Diagrams In Field Theory Research Articles

Non-perturbative Methods in Relativistic Field Theory

This talk reviews relativistic methods used to compute bound and low energy scattering states in field theory, with emphasis on approaches that John Tjon and I discussed (and argued about) together. I compare the Bethe–Salpeter and Covariant Spectator equations, show some applications, and then report on some of the things we have learned from the beautiful Feynman–Schwinger technique for calculating the exact sum of all ladder and crossed ladder diagrams in field theory.

Sommerfeld enhancement: general results from field theory diagrams

Assuming that two incoming annihilating particles interact by a generally massive attractive vector potential,we find, by taking the non-relativistic limit of the field theory ladder diagrams, that the complete annihilation amplitude A is equal to: the convolution of a solution of the Schroedinger equation (including the vector potential) with the Fourier transform of the bare (i.e. ignoring the attraction) annihilation amplitude A0. The main novelty is that A0 is completely arbitrary. In particular for a massless vector potential we find for the l-partial-wave cross-section the Sommerfeld enhancement 2pi/(l!)^2 (alpha/ v)^{2l+1} (v relative velocity), e.g. for the P wave the enhancement 2pi(alpha/ v)^3.

Open and closed string worldsheets from free largeNgauge theories with adjoint and fundamental matter

We extend Gopakumar's prescription for constructing closed string worldsheets from free field theory diagrams with adjoint matter to open and closed string worldsheets arising from free field theories with fundamental matter. We describe the extension of the gluing mechanism and the electrical circuit analogy to fundamental matter. We discuss the generalization of the existence and uniqueness theorem of Strebel differentials to open Riemann surfaces. Two examples are computed of correlators containing fundamental matter, and the resulting worldsheet OPE's are computed. Generic properties of Gopakumar's construction are discussed.

Planar diagrams in light-cone gauge

We consider the open string vacuum amplitude determining the interaction between a stack of N D3-branes and a single probe brane. When using light cone gauge, it is clear that the sum of planar diagrams (relevant in the large-N limit) is described by the free propagation of a closed string. A naive calculation suggests that the Hamiltonian of the closed string is of the form H = H0 - (g_s N) P. The same form of the Hamiltonian follows from considering the bosonic part of the closed string action propagating in the full D3-brane background suggesting the naive calculation captures the correct information. Further, we compute explicitly P from the open string side in the bosonic sector and show that, in a certain limit, the result agrees with the closed string expectations up to extra terms due to the fact that we ignored the fermionic sector. We briefly discuss extensions of the results to the superstring and to the sum of planar diagrams in field theory. In particular we argue that the calculations seem valid whenever one can define a sigma <-> tau dual Hamiltonian in the world-sheet which in principle does not require the existence of a string action. This seems more generic than the existence of a string dual in the large-N limit.

Unitarity cutting rules for the nucleus excitation and topological cross sections in hard production off nuclei from nonlineark⊥-factorization

At the partonic level, a typical final state in small-x deep inelastic scattering off nuclei and hard proton-nucleus collisions can be characterized by the multiplicity of color-excited nucleons. Within the Reggeon field theory, each color-excited nucleon is associated with the unitarity cut of the Pomeron exchanged between the projectile and nucleus. In this communication we derive the unitarity rules for the multiplicity of excited nucleons, alias cut pomerons, alias topological cross sections, for typical hard dijet production processes. We demonstrate how the coupled-channel non-Abelian intranuclear evolution of color dipoles, inherent to pQCD, gives rise to the Reggeon field theory diagrams for final states in terms of the uncut, and two kinds of cut, Pomerons. Upon the proper identification of the uncut and cut-Pomeron exchanges, the topological cross sections for dijet production follow in a straightforward way from the earlier derived nonlinear k{sub perpendicular} factorization quadratures for the inclusive dijet cross sections. The concept of a coherent (collective) nuclear glue proves extremely useful for the formulation of the Reggeon field theory vertices of multi-Pomeron--cut and uncut--couplings to particles and between themselves. A departure of our unitarity cutting rules from the ones suggested by the pre-QCD Abramovsky-Kancheli-Gribov rules, stems from the coupled-channelmore » features of non-Abelian intranuclear pQCD. We propose a multiplicity resummation as a tool for the isolation of topological cross sections for single-jet production.« less

Pion rescattering inπ0production

This work discusses the approximations frequently used to calculate the contribution to pion production in proton-proton scattering near threshold from irreducible pion re-scattering. The reference result is obtained from the quantum mechanical reduction of the corresponding Feynman diagram to Time-Ordered Field Theory diagrams. We conclude that the Distorted Wave Born Approximation is quite adequate at threshold energies and even above. We discuss the choices for the energy of the exchanged pion, both for its propagator and for the piN amplitude describing the re-scattering vertex. The calculation employs a physical model for nucleons and pions -- pseudo-vector coupling for the piNN vertex and realistic amplitudes for the piN re-scattering and for the NN transitions in the initial and final states.

Predictions for PP-wave string amplitudes from perturbative SYM

The role of general two-impurity multi-trace operators in the BMN correspondence is explored. Surprisingly, the anomalous dimensions of all two-impurity multi-trace BMN operators to order g_2^2\lambda' are completely determined in terms of single-trace anomalous dimensions. This is due to suppression of connected field theory diagrams in the BMN limit and this fact has important implications for some string theory processes on the PP-wave background. We also make gauge theory predictions for the matrix elements of the light-cone string field theory Hamiltonian in the two string-two string and one string-three string sectors.

Soft modes, resonances, and quantum transport

Effects of the propagation of particles, which have a finite life-time and an according width in their mass spectrum, are discussed in the context of transport description. First, the importance of coherence effects (Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect) on production and absorption of field quanta in non-equilibrium dense matter is considered. It is shown that classical diffusion and Langevin results correspond to re-summation of certain field-theory diagrams formulated in terms of full non-equilibrium Green's functions. Then the general properties of broad resonances in dense and hot systems are discussed in the framework of a self-consistent and conserving Phi-derivable method of Baym at the examples of the rho-meson in hadronic matter and the pion in dilute nuclear matter. Further we address the problem of a transport description that properly accounts for the damping width of the particles. The Phi-derivable method generalized to the real-time contour provides a self-consistent and conserving kinetic scheme. We derive a generalized expression for the non-equilibrium kinetic entropy flow, which includes corrections from fluctuations and mass-width effects. In special cases an H-theorem is proved. Memory effects in collision terms give contributions to the kinetic entropy flow that in the Fermi-liquid case recover the famous bosonic type T^3 ln T correction to the specific heat of liquid Helium-3. At the example of the pion-condensate phase transition in dense nuclear matter we demonstrate important part played by the width effects within the quantum transport.

MATRIX ELEMENT AND COMPLEX l PLANE EVALUATION OF TWO-LOOP VACUUM AMPLITUDES IN QED ON S4

In this paper we further develop our matrix element and complex angular momentum summation techniques, in order to calculate both the one-loop free field and two-loop interacting vacuum diagrams in field theory on a four-sphere. In the case of the free field diagrams, we show how the sums may be evaluated by integrating over an analytic function with both poles and branch cuts where the discontinuity across the cuts determines the result. We then extend the matrix element formalism to multiple angular momenta involving the addition of angular momenta and the associated Clebsch-Gordon type selection rules. This then allows us to evaluate the matrix elements of two-loop diagrams in spherical QED as a function of the three angular momenta in the diagram. The selection rules allow us to cast the triple angular momentum sum into a form which enables evaluation again by contour integration. The result is obtained in analytic form using dimensional regularization for the previously obtained spinor case, and also for scalar QED, which we believe is a new result. Finally, we discuss the applicability of this method for calculations in non-Abelian field theory which we believe cannot be performed using earlier methods.

5d transition and 4f rare earth elements in II–VI semiconductors as luminescent centres and probes in diagnostics of implanted layers

Luminescence of implanted Ta, W transition (5d) and Pr, Nd, Er and Tm rare earth (4f) element centres was studied in the II–VI semiconductors CdTe, CdSe, CdS and ZnSe. The radiative transitions were identified in Tanabe-Sugano crystal field theory diagrams as electron transitions between levels with different spins. Impurity-defect complexing was examined in thermal and laser annealing processes.

A unified approach to phase diagrams in field theory and statistical mechanics

We construct the phase diagram of any system which admits a low-temperature polymer or cluster expansion. Such an expansion turns the system into a hard-core interacting contour model with small, but not necessarily positive, activities. The method uses some of Zahradnik's ideas [Z1], but applies equally well to systems with complex interactions. We give two applications. First, to low-temperatureP(φ)2 models with complex couplings; and second, to a computation of asymptotics of partition functions in periodic volumes. If the index of a supersymmetric field theory is known, the second application would help determine the number of phases in infinite volume.

Zero energy and thermodynamic equilibrium

Using path integral techniques, it is shown that the real time formalism for finite temperature field theory requires an extra Feynman rule for Feynman diagrams carrying zero-external energies. This is related to a general principle governing the use of equilibrium finite temperature field theory. It is shown that only with this extra Feynman rule does the real time formalism become consistent for zero energy calculations. It is also used to understand the problem of the lack of analyticity at zero external four-momenta encountered in finite temperature field theory diagrams.

Diagrammatic operator formalism for string amplitudes

A diagrammatic operator method based on Fock space formulations of 3-string vertices is developed for computing the integration measure for open or closed string S-matrix to arbitrary loop order. The proposed vertex does not triangulate the moduli space, thus a single diagram incorporates a number of string field theory diagrams. However, the formalism does not naturally lead to a single cover of moduli space, and the restriction to the fundamental domain must be put in by hand, as in the Polyakov functional integral approach.

Validity of the lowest order diagrams in the nuclear field theory

The validity of including only the lowest order nuclear field theory diagrams is investigated in the case of four identical nucleons moving in any j shell and interacting via arbitrary two body forces. It is shown that large discrepancies exist between the predicted and the exact (i.e., summing infinite order diagrams) results. In particular, incorrect normalizations for states are predicted, thereby rendering the usual criteria for removing the spurious states suspect. The treatment of diagonalization within the Rayleigh-Schroedinger perturbation scheme is also investigated in detail for this general example. Here again one finds disturbing consequences.