Dialect Names Research Articles

From the name to the popular image of the plant: the Polish names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra)

The names of plants convey information on their appearance (shape, structure, colour), taste or smell, their uses (practical, ceremonial, magical and medicinal) as well as the beliefs and convictions associated with them. Assuming that the particular features of plants, entrenched in their names, must have been important to language users for some reason, the analysis of plant names can help reconstruct traditional knowledge about plants. The author analyses the standard and dialectal names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra) in Polish, juxtaposing the plant’s features revealed in its names (linguistic data) with the cultural accounts associated with the plant (“with-linguistic” data). This allows for the reconstruction of the following features of the plant: (a) the appearance of the shrub, (b) the properties of its fruit, (c) the smell of the plant, (d) the place where it grows, (e) the time of harvesting, (f) its use in folk medicine and (g) the association of the plant with impure powers and diseases. The conducted analyses show that reaching for hard “linguistic evidence” (standard and folk names) makes it possible to compile hierarchies of the characteristics of the plants described. Situating these names against the background of “with-linguistic” data leads to the conclusion that folk nomenclature and folk knowledge enrich and complement each other. The vast number of names for the black elder with different onomasiological bases, presenting different points of view, also demonstrate the relationship between the degree of lexical differentiation and the cultural meaning of the plant. The ethnolinguistic analysis of the names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra), similarly to ethnobotanical studies of folk plant names, provides insights into past and contemporary uses of the plant. Thus, it can provide a starting point for further ethnobotanical research.

"МИР ЖИВОТНЫХ" В ДИАЛЕКТНОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

The work is devoted to the description of the dialectal linguistic picture of the world, which, being part of the general linguistic picture, differs from the latter in its natural character, reflects the peculiarities of the worldview, lifestyle and life of the people. Dialect lexicography is of great importance for the study of regional culture, since it is in the dialect dictionary that folk and peasant culture is reflected. The vocabulary collected in dialect dictionaries is sometimes the only evidence of the life and lifestyle of entire generations of people. When describing dialect vocabulary, special attention is paid to the development of principles for compiling thematic (ideographic dictionaries). The study of a thematic group, rather than a single lexical unit, allows, on the one hand, to form the most complete picture of the studied fragment of reality, and on the other, to study the connections and relationships of each individual word with other words within the thematic group, i.e. to combine the extralinguistic and linguistic aspects of the description. The article considers the method of compiling a dictionary entry of an ideographic dialect dictionary according to nominative nests combining dialect names of certain realities of national life.

The Lithuanian Origin of One of the Polish Dialectal Names of Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.)

This article attempts to establish the etymology of the Polish dialectal name czyżma, which refers to common tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L. This name occurs in the Suwałki region. The analysis conducted shows that the Polish dial. czyżma ‘tansy’ and Polish ciżma ‘type of shoe used in the old days’ have nothing to do with each other. The Suwałki dialectal name of tansy is a loanword from Lithuanian. It comes from the Lithuanian čižmà ‘common tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L.’. The Lithuanian form is most likely a derivative of the verb čìžti, and its semantic motivation is the density (compactness) of the plant’s inflorescences or stiffness of its stems.

Gwarowe nazwy wyrobów ze świniobicia w języku mieszkańców kilku wsi rejonu mościskiego

The subject of the article is the dialectal names of products prepared after pig slaughter presented against the background of the language spoken by Poles in the south-eastern borderlands. My analyses revolve around the dynamics of change to food names. The aim of the article is to present a selected group of lexemes attributed to one of the subfields of dialectal culinary vocabulary, to draw attention to the meaning of names, their origin and motivation (partly also to the formal shape), as well as to discuss the nomination mechanisms. The research is based on own field materials collected in this area.

VOCABULARY OF THE MIDDLE BUG AREA DIALECTS IN THE DIALECT DICTIONARY

The article presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The object of the study is agricultural vocabulary documented in the dialects of the Middle Bug area. The subject of the study is the organization of this lexical layer in the dialect dictionary. The sources of the factual material are audio recordings of vernacular speech with a total duration of 205 hours 54 min. 13 s., made in 74 settlements of the Middle Bug area during the period of 2014–2016. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize the dialect material; the descriptive method was used in the analysis of vernacular speech. Special linguistic research methods: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the documenting of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the speech of speakers of the MiddleBug dialects, linguogeographical method made it possible to illustrate the areology of the documented names. The article describes the structure of a dictionary entry and presents a fragment of the “Dictionary of the dialects of the Middle Bug area”. The register lexemes are marked with letter abbreviations of the names of the examined settlements and with the references to the “Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1982–2012), the “Eleven-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” (1970–1980), the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language edited by B. D. Hrinchenko” (1907), and the “Dictionary of Ukrainian Dialects of Odesa Region” edited by O. I. Bondar (2011) if the respective word is documented as a dialectism in the above lexicographic sources. In order to reveal the semantics of a register word and describe in more detail the specifics of the Middle Bug area dialects, sentences and microtexts of dialect speech with the obligatory indication of the settlement where they were recorded have been added. The peculiarities of pronunciation are reflected and illustrative material is presented using the general phonetic transcription for recording Ukrainian literary and dialect speech, which is proposed in the first volume of the “Atlas of the Ukrainian Language”. The analyzed lexical material emphasizes the originality of the Middle Bug area dialects, as evidenced by pronounced lexical, phonetic and, less often, accentual and grammatical variants of dialect names.

Motivational Feature “Action” in Dialectal Names of Utensils in Yakut Language

The main goal of the study is to describe verb roots in dialectal names of dishes in the Yakut language in order to identify motivational features semantically related to the category of ‘action’. The article employs a descriptive method using morphological and semantic analysis of words. The material for the study consists of lexical units extracted from dialectological and explanatory dictionaries, as well as field materials collected by the author. It has been established that the motivational feature of a derived word is determined by the meaning of the base word. The relationship between the meaning of the derived word and the verb root of the base word is clarified through the use of word-forming affixes that denote properties and functions of dishes: size and volume; cooking process (dishes). The main motivational feature in the examined names is ‘action’, including fermentation, collection, movement, flipping, scooping, etc. The base words include verbs such as ‘bas-’ (to scoop (water)), ‘khalbıy-’ (to remove (e.g., cream)), ‘homuy-’ (to gather), ‘köyör-’ (to wander (about kumis)), ‘khotor-’ (to extract (meat)), ‘tas-’ (to move (kumis)), 'daibaa-’ (to swing, in the sense of ‘scooping with a ladle’), ‘tier-’ (to flip). The author concludes that the realization of this motivational feature can be referred to as ‘verb-type motivation’.

Names of small fur-bearing animals in the Komi language

Introduction. The paper considers the hunting vocabulary in the Komi language. As an independent microsystem, it studies the designations used for the nomination of small fur-bearing animals living on the territory of the Komi Republic. The whole set of the lexical units refers to both types of forest inhabitants – predators and herbivores. The analysis of the factual material is carried out to establish the main stages of the formation and development of this component of the Komi language hunting vocabulary. Materials and Methods. The material contained in the paper refers to the Komi literary language. Of the dialect names, only a few examples are given that are contained in normative dictionaries. The names of both primordial and foreign-language origin are considered. When developing the research topic, the author uses such methods as descriptive, comparative-historical, synchronous-comparative and statistical, as well as methods of semantic and structural-word-formation analysis. Results and Discussion. The article is the first experience of linguistic research of the names of small fur-bearing animals in the Komi language. By substantial basis, this lexical microsystem refers to the designations of the hunting object. The analysis of the factual material was carried out using synchronous and diachronic research methods. Based on the systematization of the available proto-forms, a diachronic hierarchy of the primordial vocabulary is characterized by four components of ancient names: Proto-Finno-Ugric, Proto-Finno-Permian, Proto-Permian and Proto-Komi. It establishes the types and quantitative composition of a group of foreign-language names consisting of ancient and late borrowings. Conclusion. The formation of the Komi language vocabulary related to small fur-bearing commercial animals has taken place over many millennia since the Proto-Finno-Ugric epoch. Most of the names of the analyzed microsystem belong to the primordial vocabulary fund of the Komi language. The foreign-language component of the names of small fur-bearing animals takes an insignificant place, its formation occurred as a result of the penetration of borrowings from two external sources.

Dialectal names of working parts of the cultivator

This article describes the names of the working parts of the cultivator (sprężyny, cynki, zęby, pazury, łapy, łapki, rapy), their geography, origin and motivation. Keywords: dialectal lexis – farming tools – cultivator.

Nepalese Fine and Aromatic Rice Landraces: A Review

With the recent issue of Geographical Indication (GI) tag claim by India on Basmati rice, Nepalese rice sector got an urgent call to conserve and promote fine and aromatic rice landraces. Fine, medium, coarse landraces were further classified into aromatic and non-aromatic. Some of the aromatic landraces popularized by their local dialect names as Basmati anadi, Basmati anpjhutte, Choti basmati, etc. were cultivated in diverse environment by local farmers but utilization in national rice improvement program is insufficient. Just handful of landraces were used as parental lines to develop improved varieties viz. Jarneli in Khumal-2, Pokhreli masino in Khumal 4, Khumal -5 and Palung 2, pureline of Jethobudho as Pokhreli jethobudho, pureline of Lalkabasmati as Lalkabasmati. With the prevailing trend of fast-track registration of the exotic improved lines, our grassroots level efforts to study the genetic makeup and unique attributes of our landraces are overshadowed. However, Jarneli, Kalo marshi, Kalo nuniya, Mansara, etc. were found to be popular for traits nutritious, medicinal, abiotic stress tolerance and resilience to low fertility soil. Furthermore, the modern tools of molecular characterization are yet to be utilized prominently to identify such valuable genes and understand their phylogenetic diversity rewarding for future rice breeding program.

"Szczliwe dni" Stefana Badeniego jako rdo socjolektu owieckiego dwudziestolecia midzywojennego

The subject of the research in the following article is the language of the hunters from the beginning of the 20th century depicted in memoirs The Happy Days by Stefan Badeni.The linguistic analysis proves that in accordance with the thesis by Bogdan Walczak, from the areas of historic sociolinguistics, the language used by the author constitutes a precious source for research connected with hunters sociolects, showing typical items as well as those rare in usage. The before mentioned linguist proves the balanced and regular usage and also variety in hunters sociolect. Moreover, there are also terms not recorded before in branch dictionaries but the usage in context shows the items were fixed in the hunters sociolect during the interwar period.The characteristic language for Badeni presents diminutive forms of sociolectal items as well as lexical and semantic innovations created due to modifications of dialectal names.

Диалектные наименования мутовки в якутском языке (на материале лексикографических источников)

This paper addresses the semantics of dialectal names of mutovka (a stick with branches at the end used for mixing or stirring), with all of them belonging to the lexical-thematic micro-group “Utensils” in the Yakut language. Over 40 dialect names of mutovka with different connotations have been identified in dialectological, lexicographical, and ethnographic materials. The nomination principles of mutovka are determined on the external form and functions. The form and structure of mutovkas (round, branched, cross-shaped), material (wood, cow horn) depend on their purpose. Mutovka has different functions: for whipping koumiss, cream, or butter, and others, with the movement of the tool also of importance for nomination. The basic characteristic of any mutovka is ytyyyy “mixing, stirring, and churning.” The comparative analysis revealed that the Yakut lexemes ytyk and bhiheyeh indicate a common Turkic similarity. Most names of mutovka are part of the lexical fund of the Yakut language developed in the linguistic landscape of modern Yakuts (Sakha). Also, the dialect names bilier, biriel “kumys mutovka” have been found to have Mongolian roots. A semantic description allowed the origin of khamnatar “kumys mutovka” to be determined as an apotropaic lexeme with both all-Yakutian and dialectal meaning. The semantics of the mutovka names concerned reflects the cattle-breeding culture of Yakuts (Sakha) developed and spread in the subcontinental climate in the vast territory of the North-East of Russia. The findings specify the lexical-semantic micro-groups “Tableware,” “Utensils” to “Kumys ware and utensils,” “Ytyk,” to compile the thematic lists of Yakut household culture.

“Regional Linguobotanical Dictionary with Ethnocultural Data” as a Source for Creating a Galery of Phytoportraits and Fitosketches

The article demonstrates the possibility to create multidimensional studies: phytosketches and phytoportraits, dedicated to the analysis of plant images on the basis of dictionary entries of “Regional Linguobotanical Dictionary with Ethnocultural Data”, which the author is currently working on. The article introduces a term and elaborates on its distinction from the term phytoportrait, as well as formulates their main parameters. We suggest a phytoportrait model, including the following headings: introduction, dialect names of a plant/tree/shrub in the Kuban dialects, hyper-hyponymic paradigm, dialect phytomorphonyms, etymology (including folk), word-formation nest, figurative potential of a phytonym, use in everyday life, application in medicine, rites and religious festivals, folklore and folk omens, connected to plants. The maximum and minimum number of headings for each genre is indicated. The article shows the expediency of including illustrative material into the phytoportraits and phytosketches, which are either recordings of dialect speakers' live speech, presented by means of low-literate writing, or illustrative examples from ethnographic materials, the orthography of the source being preserved. The article presents one phytosketch “Zinnia” and phytoportrait “Pumpkin”, which describe the realia of the Kuban flora and their dialectal names.

«Корка на подпорках»: наименования неудачных хлебных изделий в русских говорах Пермского края

The article deals with the Perm dialect names of failed bread products. There are a large number of words in Perm dialects that name such foods, which indicates the ubiquity of home-baked bread. Naturally, there frequently occur various culinary mistakes. Characteristics and nominations of failed baked products testify to the importance for the dialect speakers of such properties as taste, texture, and shape. The author analyzes this group of vocabulary in the semantic-motivational aspect in order to determine the features of its formation, to identify possible borrowings, and to carry out etymological reconstruction of lexemes with an unclear internal form. The study shows that figurative, expressive units predominate in this lexical group; phraseological combinations and expressions, comparative constructions, metaphors are often used to characterize unbaked, not risen, burnt baked products. Basically, this fact explains the numerical predominance of Perm dialect vocabulary among the words with this meaning. The emergence of some lexemes is the result of borrowing from the Permiс (Komi and Komi-Permyak) languages. These lexical units are noted in the northern dialects of the Kama region since the territory of their use was characterized by the closest contacts with the Komi population. The making of bread and other baked products was one of the important duties of a woman in the peasant economy, testifying to her qualities as a hostess. Therefore, when describing failed baked products, speakers of the dialect may sometimes use expressions that indicate the mistakes of a female baker.

Names of Young Cones of Coniferous Trees in the Russian Dialects of Perm Region

This article examines dialect names of immature cones of coniferous trees recorded in the Russian dialects of Perm Region. There are no lexical units to denote this culture-specific element in the literary language and in various Russian dialects, while in Perm dialects they are numerous. The author carries out an analysis of this group of vocabulary in linguo-geographic and semantic-motivational aspects, which makes it possible to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of the nomination of units, identify foreign lexemes, and establish areal connections between Perm dialects and other Russian dialects. It is established that throughout the territory of Perm Region, there are lexical units naming young cones of coniferous trees, which is due to their widespread use as a dietary supplement. Most of these linguistic units refer to spruce and pine strobili, less often there are special names for cedar and fir (Abies) cones. For the most part, these names are Russian in origin, the motivation is based on such features as shape, structural features, and color. There are borrowings from the Komi-Permyak language — козоль (козолька), кузёнка (гузёнка), which are found in the dialects of the northern areas of Perm Region. The greatest overlapping in this group of vocabulary is observed with the Vyatka dialects, which border on the Perm dialects in the northwest. The names of immature cones of coniferous trees can be attributed to the periphery of the lexical system of Russian dialects, which is reflected in phraseology. There is only the word шишка, which means the ripened fruit of coniferous trees in idioms, proverbs, and sayings. The lexeme often denotes something useless in phraseology, since in most conifers, this part of the plant is inedible.

Earliest European Accounts of Chinese Secret Societies in the Beginning of the 19th Century

The paper examines the earliest information by the Europeans concerning activities of the secret societies – traditional public organizations that have played a significant role in history of China and continues to be a phenomenon of public life in China and abroad. Identification of the 1811 report on secret societies in Dutch, which had been considered the earliest, was succeeded in the 1811 Belgian publication. Its attribution to French naturalist L. T. Leschenault de la Tour (1773–1826) is proven. The French original of this account is identified; its text larger version and divergences from the Dutch translation are indicated. The circum-stances of Leschenault's obtaining information of the Chinese secret societies in China on the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies are examined. A linguistic commentary is given on the dialect names of the secret societies and the Chinese personal names of its leadership reported by him. The Russian explorer I.F. Kruzenshtern is described as the first European to report on secret societies in China in Part 2 of the Russian edition of his Voyage Round the World ... of the 1810. The exact time of the original German edition publication of this book is specified. Variety of assessments of secret societies’ nature by Kruzenshtern and Leshenault are elucidated. Their difference from later assessments by Protestant missionaries W. Milne and R. Morrison, who proposed the ‘Masonic paradigm’ is demonstrated. The four original texts by Kruzenshtern and Leshenault with their accounts of secret societies in China are provided as Supplements.

Наименования помещений и пристроек, примыкающих к жилой части дома, в говорах Архангельской области

The aim of the study is to describe the dialect names belonging to the thematic group “Premises and outbuildings adjacent to the residential part of the house”, namely: “The premises above the izba (a conventional Russian farmstead)”, “The premises under the izba with an entrance from the izba; premises with an entrance from the street”, with the involvement of historical, explanatory and dialect dictionaries (based on the dialects of the Arkhangelsk region). The article clarifies the semantics of the nominations under consideration, notes the fixation of words in written records, and gives names that have several meanings, both within the same dialect and in different districts of the Arkhangelsk region. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of a number of dialect names of premises and outbuildings adjacent to the residential part of the house, not noted in the works of dialectologists. At the same time, the need for a comprehensive analysis of the words included in the lexical group “Names of premises and outbuildings adjacent to the residential part of the house” is caused by their insufficient study in historical, lexicographic and linguo-geographic aspects. The analysed vocabulary is systematized by thematic groups. The local names of premises and outbuildings, as well as the meanings of lexemes typical of certain districts of the Arkhangelsk region, are indicated. The original language material recorded in the course of dialectological expeditions is given. As a result of the study, the analysis have shown that the vocabulary denoting premises and outbuildings in the Arkhangelsk dialects was in active reserve for many centuries, and was used in the Russian people’s speech. These words are still present in the speech of residents of the northern regions.

Spoon, Knife and Fork across Slovenian Dialects

The article presents Slovenian dialect names for cutlery used in eating or preparing food – spoon, knife and fork, from a geolinguistic, word-formational as well as etymological and semantic-motivational perspective. The ethnological framework serves in particular to present the reasons for the (non-)borrowing of lexemes. It turns out that the terms for spoon and knife are not diverse from the point of view of borrowing, since the denotata have been in use in the Slovenian language area for a relatively long time. The fork was introduced relatively late as part of cutlery, so the most common name for it is a word-formational diminutive, and a high level of lexeme borrowing is observed in contact with the non-Slavic language area. The name for knife demonstrates word-formational diversity due to different uses in the past. The lexemes nožič, vilice and razsoška or plural razsoške have undergone a word-formational change, as they have kept their structural suffixes, but these do not (or rather, no longer) carry word-formational meaning; they are thus tautological derivations. The lexemes nož and pošada display a semantic change, as the meaning of both has narrowed in the hypernym → hyponym direction.

Russian Dialectal Names of Swollen Veins: Etymological and Motivational Analysis

Russian Dialectal Names of Swollen Veins: Etymological and Motivational Analysis

The problem of nomination is the main problem of ethnolinguistics

The purpose of the article is to analyze the lexemes that denote kinship in the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska. The relevance of the study is motivated by the need for an in-depth analysis of the artistic discourse of Olga Kobylyanskaya in order to form the cognitive-pragmatic concept of the writer. The novelty of the scientific research is due to the fact that the linguistic units denoting family ties are studied in the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanskaya for the first time. The article uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as linguistic methods - descriptive, structural, comparative-historical. Conclusions. In the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanskaya, family ties are implemented by a wide range of lexemes, among them words denoting genetic kinship, nominations of the social role of persons related by family ties. Relationships are realized by the lexemes of the correlative gradual opposition, the members of which differ by one feature. In this semantic group, there are many dialect names related by zero opposition.

Folk Demonology of the Czechs (Ethnolinguistic Aspect)

The article gives an ethnolinguistic overview of the Czech-Moravian-Silesian system of demonological characters, including their dialect names, accompanied, if necessary, by an etymological comment. The article characterizes (first of all, functionally), natural demons (divoženki, hejkadla and other forest spirits; field spirits – režná žena, žitná baba, pražnec, etc.; atmospheric dragons and warlocks, spirits of the wind; water demon vodník or hastrman; poludnice, nočnice, klekanice and other spirits of time; spirits of mountains and earth), household spirits-patrons, including the snake-gospodáříček, and demons-enrichers – šotek, skřítek, plivník, zmok, etc.;giants and gnomes; maiden of fate sudička, werewolf, můra, wandering souls of unbaptized children and sinners expiating their sins in the form of wandering lights, «fears» and other ghosts, personified diseases and Death, devil. Witches that harm and send damage and the evil eye, and healers, removing damage and treating various diseases are also investigated. The review of demonic characters demonstrate the Czech-Moravian tradition in its entity, it will also be useful for comparative studies of Slavic lower mythology.