Diameter Of Left Coronary Artery Research Articles

Variations in coronary artery diameter: a retrospective observational study in Indian population

Objective: The diameter of coronary arteries varies greatly among general population. The knowledge of variations in coronary arteries helps the clinicians to define abnormalities and plan the treatment. Hence, the present study was aimed to study common primary variations of coronary arteries by angiography in Indian population. Methods: The data for this unicenter, retrospective, observational study was collected from general hospital, Maharashtra, as patient data sheets and coronary angiograms (CAG) reports for a period of 1 year and 8 months. The CAG were studied for variations in main trunk diameter of coronary arteries and range of diameters of coronary arteries. Results: A total of 400 conventional CAGs were observed, of which 17 angiograms showed anatomical variations. The diameter of left coronary artery was more than right coronary artery (RCA) in 90.5% and less in 9.5% of CAGs. Statistically significant difference was observed on comparing the mean diameter of RCA (3.40(0.81 mm) and left coronary artery (4.52(0.95 mm; p<0.001). The range of diameter of RCA (1.8 to 6.2 mm) and left coronary artery differed significantly (2 to 7.3 mm; p <0.001). Conclusion: From the results, it was evident that the diameter of left coronary artery was larger than right coronary artery in majority of CAGs.

Variations in Diameter of the Left Coronary Artery and its Main Branches among Adult Population of Khartoum State, Sudan

Themain left coronary artery and its branches have wide variability in its morphology regarding caliber, as seen through angiographic imaging. This study aims to determine the diameters of the left coronary artery and its branches among the Sudanese population & to correlate these diameters and the personal and health data. Angiography of 441 patients of both sexes was used in this study. Personal and health information was obtained from the records. We found that the left coronary artery's diameter was between 2.90- 4.90mm, with an average of 3.96mm. The diameter of the left circumflex artery in the range between 1.70- 4.70mm, with an average of 2.73mm, and that of the anterior descending artery in the range between 1.20- 4.70mm, with an average of 2.78mm. We correlated the diameters of the three arteries and the variables of age, gender, BMI, coronary artery disease, smoking habits, and hypertension. Wefound many correlations to be significant. We concluded that the diameters of the left coronary artery and its branches are affected by age, gender, BMI, coronary artery disease, smoking habits, and hypertension.

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Coronary Abnormalities and Cardiac Function in a Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease Using High-frequency Ultrasound.

Background:Murine model of coronary arterial inflammation has been widely accepted as an animal model of and used in Kawasaki disease (KD). This study sought to evaluate the developmental changes of coronary arteries and cardiac function in a murine model of KD with a high-frequency ultrasound system and to provide evidence for the preparation of the model of KD.Methods:Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract was prepared and injected into C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) to induce KD. A total of 120 mice were grouped into three groups. The intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment group was i.p. injected with IVIG (2 g/kg), while the KD model and normal control groups were i.p. injected with 0.5 ml of phosphate buffered solution on day 5. All high-resolution echocardiography detection of mouse heart was performed by the same senior technician. Animal echocardiography was performed by measuring the coronary artery dimensions and cardiac function on days 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 (high-resolution small animal ultrasound [Vevo770 pattern; VisualSonic, Canada] with broadband probe [RMVTM707B; frequency, 30 mHz; depth of focus, 1.2 cm]) which were measured and analyzed with Vevo770 software.Results:Pathological studies revealed focal inflammatory infiltrate asymmetrically distributed around the coronary artery trunk in the KD model group. Echocardiographic study including coronary dimension and cardiac function measurements was successfully performed in all subjects. The KD model and IVIG treatment groups showed left coronary artery dilation on days 7, 14, 28, and 56. The diameter of left coronary artery in the KD model group (0.53 ± 0.09 mm; 0.36 ± 0.07 mm; 0.34 ± 0.05 mm; 0.34 ± 0.04 mm) was significantly larger than those of IVIG treatment group (0.22 ± 0.02 mm; 0.28 ± 0.03 mm; 0.26 ± 0.03 mm; 0.27 ± 0.05 mm; 0.26 ± 0.03 mm; all P < 0.01) and the normal control group (0.21 ± 0.02 mm; 0.22 ± 0.03 mm; 0.22 ± 0.02 mm; 0.23 ± 0.02 mm; 0.27 ± 0.04 mm; all P < 0.01) on days 7, 14, 28, and 56. No significant differences were observed in the measurements of cardiac function among the groups on days 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 (all P > 0.05).Conclusions:Echocardiography could identify the consecutive changes of coronary artery in KD mice. Echocardiography is more convenient and direct in evaluating the coronary abnormalities in this animal model.

PO-0022 Assessment Of Coronary Artery In A Murine Model Of Kawasaki Disease By Echocardiography

Introduction This study sought to assess the changes of coronary artery complications and cardiac function in the murine model of Kawasaki disease (KD) with a high frequency ultrasound system. Methods Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) was prepared, and injected to C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally to induce KD. Totally 40 mice were categorised into KD model group and the control group randomly. On days 10, 21 and 60, coronary artery were measured by echocardiography. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVIDd), end-systolic diameter (LVIDs), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS) and blood flow velocity of atrio-ventricular valve during early diastole (E)/atrial contraction (A) were also assessed. Results Echocardiography detected coronary artery and measured cardiac function in all mice. There was a high density echo images around the coronary artery wall at 10 days and 21 days in the KD group, 4(20%) presented local coronary artery aneurysm at 14 days and 21 days. The diameter of left coronary artery in KD group (0.46 ± 0.11 mm on D10, 0.47 ± 0.09 mm on D21) was larger than controls (0.32 ± 0.14 mm on D 10, 0.36 ± 0.06 mm on D21, all p Conclusions Coronary artery and cardiac function could be assessed easily by echocardiography in murine model of KD. Murine model of KD established by LCWE was shown similar natural progression on coronary artery abnormalities with KD patient.

Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin upon the overexpression and over-activation of nuclear factor-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in murine model of Kawasaki disease

To explore the changes of expression and biological activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in a murine model of Kawasaki disease (KD) and elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of IVIG for the treatment of KD. A total of 72 mice were categorized randomly into IVIG, KD and control groups.Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE) was prepared and injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice to induce KD (0.5 mg single injection).IVIG group received an intraperitoneal injection of IVIG (2 mg/g) while KD model group had an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. At Days 14, 28 and 56, the diameter of coronary artery was by echocardiography in 8 mice of each group. At the same time, the stains of hematoxylin & eosin and elastic fiber were used to observe the pathological damage of coronary artery. Western blot was used to evaluate the expressions of NF-κB and MMP-9, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to measure the activity of NF-κB and Gelatin zymography was used to evaluate the activity of MMP-9 in heart samples of murine model of KD. The local inflammatory infiltrate, composed predominantly of mononuclear lymphocytes, of coronary artery trunk and branches was observed at Days 14 and 28 while broken elastin was observed at Day 56. And the inflammatory cell infiltrate was less severe and no apparent broken elastin was observed in IVIG and control groups. On echocardiography, the average value of diameter of left coronary artery in KD model group was higher than that in IVIG and control groups (28 d:(0.48 ± 0.07) vs (0.41 ± 0.03) and (0.35 ± 0.02) mm, all P < 0.01). Compared with the other two groups, the result of Western blot showed that the expressions of NF-κB and MMP-9 in KD model group were markedly higher than those in IVIG treatment group and that in control group at each time point (28 d: (58 ± 14) vs (25 ± 14) & (19 ± 11) µg/L, (100 ± 41) vs (39 ± 19) & (35 ± 19) µg/L, all P < 0.01). The activity of NF-κB by EMSA and the result from KD model group were much higher than those from the control and IVIG groups (28 d: (84 788 ± 2 081) vs (27 220 ± 4 990) & (50 192 ± 1 586) µg/L, all P < 0.01]. And it was in accord with the expression of NF-κB. The outcome of gelatin zymography demonstrated that the activity of MMP-9 had similar change with the expression of MMP-9(18 560 ± 7 963) vs (9 112 ± 3 398) & (11 834 ± 4 996) µg/L, all P < 0.05). NF-κB/MMP-9 is overexpressed and over-activated in the heart of KD mouse models. IVIG may inhibit the inflammatory cell infiltration and alleviate coronary artery. And such a therapeutic effect is possibly achieved by a suppression of the overexpression and over-activation of NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway.

Morphologic expression of the left coronary artery in pigs. An approach in relation to human heart.

Introduction In spite of its importance as an experimental model, the information on the left coronary artery in pigs is sparse. Objective To determine the morphologic features of the left coronary artery in pigs. Methods We evaluated 158 pig hearts. The left coronary artery was perfused with synthetic resin after their ostia had been catheterized. Diameters and courses of the vascular beds were measured with an electronic caliper (Mitutoyo®). Results The diameter of left coronary artery was 6.98 ± 1.56 mm and its length was 3.51±0.99 mm. It was found to end up by bifurcating itself into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery in 79% of the cases, and by trifurcating in 21% of the cases, with the presence of the diagonal artery. The anterior interventricular artery ended up at the apex in 79.7% of the cases, and the circumflex artery at the posterior aspect of the left ventricle in 64% of the case, this artery never reached the posterior interventricular sulcus. An anastomosis between the terminal branches of the anterior interventricular artery and the posterior interventricular artery was found in 7.6% of the specimens. The antero-superior branch of the anterior interventricular artery occurred in 89.9% of the hearts. A left marginal branch was observed in 87.9% of the cases with a diameter of 2.25±0.55 mm. Conclusion Compared with humans, pigs have shorter left coronary artery trunks and branches; even the circumflex artery never reaches the posterior interventricular sulcus. Our findings are useful for the design of experimental hemodynamic and procedural models.

Lack of correlation between left ventricular mass and diameter of left coronary artery main trunk in hypertensive patients

The study was designed to evaluate whether the increase in left ventricular (LV) mass in essential hypertensives (H) is associated with a proportional increase in diameter of the left coronary artery (LCA) trunk. Twenty-six hypertensives, 14 with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (left ventricular mass index [LVMI] ≥>134 g/m 2 in men and ≥110 g/m 2 in women) and 12 without LVH, and 10 normotensive controls (C) underwent clinical laboratory and echocardiographic transthoracic examination. LV dimensions were measured according to the Penn convention and LV mass calculated by the formula of Devereux. The LCA main trunk was visualized by two-dimension short axis view at the level of the great vessels section, and the diameter measured as intima–intima distance at end-diastole. Hypertensives with and without LVH and C had similar age, sex, and body surface area distribution. LVMI was, by definition, significantly higher in H with LVH than in H without LVH and in C (144 ± 21, 113 ± 13, and 98 ± 10 g/m 2, P < .01), whereas the diameter of the LCA trunk was similar in all groups (0.48 ± 0.1, 0.48, and 0.46 cm, respectively). There was no significant correlation between LVMI and LCA diameter in H (r = 0.21, P = not significant). The diameter of LCA trunk was significantly correlated only with BSA (r = 0.5, P < .01), LV end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters (r = 0.5 and r = 0.4, P < .05). Our data suggest that in H the increase in LVM is not associated with a concomitant increase of epicardial coronary artery diameter, and this finding may account in part for the impairment of coronary blood flow reserve in LVH.

MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES IN NEONATAL RATS. † 162

Morphological adaptation of the left and right coronary arteries of neonatal rats was studied using the whole body freezing technique. Newborn rats were fixed by using acetone cooled to -80°C by dry ice on 0(n=20), 1(n=13), 2(n=18),4(n=16) days after birth. The thorax of the frozen rat was sectioned on a freezing microtome in the coronal plane. These sections of the heart were photographed and the inner diameters of the two coronary arteries were measured. Biventricular masses were calculated as follows; all the cross-sectional areas of the ventricular muscles multiplied by 0.3 mm(thickness) were summed up. Left ventricular mass increased rapidly after birth (Oday; 7.9±0.2mm3, 1 day; 11.0±0.5mm3, p<0.01, 2 days; 13.8±0.5mm3,p<0.01, 4days; 22.0±0.7mm3,p<0.01). There was no significant change of the diameter of left coronary artery from 0 day after birth (122±4 μ m) to 2days after(128±2 μ m). Since then, it significantly increased(4days; 165±5 μ m, p<0.01). Right ventricular mass increased after birth (0day; 9.1±0.3mm3, 1day; 10.7±1.4 mm3, 2 days; 12.4±2.4mm3, p<0.01, 4days; 18.3±0.8mm3, p<0.01). The diameter of right coronary artery also significantly increased since 2days after birth(0day; 121±4 μ m, 2days; 123±3 μ m, 4days; 137±4 μ m, p<0.01). In neonatal rats right after birth, there were time lags in the morphological adaptation (increase of the diameters) of the coronary arteries to rapid increase of the ventricular masses.