Dial Scale Research Articles

Research on the Recognition Method of Dial Scales for Arrester Pointer Instruments Based on Deep Learning

To address the recognition challenges faced by arrester pointer instruments’ dial scales in various scenarios, this paper introduces a deep learning-based recognition method for pointer instrument scales. An attention module is integrated into the YOLOv5 network architecture, enhancing the accuracy and robustness of the model. After correcting the dial, dial recognition is conducted with OpenCV to achieve precise identification of the instrument scales. The proposed method was tested using images of arrester pointer instruments against diverse backgrounds. The experimental results demonstrate that the method processes instrument data images in an average time of 0.662 s and achieves a successful recognition rate of 96% with an average error of 0.923%. This method provides a rapid and efficient approach for recognizing instrument scales and offers a novel solution for identifying similar types of instruments.

An Accurate Reading Algorithm for Substation Pointer Meters Based on Improved 2-D Gamma Function and PA-RetinaNet

Aiming at the low reading accuracy of the substation pointer meter caused by illumination and shooting angle, an accurate reading algorithm based on improved 2-D Gamma function and PA-RetinaNet is proposed. Firstly, the multi-scale Gaussian function is used to extract the illumination components and the 2-D Gamma function is reconstructed to adaptively adjust pointer meter images under different illumination intensity. Then, the path augmentation is integrated into the RetinaNet to detect the dial scale digital key points. Meanwhile, combined with the elliptical transformation theory, the correction reference point in the perspective transformation is reselected to realize the tilt correction of the pointer meter image. Finally, the centripetal constraint is added to the line segment detector to achieve accurate positioning of the pointer, and the function between the pointer angle and the meter reading is deduced. Experimental results demonstrated that the method can effectively solve the problem of illumination and shooting angle in the reading of the substations pointer meter.

(Retracted) Automatic reading recognition of pointer barometer based on machine vision

To develop a calibration system for a pointer barometer based on machine vision, an automatic reading recognition scheme of the barometer based on color images is proposed. To locate the dial while extracting the pointer, an optimized three-point-based circle determination method is proposed to calibrate the dial center and segment the dial. At the same time, an improved angle method is proposed to realize the automatic reading recognition of pointer instruments. First, the pointer area is detected and extracted by the three frame difference method, and the pointer centroids are extracted by least circumscribed rectangle fitting, and the optimal three points are selected to determine the center of the circle and locate the dial. Then, the two-color image matrix elements corresponding to different pointers are compared point by point to obtain the maximum value, and the dial without the pointers is also obtained. Through cropping, color channel component extraction, and binarization processing on the dial without pointers, a noninterference dial scale image is refitted, and each scale is fitted with a minimum circumscribed rectangle to calibrate the centroid of the scale line. Finally, using the centroids of the calibrated scale lines, the centroid of the fitted pointer, and the circle center obtained by three-point-based circle determination, the improved angle method proposed is used to realize the automatic reading recognition of the pointer instrument. Experimental results show that this scheme can effectively improve the accuracy of machine vision-based automatic reading recognition for pointer instruments.

An Adaptive Method for Recognition of Dual-pointer Mechanical Instrument Based on Hough Transform

For automatic and efficient reading of dual-pointer mechanical instruments in petroleum engineering applications, an adaptive recognition method based on Hough transform is proposed. Firstly, the instrument dial is detected by Hough transform. Then the center of circle is located, as well as the pointer is recognized. Finally, the linear relationship between the dial scale and the pointer is adopted to calculate the pointer reading. The experimental results show that the algorithm achieves high application value for the dual-pointer mechanical instrument with uniform scales.

The Back Plate Inscription and eclipse scheme of the Antikythera Mechanism revisited

This paper presents a new edition of the Back Plate Inscription (BPI) of the Antikythera Mechanism, a series of descriptions of circumstances associated with eclipses indicated cyclically by the inscriptions of the Mechanism’s Saros Dial Scale. Our edition features several significant new readings as well as the confirmation of a disputed reading pertaining to one of the index letters by which the BPI’s paragraphs are linked to the specific eclipse glyphs of the Saros Dial. On the basis of the new text, we deduce a revision of the established models for determining which lunar months of the Saros cycle had solar and lunar eclipse possibilities (EPs) and for assigning the solar EPs to paragraphs of the BPI. We further confirm that the entire extant part of the BPI comprises consecutive paragraphs concerning the solar EPs, all inscribed along the right side of the Mechanism’s Back Plate, and we revisit the questions of what the BPI’s predictions mean and how they relate to the model for the solar EPs.

A comparison of three different corneal marking methods used to determine cyclotorsion in the horizontal meridian.

During toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, surgeons must take particular care to ensure that inaccurate preoperative measurement and intraoperative misalignment do not cause unexpected postoperative residual astigmatism. This retrospective, comparative case series study aimed to analyze the rotational deviation, or cyclotorsion, of three corneal marking methods: VERION digital marker (VDM; reference), horizontal slit beam marking (HSBM), and subjective direct visual marking (SDVM) on the table (using a bevel knife tip). Subjects included 81 eyes of 61 patients (mean age: 65.70±13.14 years; range: 32–91 years) undergoing scheduled cataract surgery. A preoperative reference image was taken of each eye. Subsequently, a slit lamp with the light beam turned to the horizontal meridian was used to align the seated patient’s head, and two reference marks were placed at the 3- and 9-o’clock positions of the corneal limbus using a 27-gauge needle and marking pen (HSBM). Upon transfer to the surgical table, the VDM was used to display a real-time dial scale on the patient’s eye, with the entrance of the temporal clear corneal incision (CCI) at 0° (horizontal meridian). Simultaneously, a bevel knife tip was used to create a marker based on the surgeon’s visual determination of the temporal 0° point (SDVM). We used the VDM to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of axis alignment via deviation from the horizontal reference meridian. Compared with the reference meridian, the SDVM (−3.46°±7.32°, range: −18° to 13°) exhibited greater average relative cyclotorsion versus the HSBM (0.41°±4.92°, range: −10° to 10°). Furthermore, the mean average misalignment was significantly less in the HSBM group versus the SDVM group (t=4.179, P<0.001). The VDM is likely a reliable marking method, similar to the HSBM. In contrast, the SDVM is not entirely reliable. The VDM usage may prevent inaccurate preoperative manual marking during toric IOL implantation.

The Front Dial and Parapegma Inscriptions

The dial at the center of the front face of the Antikythera Mechanism was surrounded by two scales, one representing the zodiac, the other the Egyptian calendar year. The Zodiac Scale was inscribed with the names of the zodiacal signs as well as series of index letters in alphabetic order, while the Egyptian Calendar Scale was inscribed with the Greek names of the Egyptian months. In addition, two rectangular plates, the remains of which survived displaced from their original positions, bore an inscription, called the Parapegma Inscription, comprising an alphabetically indexed list of annually repeating astronomical events relating to the Sun and to fixed stars. This paper gives transcriptions and translations of the inscriptions on the dial scales and the Parapegma Inscription, and deduces the original structure, layout, and location of the Parapegma Inscription. A provisional astronomical analysis of the data in the Parapegma Inscription and tentative restorations of some of its damaged and missing lines are also provided.

Accuracy and consistency of weights provided by home bathroom scales

BackgroundSelf-reported body weight is often used for calculation of Body Mass Index because it is easy to collect. Little is known about sources of error introduced by using bathroom scales to measure weight at home. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of digital versus dial-type bathroom scales commonly used for self-reported weight.MethodsParticipants brought functioning bathroom scales (n = 18 dial-type, n = 43 digital-type) to a central location. Trained researchers assessed accuracy and consistency using certified calibration weights at 10 kg, 25 kg, 50 kg, 75 kg, 100 kg, and 110 kg. Data also were collected on frequency of calibration, age and floor surface beneath the scale.ResultsAll participants reported using their scale on hard surface flooring. Before calibration, all digital scales displayed 0, but dial scales displayed a mean absolute initial weight of 0.95 (1.9 SD) kg. Digital scales accurately weighed test loads whereas dial-type scale weights differed significantly (p < 0.05). Imprecision of dial scales was significantly greater than that of digital scales at all weights (p < 0.05). Accuracy and precision did not vary by scale age.ConclusionsDigital home bathroom scales provide sufficiently accurate and consistent weights for public health research. Reminders to zero scales before each use may further improve accuracy of self-reported weight.

A Weighty Matter: Patient Scales

Patient scales come in a variety of forms, using different technologies and methods to ultimately deliver a reasonable approximation of an object’s or person’s weight. In the medical profession, these measurements are used and recorded in a patient’s record to help monitor well-being, assess the effectiveness of treatment, and determine medication dosage. Scales started out as balances—a beam balanced on a fulcrum with some means of attaching objects to either end was as sophisticated as it got. The object to be weighed was placed on one side and known weights were added to the other side until equilibrium was found. To verify the accuracy of the balance, one had only to trade the places of the object and the weights to see if the equilibrium was once again achieved. This simple device, while very accurate, is hardly practical in the modern medical environment. Eventually the off-center balance was designed. It measured mass using proportionally smaller reference weights, but this balance still had same mechanical principle as the original balance. This highly accurate balance’s only drawback is the inability to verify accuracy. The proportional weight’s accuracy must be verifi ed against another known accurate weight. Losing just one reference weight can render this offcenter balance relatively useless. The Modern Scale The modern mechanical balance beam scale is designed with a reference weight that slides along a beam inscribed with a numerical scale representative of the mass of the object being weighed. This sliding weight, called a poise, is specifi cally calibrated to the beam it slides along. The base of the modern mechanical scale consists of a platform suspended on a rack-and-pinion system, which evenly disperses the weight over the base of the scale. Connecting rods, springs, and levers are used to attach the weighing platform to one end of the balance and the poise slides along the opposite side until the beam is balanced. This same platform system is used in analog and dial scales commonly seen in doctor’s offi ces and medical centers. In this case, the platform is connected to a calibrated coiled spring dial. As more weight is applied, the spring is coiled tighter, and the attached dial twists to a higher number on the face of the gauge.

Growth monitoring: family participation: effective community development.

Growth monitoring was introduced into most developing countries in the 1970s with the aim of combating under nutrition in infancy and childhood. Ten years later analysis showed weight charts were not completed satisfactorily and not used in decision making. Although growth monitoring is now seldom mentioned in nutrition studies, the authors of this study are convinced of its value. With new technology using the direct recording scales (DRS), illiterate or semi-literate mothers are able to complete the growth curve on the weight chart and acquire understanding about the process and its significance for their infant. This study investigates the understanding of the growth curve by the rest of the family. The mother, their daughters and significantly, the grandmothers were shown to have comprehended the meaning of the growth curve. In families where mothers weighed their infant using the DRS, a smaller proportion were found to be suffering from periods of growth failure compared with families where the infant was weighed by community health workers with a dial scale. There are obvious gains if technologies are moved from the clinic into the family and the community. The weighing and charting of children by DRS may be a further step in the fight to overcome undernutrition in developing countries.

Comparison of effectiveness of direct recording scale and dial scale

Comparison of effectiveness of direct recording scale and dial scale

Growth-monitoring Teaching Aid to improve mothers' understanding

Most growth-monitoring programmes in developing countries have not been successful in reducing malnutrition, in part due to the exclusion of mothers from the process of growth monitoring.1 An essential requisite for greater participation is for mothers to understand the meaning of a growth curve. Mothers using the Direct Recording Scales which make the practical task of representing information on a graph considerably easier than with standard dial scales,2 have taken up to 9 months to understand the meaning of a growth curve.

Instrumentation of birth weight in obstetric facilities

An investigation on measurement of birth weight in facilities was made in the northern part of Fukuoka Prefecture from March 1989 to January 1991. The purpose of the investigation was to clarify the reliability of birth weight data in obstetric facilities. The author interviewed the manager of each facility. The data of 112 cases were analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1) Nurses and midwives measured birth weights in many facilities, but doctors rarely did. Birth weights were obtained within an hour after birth in almost all facilities. Tare and zero-adjustment were frequently checked in many facilities, but horizontal-adjustment was not checked in about a half of the facilities. 2) The types of scales were digital scales (48.2%), dial scales (31.3%), table-top platform scales (10.7%) and bathroom scales (9.8%). It was estimated that 70.6% of the all birth weights in these facilities were obtained with digital scales. The renewals of scales in the past 5 years has resulted in the widespread use of digital scales in facilities. 3) The accuracy and precision of each scale were examined with weights of 3000g. Digital scales were superior to the other types of scales in both accuracy and precision. The legal periodical inspection for scales improved accuracy. Procedures for measuring birth weight are not generalized among and within facilities. Digital scales have many merits for handling and reading. The spread of digital scales in facilities may decrease the degree of many kinds of errors in measurement, especially rounding errors, and improve the reliability of the data in the area.

Horn and Cementum Annulation as Age Criteria in Japanese Serow

An examination of a section of the horn sheath of Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) showed that the number of growth layers in the keratinized zone correlated with age. Patterns of cementum annulation were also valid criteria for accurately estimating age. These methods were confirmed by using 18 known-age samples. The reliability of horn ring counts was checked by annulations in both horns and teeth and were found to be a useful means of estimating age. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 49(1):152-156 Examination of age structure is important in understanding the population dynamics of any species and, thus, a reliable technique for determining age is needed. Current studies of bovids use two major methods for age determination. The first, sectioning of mandibular teeth to count cementum annuli, has become an accepted technique (Armstrong 1965, Novakowski 1965, Hemming 1969, Pekelharing 1970, Turner 1977). This method undeniably yields useful results but involves considerable time and effort. A second technique is a horn segment count, which has been traditionally used by game biologists (Murie 1944, Welles and Welles 1961, Woodgerd 1964, Caughley 1965, Knaus and Schrbder 1983, Koubek and Hrabe 1983). The validity of this method has been established from a tagging-aging study for bighorns (Geist 1966) and by comparisons with horn segment and dental annulation (Turner 1977). Whenever this method is adopted, a problem may occur in distinguishing between true age rings and occasional obscure rings. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and accurate technique for determining age in Japanese serow based on the layered structure of the horn sheath and teeth. In addition, the reliability of the horn segment count was checked by internal examinations of the horn sheaths. I am indebted to the Dep. of Vet. Anat., Gifu Univ., headed by M. Sugimura, for assistance in collecting samples. I wish to thank N. Maruyama, Tokyo Univ. of Agric. and Technol., and K. Yasui, Kyoto Munic. Zoo, for their invaluable assistance and encouragement. K. Tokita, R. Higashi, and H. Higashi, Res. Cent. for Jpn. Wildl., and M. Kanamori, Aichi Univ. of Educ., provided much valuable help throughout the study. I would also like to thank Y. Ono, Kyushu Univ., and M. Asahi, Hyogo Coll. of Med., for many helpful suggestions and encouragement. I gratefully acknowledge R. Kishimoto, Osaka City Univ., for supplying known-age samples. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Sci. Res. from the Minist. of Educ., Sci. and Cult., Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples for this study included teeth and horns from about 1,000 Japanese serows collected from three sources from 1977 to 1982. The first 936 samples were collected from a special population control experiment in Gifu a d Nagano Prefectures in the central part of Honshyu. They were collected after indiscriminate shooting of individuals from December to Ma ch. The second sample group, 24 serows of both sexes that died natural deaths, were collected from a wide range of localities in Honshyu and Shikoku. Finally, the teeth and horns of 18 known-age serows (from ? to 71/2 years old) were used to verify the reliability of the technique. Two of these were wild and 16 were pen-reared serows. The maximum length and maximum diameter of the horns were measured to the nearest millimeter using vernier calipers, and the horns were weighed to the nearest milligram on a dial scale. A median sagittal section was cut from the horn sheath with a circular saw. The section was ground to a thickness of 2 mm on a rotary surface grinder with a graded series of carborundum powders and cooled with water. It was then decolored in a 5% hydrogen peroxide solution for 24 hours or longer, and rinsed with tap water for 2 hours. The polished face of the horn section was etched by immersing it in a solution of 10% sodium hydroxide for about ?1/ hour. The section was rinsed with tap water and

A device for the remote control of dial scales

A device for the remote control of dial scales

VARIATION OF THE WORDEN GRAVIMETER SMALL DIAL SCALE FACTOR WITH TIME*

AbstractA series of repeat observations during a period of 5 years reveal a variation with time of the Worden gravimeter No. 142 small dial spring system. A possible change in the gravity difference concerned is ruled out. It is shown that the small dial scale factor has diminished by about 0.25 % within the last two years against about 0.5 % four to five years ago. The ratio of L.D. to S.D. has been analysed and the results obtained show confirmation of the change in the small dial system and prove a consistency in the large dial system.

Investigation of the intermediate mechanisms of dial scales with additional weights

Investigation of the intermediate mechanisms of dial scales with additional weights

Effects of anxiety and morphine on discrimination of intensities of painful stimuli.

The testing of analgesics, especially morphine, has yielded a great deal of conflicting evidence concerning the effects of drugs on pain perception. The recent reviews by Wikler (1) and Edwards (2), and the monograph by Wolff and Wolf (3), cover thoroughly the studies that have attempted to measure changes in the pain perception threshold. Although many investigators have reported rises in the pain perception threshold of some of their subjects following the administration of morphine, the majority have obtained variable results. Wolff, Hardy, and Goodell (4) found consistent rises following the administration of morphine under certain conditions. Using the same technique, Andrews (5), Isbell (6), Denton and Beecher (7), and Chapman and Jones (8) found, following morphine, that the pain perception threshold might be elevated, lowered or unchanged. Similar results were obtained by Isbell and Frank (9) in studies on the effect of analgesics on tooth pain perception thresholds. It would seem that the discrepancies were not due to faulty apparatus or lack of objectivity in handling the data. Rather, the reasons appear to lie in conditions that were not held constant or that were beyond the control of the experimenters. One such variable that has been mentioned in several studies as possibly contributing to unpredictability of results is the emotional status of the subject at the time the experiment is performed. Included would be such factors as response of the subject to the experimental room, to the complex apparatus, to the attitude of the experimenter, and to the expected painful stimuli. The uncontrolled variable in the subject's behavior would then seem to comprise that class of responses which is termed anticipatory, i.e., especially effectively toned responses that are anticipatory of pain. This, of course, is one type of fear or anxiety. Isbell and Frank (9) also studied the effect of morphine on the ability of subjects to estimate intensities of painful stimuli. In their investigation, the pulp nerve of a tooth containing a silver amalgam filling was stimulated electrically at intensities three times the absolute perception threshold value. These stimuli, which served as standards, were definitely painful. After morphine the subjects were required to manipulate rheostat knobs on the stimulating apparatus until the test stimuli were reported as being equal to the standard. (The apparatus was so adjusted that turns of the knob did not correspond with the intensity of stimuli or with dial scale readings.) No change in the accuracy of estimation of painful stimuli was observed following the administration of morphine. However, analysis of the conditions under which the studies were conducted indicates that considerable effort was expended to reduce anxiety in the subjects; they were given considerable control of the experimental situation since they manipulated the stimulator knob themselves and applied the electrode to their own tooth fillings. In addition they were trained in estimating intensities of painful stimuli for approximately one week prior to testing. In view of conditions and results discussed! in published studies on pain perception thresholds, it might be expected that if conditions had been favorable for enhancement of anxiety (anticipatory responses to expected unpleasant stimuli), Isbell and Frank would have obtained different results. The present investigation is an attempt to determine the extent to which anxiety and morphine alter pain intensity estimation. The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of controlled variations in the experimenter's treatment of the subject on estimation of pain intensities, while the number, the order, and the intensity of the stimuli were kept constant for all groups. If it could be