Dialkyldimethylammonium Chloride Research Articles

A longitudinal study of mass loads of quaternary ammonium compounds in sludge associated with COVID-19 Stringency Index indicators in Beijing, China

This study estimated population normalized mass loads (PNML) of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) including alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATMAC), benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), and dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and assessed their associations with COVID-19 containment policies. We collected daily sludge specimens from five wastewater treatment plants in Beijing from July 2020 to May 2022. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we determined QAC concentrations and backward-estimated their PNML. We used COVID-19 Oxford Stringency Index and its metrics to measure containment policies. We analysed the relationship between QACs and containment measures using linear regression models. Among QACs categories, ΣBAC had median PNML of 94.54 μg/person/day, ΣDADMAC had 282.36 μg/person/day, and ΣATMAC had 802.55 μg/person/day. The ΣQACs median PNML was 1186.12 μg/person/day. The PNML of QACs appeared to have general increasing trend over time and were significantly different across seasons. PNML increased on average by 11 μg/person/day (95 % CI: 3.2, 19) for ΣBAC per 10-unit increase in Stringency Index score. Notably, higher stringency levels in three index indicators — workplace closures, internal movement restrictions, and public gathering restriction were positively associated with higher ΣQACs PNML. Sludge derived QACs may reflect the magnitude of disinfectant use at different stages of pandemic control response.

In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Antifungal Activity of Beta-cyclodextrin and Cinnamon Oil Inclusion Complexes against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense-TR4

The Panama Disease-TR4 is a fatal disease of banana plants caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense-TR4 (Foc-TR4). Cinnamon oil has known antifungal properties, while beta-cyclodextrin has been proven to protect essential oils from degradation through encapsulation. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon oil, and its beta-cyclodextrin complex against Foc-TR4, through their characterization, in vitro antifungal screening, and in silico docking analysis. The characterization of the complex yielded an encapsulation efficiency of 61.18%, an average particle size of 98.27 μm, while its calorimetry confirmed complex formation. Cinnamon oil, beta-cyclodextrin, and the complex were tested against Foc-TR4 through spread plate method against Ivagard (dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) in triplicate. Among the treatments, the complex exhibited significantly weaker antifungal activity, with only cinnamon oil comparable with Ivagard at α = 0.05. Cinnamaldehyde displayed favorable binding energies of -6.1 and -4.9 kcal/mol against the Foc-TR4 proteins, and -3.7 kcal/mol against beta-cyclodextrin. This implies that cinnamaldehyde can spontaneously form stable complexes with the Foc-TR4 proteins or beta-cyclodextrin. These findings suggest the potential of cinnamaldehyde, in cinnamon oil and even in the inclusion complexes, as a viable antifungal treatment against Foc-TR4.

Determination of 25 quaternary ammonium compounds in sludge by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

With the pandemic of COVID-19, the application of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), which can be used in SARS-CoV-2 disinfection products, has increased substantially. QACs cumulated in sewer system are ultimately deposited and enriched in sludge. QACs in the environment can adversely affect human health and the environment. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established for the simultaneous determination of 25 QACs in sludge samples. Ultrasonic extraction and filtration of the samples was performed using a 50mM hydrochloric acid-methanol solution. The samples were separated by liquid chromatography and detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix effects of the sludge on the 25 QACs ranged from - 25.5% to 7.2%. All substances showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100ng/mL, with all determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 9.0ng/g for alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATMAC), 3.0ng/g for benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), and 3.0ng/g for dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The spiked recovery rates were in the range of 74-107%, while the relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8-20.6%. Considering its sensitivity, accuracy, and easy operation, the proposed method in this study was used to determine 22 sludge samples collected from a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the concentrations of ΣATMACs, ΣBACs, and ΣDADMACs were 19.684, 3.199, and 8.344μg/g, respectively. The main components included ATMAC-C16, ATMAC-C18, ATMAC-C20, ATMAC-C22, BAC-C12, and DADMAC-C18:C18, with concentrations exceeding 1.0μg/g. The concentration relationships of different components in the congeners showed that some components were of similar origin.

Improved pervaporation dehydration performance of alginate composite membranes by embedding organo-montmorillonite

In this work, two different montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays were incorporated in sodium alginate (Alg) solution for fabrication of hybrid membrane for pervaporative separation of aqueous isopropanol solution. Sodium-MMT (Na-MMT) was modified to organo-montmorillonite (O-MMT) using cationic surfactant dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). The influence of incorporating MMTs on the membrane properties and separation performance was investigated. Intercalating of DDA+ on Na-MMT tailored the chemical structure and morphology of the MMTs. Integrating of MMTs modified the physicochemical properties of the membranes. The membrane morphology shows the homogeneous dispersion of MMTs in athe Alg matrix. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy analysis revealed a tuned microstructure of the membranes. Swelling measurements showed better compatibility of O-MMT than the Na-MMT with the Alg matrix. As a result, AlgO-MMT had better separation performance than the AlgNa-MMT with permeation flux of 4764 g∙m−2∙h−1 and water concentration in permeate of 99.99 wt% on dehydrating 70 wt% IPA/water aqueous solution at 25 °C. Owing to the favorable compatibility between the polymer and filler, AlgO-MMT membrane demonstrated stability at different pervaporation operating conditions and long-term use. Our results demonstrated that the properties and separation performance of Alg membrane can be enhanced through incorporation of O-MMTs.

Systematic assessment of quaternary ammonium compounds for the potential to elicit developmental and reproductive effects.

IntroductionQuaternary ammonium compounds (QUATs) are commonly found in cleaning products, disinfectants, hand sanitizers, and personal care products. They have been used for >50 years and are considered safe when used according to directions. Recent papers report reduced fertility and neural tube defects in rodents after low‐level exposures. To determine if QUATs interfere with mammalian reproduction and development, we conducted a methodical assessment of all available data.MethodsA systematic literature search identified 789 potential articles. Review of titles and abstracts found eight relevant studies, including two dissertation chapters; to these, 10 unpublished, guideline‐compliant developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies of QUATs (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride [ADBAC] and dialkyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]) were added. ToxRTool was utilized to evaluate all 18 studies for data quality.ResultsSix studies were scored as “reliable without restriction”; four studies were considered “reliable with restriction” (mainly due to small rabbit group sizes). No test article‐related, adverse DART endpoints were reported in these studies. ToxRTool scored the remaining eight studies as “not reliable.” The unreliable studies failed to fully describe methods and/or endpoints, did not quantify (and in some cases, did not verify) exposures, utilized non‐standard test methods, reported endpoints incorrectly, and assessed endpoints at inappropriate times.Some (not all) unreliable studies reported adverse effects after 7.5 mg QUATs/kg/day (mice), but these results were inconsistent. The reliable studies tested exposures ≥100 mg/kg/day (rats) with no effects.ConclusionsThe available weight of evidence indicates no adverse DART effects after QUATs exposures at anticipated concentrations and normal use.

Modifying Cellulose Acetate Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Improved Oil-Water Separation: Comparison between Sodium and Organo-Montmorillonite as Particle Additives.

In this study, cellulose acetate (CA) mixed-matrix membranes were fabricated through the wet-phase inversion method. Two types of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay were embedded separately: sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and organo-montmorillonite (O-MMT). Na-MMT was converted to O-MMT through ion exchange reaction using cationic surfactant (dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride, DDAC). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) compared the chemical structure and composition of the membranes. Embedding either Na-MMT and O-MMT did not change the crystallinity of the CA membrane, indicating that the nanoclays were dispersed in the CA matrix. Furthermore, nanoclays improved the membrane hydrophilicity. Compared with CANa-MMT membrane, CAO-MMT membrane had a higher separation efficiency and antifouling property. At the optimum concentration of O-MMT in the CA matrix, the pure water flux reaches up to 524.63 ± 48.96 L∙m−2∙h−1∙bar−1 with over 95% rejection for different oil-in-water emulsion (diesel, hexane, dodecane, and food-oil). Furthermore, the modified membrane delivered an excellent antifouling property.

Treated Textile Electrostatic Properties Study

In the article research results are presented, which aim to provide treated textile electrostatic properties study. In the article research results are presented, which aim to provide find out abilities of an anti-electrostatic treatment and binding agents for it in treatment of special textile materials and their dependance from modes of operating textile washing. Results of determine a composition and abilities of a functional impregnation; develop a method to study values of electrostatic field for tribocharging conditions of textile materialsare; experimental studies of electrostatic values of materials with functional treatment depending on operating washing modes also presented here. Study results allowed to establish efficiency of the proposed combination of anti-electrostatic active composition based on 5 % solution of dialkyldimethylammonium chloride with a binding agent with the effect to preserve the treatment in the material structure and content of which is 4 % in application of textile fabric with widely used fiber content (cotton 53 %, polyester + oil and water-proofing finish). Acrylic dispersion is stable film-forming component suitable in preserving anti-electrostatic treatment on the surface of a textile material. The research was made in Don State Technical University within the framework of State Assignment of the Ministry of education and science of Russia under the project 11.9194.2017/BCh.

Development of Nanocomposite Polysulfone- Nanoclay Membrane with Enhanced Hydrophilicity

This research involved the development of membranes with local raw materials to suit water and wastewater treatment applications. Indigenous montmorillonite clay was surface modified with dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride to be used as functional additive in polymeric membranes. Polysulfone (PSf) pellets were dissolved in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) and organomodified-montmorillonite (OMMT) or nanoclay was incorporated at varying concentrations up to 1.00%. Casting solutions were vacuum-mixed and degassed using a planetary mixer then casted using MEMCAST™ to produce flat sheet membranes. Characterizations include X-Ray Diffractometry, Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and contact angle measurement. The exfoliation of OMMT platelet structures within the PSf matrix at 1.00% loading showed improved surface roughness and more porous morphology. Improved surface roughness was observed with an increasing value as a function of increasing OMMT concentration. Meanwhile, the morphology of the nanocomposite membranes showed three distinct layers: dense skin layer, porous finger-like layer, and sponge-like structured layer. Moreover, the contact angle of the membranes decreased by 13.7% with 1.00% addition. This enhancement in hydrophilicity could affect properties like permeate flux and membrane fouling, which could play an important role in the functional performance of synthesized membranes with nanoclay additives. One-way ANOVA revealed that the change in OMMT concentration has significant effect on the surface roughness and contact angles of the membranes at 95% confidence level.

Исследование антибактериальной резистентности алифатических четвертичных аммониевых солей в полиуретановых дисперсиях

In this work we investigated the possibility of using different structures of biocides to detect the stability of dispersion and the antibacterial properties of polyurethane water-dispersion coatings to combat the negative impact on materials, bio-damage, which can affect the quality of the human environment. This allows the use of polyurethane aqueous dispersions, where the constancy of aseptic conditions of quality is combined with good properties of polyurethane coatings. The oasheaters have been used in the first year of the 19th century to reduce the number of people. Coatings used dispe6rsionnye water-based polyurethane dispe6rsii complex poliefrov different structure (polietilenglikoladipinat, polietilenbutilenglikoladipinat, and polibutilenglikoladipinat polidietilenglikoladipinat) 2,4-diisocyanate, ionic agent and chain extenders, at a concentration of dry matter of 20-50% by weight. One of the most commonly used methods for determining the activity of antimicrobial agents is the method of diffusion of substances into agar. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial agents by this method is carried out according to the diameter of the zone of inhibition of growth of microorganisms (Escherichia Colli and Bacillus subtilis) on the surface of the substrate. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the actions of the used antimicrobial agents can be arranged in the following order: alkyltrimethylammonium chloride > didecyldimethylammonium chloride > dialkyldimethylammonium chloride. Maximum concentrations of biocides were found at which polyurethane dispersions are stable and do not coagulate: for quaternary amine compounds with one alkyl, the maximum permissible concentration is 10%, with dialkyl the maximum permissible concentration is 7.5%, with trialkyl the maximum permissible concentration is 3%. The increase in the diameter of the suppression of the growth of microorganisms is also influenced by the concentration of the polyurethane dispersion, which makes it possible to introduce antibacterial compounds much more.

Highly efficient separation of surfactant stabilized water-in-oil emulsion based on surface energy gradient and flame retardancy

HypothesisSurface energy gradient would generate an imbalance force to drive tiny water droplets in dry air from the hydrophilic bumps to superhydrophobic domains, which has found on the Stenocara beetle’s back. ExperimentsInspired by this phenomenon, we introduced a pristine superhydrophilic filter paper on the lower surface energy superhydrophobic filter paper. ZnSn(OH)6 particles and polydimethylsiloxane were mixed to prepare the superhydrophobic coating, and the coating was spray-coated on the poly(dialkyldimethylammonium chloride) covered filter paper to separate the span 80 stabilized water-in-isooctane emulsion. A pristine filter paper was added on the superhydrophobic filter paper to fabricate another membrane for separation. FindingsThe results revealed that with a pristine filter paper, the membrane performed higher efficiency and more recyclability, and it could separate the emulsions with higher surfactant concentrations. The stabilized water droplets passed the superamphiphilic surface, and hindered by the superhydrophobic surface, generating a surface energy gradient for better separation. In addition, the superhydrophobic membrane could be protected from fire to some degree due to the introduced ZnSn(OH)6 particles with excellent flame retardancy. This easy and efficient approach via simply bringing in pristine superhydrophilic membrane has great potential applications for water-in-oil emulsion separation or oil purification.

Preparation of Fine Emulsion Emulsified with Dialkyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride and EPDME

カチオン性界面活性剤は衣類への柔軟効果，毛髪へのコンディショニング効果，帯電防止効果，殺菌効果など，それぞれの効果を活かした工業製品に汎用されている。またそれ以外にも有機変性の粘土鉱物に利用されると共に，メントール類縁物質の冷感効果を増強することも知られている。その一方で，一般的にカチオン性界面活性剤の人の肌に対する安全性は高くなく，用途が限られているのも事実である。そこで我々は比較的安全性が高いと考えられるジステアリルジメチルアンモニウムクロライド（DSAC）に着目した。従来DSACを配合した製剤はクリーム系か高濃度のアルコール系に限られていた。そこでDSAC含有の超微細エマルション製剤が開発できれば処方幅が広がると考えた。検討の結果，ポリオキシエチレン （POE）・ポリオキシプロピレン（POP）ランダム共重合体ジメチルエーテル（EPDME）を乳化助剤として用いることで直径30 nm程度の超微細エマルションを得ることに成功した。

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiresidue method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in cheese and milk products: Development and validation using the total error approach

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are both cationic surfactants and biocidal substances widely used as disinfectants in the food industry. A sensitive and reliable method for the analysis of benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) and dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides (DDACs) has been developed that enables the simultaneous quantitative determination of ten quaternary ammonium residues in dairy products below the provisional maximum residue level (MRL), set at 0.1mgkg−1. To the best of our knowledge, this method could be the one applicable to milk and to three major processed milk products selected, namely processed or hard pressed cheeses, and whole milk powder. The method comprises solvent extraction using a mixture of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate, without any further clean-up. Analyses were performed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-ESI–MS/MS) operating in positive mode. A C18 analytical column was used for chromatographic separation, with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water both containing 0.3% formic acid; and methanol in the gradient mode. Five deuterated internal standards were added to obtain the most accurate quantification. Extraction recoveries were satisfactory and no matrix effects were observed. The method was validated using the total error approach in accordance with the NF V03-110 standard in order to characterize the trueness, repeatability, intermediate precision and analytical limits within the range of 5–150μgkg−1 for all matrices. These performance criteria, calculated by e.noval® 3.0 software, were satisfactory and in full accordance with the proposed provisional MRL and with the recommendations in the European Union SANTE/11945/2015 regulatory guidelines. The limit of detection (LOD) was low (<1.9μgkg−1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 5μgkg−1 to 35μgkg−1 for all matrices depending on the analytes.The validation results proved that the method is suitable for quantifying quaternary ammoniums in foodstuffs from dairy industries at residue levels, and could be used for biocide residues monitoring plans and to measure the exposition consumer to biocides products.

The clay mineral modifier as the key to steer the properties of rubber nanocomposites

An innovative organoclay containing polybutadiene chains was prepared in order to make rubber nanocomposites based on natural rubber or styrene–butadiene copolymer. It was obtained by reacting a maleinised polybutadiene oligomer with the CH2CH2OH moieties present in the ammonium cation of a commercially available organoclay (Cloisite 30B). Elastomeric nanocomposites were also prepared with a reference organoclay, formed by intercalation during mixing with dialkyl dimethylammonium chloride. Sulphur cured nanocomposites were characterised in terms of curing kinetics, morphology, tensile and dynamic-mechanical properties; chemical interactions between the modifier of the new organoclay and the matrices can be inferred by experimental evidences.

One-pot Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles from Microemulsion Systems

Abstract Manganese oxide nanoparticles can be obtained simply by mixing surfactant/water/oil ternary systems containing dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate, and n-hexane. This finding is valuable in the design of a one-pot synthesis of nanoparticles from microemulsion systems.

Aquatic Environmental Monitoring of Detergent Surfactants

Since 1998, Japan Soap and Detergent Association has been continuously evaluating the concentrations of four surfactants used in household detergents and fabric conditioners in river surface water: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (AE), alkyldimethylamine oxide (AO) and dialkyl dimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) in Japanese urban rivers, in order to assess the risks of surfactants on aquatic organisms. Surfactant concentrations in the river water in June and September were found to be lower than those in March and December, the season where water temperature is lower, suggesting that the rates of biodegradation in environmental water differ depending on the water temperature. All the measured surfactant concentrations were below the reported predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) and have been decreasing year by year; suggesting that surfactant risk on aquatic organisms in Japanese rivers is low under current conditions.

Methodological approach towards the environmental significance of uncharacterized substances — quaternary ammonium compounds as an example

The European Commission has presented a list of priority substances in addition to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in December 2000. The list of priority substances is a matter of continuous review hence other relevant substances identified as hazardous can be implemented for regulation. In that regard a group of potential hazardous substances, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) is selected for further investigation and assessment, as QAC are widely used as disinfectants, biocides, and detergents among a variety of other applications. This paper provides information on a general interdisciplinary approach for assessing the potential significance of chemical substances hitherto not described in a coherent way considering QACs as example. Benzalkonium chlorides (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides (DDAC) were selected as key compounds because of their product and application profiles, as well as their ecotoxicological properties. For basic environmental risk evaluation, QAC usage pattern, emissions from single source polluters, the fate in waste water treatment plants, concentrations in surface water and sediments, as well as ecotoxicological effective concentrations were analyzed in this study. Based on substrate characteristics and use pattern relevant single source polluters were identified and emission concentrations as well as loads discharged into the sewerage were determined. Effluents from hospitals and laundries but also from wellness resorts showed high effluent concentrations compared to municipal waste water. To describe the fate of QACs during waste water treatment, adsorption and degradation behavior were determined. Additionally the influence of QACs on biological processes, especially nitrification was assessed. Partition coefficient values (log kOC) for QACs were determined between 4.35 for DDAC-C10 and 5.69 for DDAC-C18 (data not shown) indicating the high adsorption potential of those substances to the activated sludge in the waste water treatment plants. Results for BAC-C12–18 were found to be in the same range. Concentrations for nitrification inhibition in waste water treatment plants lay above concentrations found in municipal waste water but in the range of concentrations discharged by single source polluters.

Environmental risk assessment for quaternary ammonium compounds: a case study from Austria

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are widely used as disinfectants, biocides, and detergents, among a variety of other applications. The cationic surface-activity of QAC determines their potential to act as a biocide on both target and non-target organisms. This study aims to provide a broad-based environmental risk characterization and evaluation for selected QAC with particular focus on the situation in Austrian rivers. A modular study design was employed involving environmental exposure characterization, QAC fate and effect analysis in wastewater, ecotoxicological effect characterization, and environmental risk evaluation. A wide array of Austrian surface waters and wastewater effluents were screened for the selected key compounds, benzalkonium chlorides and dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides with different C-chain lengths. Ecotoxicological effect characterization was based on both microbiotests for a set of representative aquatic organisms and a literature review. For risk evaluation, the PEC/PNEC ratio was above 1 for some rivers. Notably, small rivers with a high particulate matter were contaminated with QAC in the case of high water incidents. Hence, for the Austrian sites studied, a QAC-derived risk to sensitive aquatic non-target organisms could not be excluded.

Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part II. Application to sediment and sludge samples in Austria

Soxhlet extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (MS/MS) was used for the determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in solid samples. The method was applied for the determination of alkyl benzyl, dialkyl and trialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds in sediment and sludge samples in Austria. The overall method quantification limits range from 0.6 to 3 μg/kg for sediments and from 2 to 5 μg/kg for sewage sludges. Mean recoveries between 67% and 95% are achieved. In general sediments were especially contaminated by C12 chain benzalkonium chloride (BAC-C12) as well as by the long C-chain dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C18) with a maximum concentration of 3.6 mg/kg and 2.1 mg/kg, respectively. Maxima of 27 mg/kg for DDAC-C10, 25 mg/kg for BAC-C12 and 23 mg/kg for BAC-C14 were determined for sludge samples. The sums of the 12 selected target compounds range from 22 mg/kg to 103 mg/kg in the sludge samples.

Rheology and Microstructural Transitions in the Lamellar Phase of a Cationic Surfactant

The rheological properties of mixtures of cationic surfactant (dialkyldimethylammonium chloride) and water are studied for a range of surfactant concentrations. In particular, we investigate rheological signatures of the conformational transformation of the system from lamellar sheets to lamellar vesicles under the action of shear. For a range of rheological test regimes, including transient, steady, and oscillatory shear, this transition is signaled by a critical stress or yield stress involving step changes in sample strain, viscosity, or dynamic moduli. However, only a portion of the sample undergoes the transition, resulting in lamellar sheets coexisting with vesicles. We further show that the transition is reversible in that ramping the stress down from above the critical stress value results in the disappearance of all of the vesicles. The final viscosity of the mixture can be higher or lower than that for the initial untreated materialpossibly reflecting an imbalance in the net generation or annealing of defects in the lamellar structure by the shear treatment. Oscillatory rheometry indicates that a minimum strain is also required to obtain a phase transition. For transient shear, this corresponds to a minimum residence time in the shear field. In general, the critical stresses increase with the surfactant concentration, though they are relatively constant at 15−20 Pa for concentrations between 20 and 40 wt %.

Selenite-Selective Membrane Electrodes Based on Ion Exchangers and Application to Anodic Slime

A new membrane selenite selective electrode has been developed. The electrode consisted of 4% ion exchanger, QAD 86 PI (dialkyldimethylammonium chloride), as the active material, and 96% SR as the membrane matrix. An analytically useful potential change occurs from 10–6–10–1 M selenite ion. The slope of the linear portion is 19 mV/10 fold change in selenite concentration. No interference was observed for SO42–, SO32–, S2–, HPO42–, Cl–, Br– and I– ions. The lifetime of the electrode was about three months. This electrode has been used for the determination of selenium in anodic slime at pH 8 (ammonia buffer) using standard addition method.