P4 levels in blood serum differed significantly from pre-ovulatory follicles. None of the biochemical and hormonal components measured differed significantly between the pre-ovulatory and cystic fluids of the she-dromedaries studied. The breed did not affect the biochemical and hormonal composition of she-dromedary cystic and follicular fluids. Ovarian cysts appear to form in a metabolic milieu distinct from follicular fluid and blood serum, with no influence from camel breeds. It is suggested that further research on the blood-follicle barrier be conducted to gain a better understanding of the OC development process in she-dromedaries.

Effect of carnosine on ovarian follicle in rats exposed to electromagnetic field

The electromagnetic field (EMF) has an effect on various organs, including the female reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of carnosine on ovarian follicle number and diameter in rats exposed to a 900 Megahertz (Mhz) electromagnetic field. In this study, six different groups were used. 40 female rats divided into groups were evaluated. The ovaries of the rats were removed at the end of the study. Routine histological procedures were performed on ovarian tissues. Follicle number and diameter of all groups were calculated and evaluated under the light microscope. When primary follicle number and diameters were compared statistically among the groups, there was a remarkably meaningful difference between the EMF group and the control, 20 mg carnosine and EMF+20 mg carnosine groups (p&lt;0.05). There were significant irregularities in the structure of the oocyte and the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, especially in the EMF-treated groups. However, the structure of the oocyte and the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the EMF+20 mg carnosine group showed a more regular structure compared to the EMF group. In this study, it can be concluded that the number and diameter of ovarian follicles decreased in rats exposed to electromagnetic field and 20 mg of carnosine may prevent damage caused by EMF.

Histomorphometric changes in the ovaries of thymectomized guinea pigs

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function is necessary for maintaining proper female reproductive cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian histomorphometric and histoarchitectural changes in neonatal, prepubertal and pubertal thymectomized female guinea pigs. A total of 30 female guinea pigs, sham-operated (n-5) and thymectomized (n-5) were studied in each group. The diameter and number of ovarian follicles among the thymectomized and sham operated female guinea pigs during estrus phase of estrous cycle was compared. Gonadal and accessory reproductive organs weights and microscopic features were studied in the sham operated guinea pigs and thymectomized. There were statistically significant changes in the number and diameter of follicles in the ovary in neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs, but no significant changes were observed in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs. Neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs showed significant changes in their weight as well as changes in the microscopic features including reduced thickness of myometrium of uterus and less mucosal folding in the fallopian tube compared to the sham-operated group. But prepubertal and pubertal thymectomy did not affect the weight and microscopic features of gonads and accessory reproductive organs. Depending on the time of thymectomy, these results indicate morphological changes in the ovaries after thymectomy in females.

Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the mechanism of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate in promoting follicle development in yaks.

Yak is the main livestock in the highlands of China. The low reproductive rate of yaks is a serious constraint on their production and utility. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) can increase arginine synthesis in mammals and has been shown to improve reproductive performance. Twelve multiparous and simutaneous anoestrous female yaks were randomly divided into two groups, one of which was fed the basal diet (Control, n = 6), and the other was fed the basal diet supplemented with NCG at 6 g/day/yak (NCG, n = 6). All yaks were slaughtered on the 32nd day (the time predicted for the selection of the last wave of dominant follicles), and their ovarian tissues were collected and follicles were classified. NCG supplementation increased the number of large ovarian follicles (diameter > 10 mm), as well as caused significant changes in the transcriptional and metabolic levels in yak ovaries which due to the differential expression of 889 genes and 94 metabolites. Integrated analysis of the transcriptomics and metabolomics data revealed that the differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were primarily involved in the process of energy metabolism, amino acid metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolic pathways, and lipid metabolic pathways. The highlighted changes were associated with amino acid synthesis and metabolism, ovarian steroid hormone synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, suggesting that NCG supplementation may promote estrogen synthesis and help regulate follicular development by altering the pathways associated with glucose catabolism. The results present important clues for understanding the mechanisms by which NCG supplementation promotes follicular development in yaks. The findings of this study provide a basis for the development and application of NCG in optimizing animal reproduction, including yak reproductive performance, which may help optimize livestock management and uplift the pastoral economy.

Temporal evaluation of follicular dynamics and endocrine patterns of Holstein (Bos taurus), Gir (Bos indicus), and Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) heifers kept under the same nutritional, management and environmental conditions

The objective of the study was to simultaneously compare ovarian follicular dynamics and endocrine parameters of taurine (Holstein; n = 14), zebuine (Gir; n = 5), and bubaline (Murrah; n = 15) heifers kept under the same environmental, nutritional and management conditions. Heifers were synchronized with two PGF treatments 14 days apart. Ovaries of cyclic heifers were scanned daily during two consecutive ovulations and blood samples were collected every 24 h from each animal. No significant difference was found for length of interovulatory interval, however, zebuine heifers presented a greater number of follicular waves, number of antral follicles on day of ovulation, and higher insulin concentration than the other two breeds. Taurine heifers had highest maximal diameter of first wave dominant and ovulatory follicles and CL volume. Taurine and bubaline heifer's dominant follicle of first wave had longer static and regression phases than zebuine heifers. Bubaline heifers presented overall lowest progesterone concentrations and CL volume, but higher IGF1 levels. No difference was observed between taurine and zebuine heifers regarding IGF1 concentration. Despite higher CL volume found in taurine heifers, no difference in mean progesterone concentration was observed between them and zebuine heifers. Insulin and IGF1 concentrations were greater in follicular phase than in luteal phase when breed was not evaluated. After evaluating the three breeds simultaneously, at the same nutritional and management status it is possible to conclude that each genetic group has a specific follicular development and endocrinology of the estrous cycle.

Efficacy of Letrozole Combined with Urinary Gonadotropin for Ovulation Induction in Endocrine Abnormal Infertility Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center, Case-Control Study.

Aims To ask lots of questions and try to find the truth about the medicine-based effectiveness of letrozole (LE) combined with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in the treatment of inability to have children crops patients with endocrine (things that are different from what is usually expected and the effect on ovulation-related chemicals produced by the body). Materials and Methods A total of 160 unable to have children crops patients with endocrine things that are different from what is usually expected who were treated in our hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected as the subjects of this look at how things were in the past study and were divided into instance of watching, making a statement group was treated with human menopausal gonadotropin on the basis of the control group. The differences in serum related to the process of making children, chemical produced by the body levels, ovarian function, and ovulation induction effect between the two groups were watched and compared. Results After treatment, LH, FSH, PRL, and E2 in the observation group were better than those in the control group. The ovarian volume, follicle size, follicle diameter, and endometrial thickness of the two groups of patients were significantly improved, and the observation group was better than the control group. Significance is P < 0.05. After treatment, the ovarian volume, follicle size, follicle diameter, and endometrial thickness in the two groups were significantly improved, and the observation group was better than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, singleton pregnancy rate, and multiple pregnancy rate of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant by the chi-square test (P < 0.05). Conclusion Letrozole can promote the improvement of sex hormones in infertile patients. After being combined with human menopausal gonadotropin treatment, the follicle development and ovulation of patients are significantly improved, and infertility is improved to a certain extent. It has a certain reference value in the clinical treatment of endocrine abnormal infertility.

Effect of repeated low doses of GnRH on follicular development and ovulation in anovulatory dairy cows with follicle growth to emergence size.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of repeated low doses of GnRH agonist buserelin once a day for 5 days on follicle development and ovulation in anovulatory dairy cows with follicles growth only to emergence. The study was conducted on 71 anovulatory Polish Holstein Friesian cows. Anovulation with growth of follicles to emergence was defined as small ovaries with follicles of ≤ 5 mm in diameter and without corpus luteum on two examinations in a 7-10 day interval between 50-60 days after parturition. Cows were allocated to one of two group. Cows from group 1 (n = 58) received 0.4 μg of buserelin (Receptal, MSD, Poland) i.m. once a day for 5 days. Control cows from group 2 (n = 13) received saline. Ovarian structures were monitored weekly after the end of treatment by ultrasound for 4 weeks. The diameter of ovarian follicles on the ovaries was measured and recorded. Occurrence of ovulation was determined by the presence of corpus luteum. Overall, ovulation occurred in 46.6% (27/58) of cows treated with repeated doses of GnRH, while no corpus luteum was observed in the control group during the study period. There were significantly (p⟨0.05) more follicles 6-9 mm in diameter and 10-20 mm in diameter in cows treated with GnRH than in control cows. In conclusion, repeated low doses of GnRH analogue buserelin once a day for 5 days stimulate the development of ovarian follicles in anovulatory dairy cows with small ovarian follicles and led to ovulation in 46.6% of cows during 4 weeks after the end of the treatment.

Evaluation of luteolysis, follicle size, and time to ovulation in Holstein heifers treated with two different analogs and doses of prostaglandin-F2α

Objectives were to evaluate the effect of 2 analogs of PGF2α (cloprostenol vs. dinoprost) and 2 doses (1 injection vs. 2 injections) on luteolysis, follicle diameter, hormonal concentrations, and time to ovulation in dairy heifers. Holstein heifers were fitted with automated estrus detection devices and had their estrous cycle synchronized using PGF2α and an intravaginal insert containing progesterone. Heifers detected in estrus were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: cloprostenol on d 7 after estrus (CLOx1; n = 45), cloprostenol on d 7 and 8 after estrus (CLOx2; n = 41), dinoprost on d 7 after estrus (DINx1; n = 43), or dinoprost on d 7 and 8 after estrus (DINx2; n = 44). Treatment with the first injection of PGF2α was defined as experiment d 0. Area and blood flow of corpus luteum (CL) and diameter of follicles >5 mm were recorded every 12 h from d 0 to estrus and every 6 h thereafter until ovulation. Blood was sampled every 6 h from d 0 until ovulation. Heifers treated with cloprostenol had shorter interval to luteolysis (± SEM; CLOx1 = 23.5 ± 2.2, CLOx2 = 22.9 ± 2.2, DINx1 = 32.6 ± 2.7, DINx2 = 26.4 ± 2.1 h); however, time to ovulation was not affected by treatment. A smaller proportion of heifers treated with a single injection of PGF2α underwent luteolysis compared with heifers treated with 2 injections (CLOx1 = 84.6 ± 6.2, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 59.7 ± 9.8, DINx2 = 96.3 ± 2.7%). Proportion of heifers that ovulated was smaller for DINx1 compared with other treatments (CLOx1 = 88.8 ± 5.1, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 55.2 ± 9.7, DINx2 = 94.4 ± 3.4%). Ovulatory follicle diameter was larger for DINx1 (18.2 ± 2.7 mm) compared with DINx2 (17.4 ± 2.7 mm), whereas dose did not affect the diameter of the ovulatory follicle in heifers treated with cloprostenol (CLOx1 = 17.6 ± 2.7 vs. CLOx2 = 17.8 ± 2.8 mm). Among heifers that underwent luteolysis, progesterone concentrations from 18 to 36 h after treatment were lesser in heifers treated with cloprostenol compared with those treated with dinoprost. Type of PGF2α did not affect progesterone concentrations past 36 h from treatment; however, heifers treated with 2 PGF2α injections had lesser progesterone concentrations and CL blood flow from 36 to 72 h after treatment compared with heifers that received a single PGF2α injection.