Diagonal Diameter Research Articles

High variation of worker cell and morphology between two adjacent populations of honey bee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Honey bee population inhabiting among different geographic regions often exhibit distinctive traits and phenotypes as a means of enhancing their adaptation to local environmental conditions. Morphological difference of worker was used to reflect the honey bee population locality adaptation and as one of the important markers of species evolution. Here, four comb cell and seven morphology characters of honey bee Apis cerana from two adjacent populations of Yunnan Province were measured to explore the effect of local adaptation on worker comb cell and morphology. Results showed that the characters of worker comb cell and morphology was significant difference between samples from these two local populations of A. cerana. It was separated into two groups which corresponding into the general A. cerana geographic population of Yungui Plateau and South Yunnan base on worker comb cell and morphology character. The worker comb cell size and morphology of A. cerana from Qujing were found to be significantly larger than those from Cangyuan. The indices that showed the most significantly different between populations were cell depth and right forewing length. Moreover, a strong positive correlation was observed between the cell diagonal diameter and the right forewing length, with a correlation coefficient 0.575. In conclusion, honey bee A. cerana population appear high variation in comb cell and morphology to adapt the locality environment. The forewing length of worker was the most significant variation indices between geographic populations, and could be as an indicator of worker cell and morphology among different A. cerana geographic populations.

Pelvimetria radiográfica em saguis híbridos Callithrix penicillata (E. Geogfroyi, 1813) × Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758)

ABSTRACT Radiographic pelvimetry is the measurement of pelvic diameters by radiographs. The results allow us to determine the pelvimetric pattern of a species, generating data for prophylactic methods against parturition complications and providing pelvis' anatomical classification. There is a lack of such data on wild animals. Callithrix penicillata and C. jacchus are two marmoset species introduced in Southeast Brazil, mainly by anthropic action, successfully adapted and hybridized. This study aimed to perform pelvic measurements through radiographic pelvimetry in hybrid marmosets (Callithrix penicillata × Callithrix jacchus) from different locations in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The radiographs were performed in the Veterinary Radiology Department of the Veterinary Hospital of UENF, undergoing measurements through the "Image J" program of upper (UBD), lower (LBD), middle (MBD) bi-iliac diameters, right (RDD), and left (LDD) diagonal diameter, sacropubic diameter (SPD), and pelvic inlet area (PIA). Analysis of variance was performed with different origin locations and sex of the specimens, and means were compared through the SNK Test at 5% probability. Pelvic diameters of females were significantly larger than males, with sexual dimorphism. The pelvis was classified as dolichopelvic. The obtained data can be pelvic reference values for these animals.

Fetal left-atrial posterior-space-to-diagonal ratio at 17-37 weeks' gestation for prediction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

To develop normative data for the left-atrial posterior-space-to-diagonal (LAPSD) ratio and post-left atrium space (PLAS) index in fetuses from 17 to 37 weeks' gestation, and determine the optimal cut-offs of the LAPSD ratio and PLAS index to discriminate between normal fetuses and those with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). This was a prospective cross-sectional assessment of 428 structurally normal fetuses between 17 and 37 weeks' gestation and a retrospective study of 27 TAPVC fetuses. The fetal LAPSD ratio was calculated by dividing the left atrium-descending aorta distance (LDD) by the left atrial diagonal diameter (LA). The PLAS index was calculated as the ratio of the LDD to the descending aorta diameter (DA). Pearson's correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation of cardiac parameters with gestational age (GA) and fetal somatic growth. The PLAS index and LAPSD ratio were compared between the normal and TAPVC groups to assess their usefulness in the prenatal diagnosis of TAPVC. LDD, LA and DA measures showed moderate to strong positive correlation, whereas both the LAPSD ratio and PLAS index showed a slight decrease with increasing GA and biometric variables. The fetal LAPSD ratio and PLAS index in TAPVC cases were significantly greater compared with those of fetuses with a normal heart (both P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the PLAS index and LAPSD ratio between the isolated and complex TAPVC groups (both P = 1). No significant associations of the PLAS index and LAPSD ratio with fetal gender, four-chamber view type (apical, basal or lateral) or TAPVC type were found. Using values of ≥ 0.35 for the LAPSD ratio and of ≥ 1 for the PLAS index exhibited similar excellent diagnostic performance, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97.0% or 95.1% for detecting TAPVC. Our study demonstrates that the LAPSD ratio is a practical and effective screening tool for diagnosing fetal TAPVC, similar to the PLAS index. Incorporating these parameters into routine cardiac scanning may enhance the prenatal detection of TAPVC. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Development of size-specific dose estimates for common computed tomography examinations: a study in Ghana

This study determined the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) of computed tomography (CT) examinations and derived mathematical expressions for dose output estimation and optimization in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Demographic and scanner output indices, including CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product for adult head, chest and abdominopelvic (ABP) CT examinations carried out at the hospital from 2018 to 2020, were retrieved from the picture archiving and communication system of the CT scanner machine. Other indices such as the antero-posterior diameter (D AP), lateral diameter (D L) and diagonal diameter (D dia) of the patients’ bodies were measured on the mid-slice axial image using a digital caliper. The effective diameter (D eff) was then calculated as the square root of the product of the D AP and D L. The SSDEs were calculated as the product of the CTDIvol and the size-specific conversion factors obtained from Report 204 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Regression analyses were performed to find the relationship between SSDE and the various parameters to derive mathematical equations for the dose estimations. There were more female samples (n= 468, 56.3%) than male samples (n = 364, 43.7%) for each CT procedure. The SSDEs and size-specific diagnostic reference levels (SSDRLs) were: head (83.9 mGy; 86.9 mGy), chest (8.1 mGy; 8.7 mGy) and ABP (8.4 mGy; 9.2 mGy). The variations between CTDIvol and SSDEs for head (2.50%), chest (25.9%), and ABP (26.2%) showed an underestimation of radiation dose to patients, especially in chest and ABP examinations, if CTDIvol is used to report patient doses. The SSDEs of the chest and ABP CT examinations showed linear correlations with the CTDIvol. The estimated values could be used to optimize radiation doses in the CT facility. The SSDE and SSDRLs for head, chest and ABP CT examinations have been developed at a teaching hospital in Ghana. The SSDEs of chest and ABP examinations showed linear correlations with the CTDIvol and hence can be calculated using the mathematically derived equations in the study.

Accuracy of using diagonal measurements of maxillary canine, first premolar and first molar teeth in sex determination in a Pondicherry Cohort

Introduction: Sex may be determined from various parts of the human body like the skull remains, femur, humerus etc. However, in forensic cases, when human skeletal remains (such as skull, pelvis, femur, humerus, radius, clavicle, and ulnae etc.) are fragmented or incomplete, the teeth may be used for sex determination. The aim and objective of the present study: i) To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canines, first premolars and first molars using diagonal diameters of the crown (mesiobuccal-distolingual: MBDL, mesiolingual–distobuccal: MLDB/ DBML). ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canines, first premolars and first molars using diagonal measurements of the crown in sex determination. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 participants with equal gender ratio i.e 15 males:15 females and age ranged from 18 to 30 years. The participants were selected from Pondicherry population who visited to our department. Crown diagonal measurement of canines, first premolars and first molars were taken from right and left sides with the help of digital caliper (resolution of 0.1mm, accuracy of ±0.2mm). Data was analysed statistically usingdescriptive analysisand discriminant function analysis. Results: All crown diagonal dimensions in male revealed higher mean value than female except left premolar MBDL crown dimensions (male=7.8600, female=7.8733). There was significant difference in mean value of MBDL crown dimension of left canine, left first molar and right first molar between males than females. MBDL crown dimension of left maxillary canine exhibited the highest accuracy (66.7%) for sex determination with 60% in males and 73.3% in females. Conclusion: We conclude that diagonal crown (MBDL crown) dimension of left maxillary canine and first molar, right maxillary first molar can be used as an aid for gender determination where linear crown width (MD and BL) measurements cannot be taken or used as an aid along with other accepted procedu

Estimating sex among South African groups using the dentition

Biological profiles are used to assist in the identification of an unknown person. Sex estimation is important in this process as other aspects of the biological profile such as age-at-death, population affinity and stature depend on accurate sex estimates. While the pelvis and long bones, respectively, take preference over the dentition and cranium for sex estimation, dentition remains a good proxy for this parameter due to their post-mortem longevity. The purpose of this study is to examine dental size variation in incisors, canines, premolars and molars of black, white and coloured South Africans and to use discriminant function statistics (LDA) to develop population-specific formulae for the estimation of sex. A total of 906 adult crania were analysed. Measurements included four permanent tooth crown dimensions: maximum mesiodistal, maximum buccolingual and molar diagonal diameters (mesio-buccal – disto-lingual and mesio-lingual – disto-buccal). Statistical analyses included TEM, Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Dental dimensions are repeatable with low intra and inter-observer errors ranging from 0.09% to 4.17% and 0.18–6.17%, respectively. Of the 36 dental variables, 26 were statistically significant for biological sex and 17 for population affinity, and included all tooth types. Stepwise discriminant functions with a LOOCV provided correct classification rates of up to 86% for sex. The raw data for the dentition of black, white and coloured South Africans is provided on https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5226935.

Efficacy of pediatric integrative manual therapy in positional plagiocephaly: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPositional plagiocephaly frequently affects healthy babies. It is hypothesized that manual therapy tailored to pediatrics is more effective in improving plagiocephalic cranial asymmetry than just repositioning and sensory and motor stimulation.MethodsThirty-four neurologically healthy subjects aged less than 28 weeks old with a difference of at least 5 mm between cranial diagonal diameters were randomly distributed into 2 groups. For 10 weeks, the pediatric integrative manual therapy (PIMT) group received manual therapy plus a caregiver education program, while the controls received the same education program exclusively. Cranial shape was evaluated using anthropometry; cranial index (CI) and cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) were calculated. Parental perception of change was assessed using a visual analogue scale (− 10 cm to + 10 cm).ResultsCVAI presented a greater decrease in PIMT group: 3.72 ± 1.40% compared with 0.34 ± 1.72% in the control group (p = 0.000). CI did not present significant differences between groups. Manual therapy led to a more positive parental perception of cranial changes (manual therapy: 6.66 ± 2.07 cm; control: 4.25 ± 2.31 cm; p = 0.004).ConclusionManual therapy plus a caregiver education program improved CVAI and led to parental satisfaction more effectively than solely a caregiver education program.Trial registrationTrial registration number: NCT03659032; registration date: September 1, 2018. Retrospectively registered.

Sex Determination by Odontometric Diagonal Measurements Using Discriminant Function

Introduction: Forensic odontology is one of the most unexplored and captivated branches of forensic sciences. Teeth are far excellent material for the anthropological, genetic, odontogenic, and forensic scenario as the morphology of teeth remains unchanged in extreme environmental conditions even after a long period. Aim and Objectives: The study aims to determine the sex of an individual by odontometric diagonal measurements using discriminant function. The objectives are to measure and compare the diagonal measurements of teeth in males and females using crown diagonal diameters of the permanent dentition and to evaluate their sexual dimorphism. Material and Methods: The s tudy sample included 380 maxillary and mandibular dental casts obtained by alginate impressions of 190 subjects (95 males and 95 females) in the age range of 19–35 years selected from Out patient department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Mesiolabioincisal-distolinguoincisal (MBDL) and distolabioincisal-mesiolinguoincisal (DBML) measurements of right permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth excluding third molars were taken separately using a digital Vernier caliper. Results: The highest mean tooth dimension of MBDL and DBML in both the jaws is of the first molar. The accuracy rate for males (100% for MBDL and 97.89% for DBML) is greater than females (MBDL 93.68% and DBML 94.21%). The overall accuracy rate of maxillary and mandibular MBDL is greater (96.8%) than DBML measurement (95.8% and 94.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The overall accuracy rate for sex determination is 96.8% for MBDL dimensions. The maxillary and mandibular second premolars are the strongest predictors for sex determination.

Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of Cranial Anthropometric Measurements in Infants with Positional Plagiocephaly.

(1) Background: anthropometric measurements with calipers are used to objectify cranial asymmetry in positional plagiocephaly but there is controversy regarding the reliability of different methodologies. Purpose: to analyze the interrater and intrarater reliability of direct anthropometric measurements with caliper on defined craniofacial references in infants with positional plagiocephaly. (2) Methods: 62 subjects (<28 weeks), with a difference of at least 5 mm between cranial diagonal diameters. Maximal cranial circumference, length and width and diagonal cranial diameters were measured. Intrarater (2 measurements) and interrater (2 raters) reliability was analyzed. (3) Results: intra- and interrater reliability of the maximal cranial length and width and right cranial diagonal was excellent: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.9. Intrarater and interrater reliability for the left cranial diagonal was excellent: ICC > 0.9 and difference in agreement in the Bland-Altman plot 0.0 mm, respectively. Intrarater and interrater reliability for the maximal cranial circumference was good: differences in agreement in Bland-Altman plots: intra: −0.03 cm; inter: −0.12 cm. (4) Conclusions: anthropometric measurements in a sample of infants with moderate positional plagiocephaly have shown excellent intra- and interrater reliability for maximal cranial length, maximal cranial width, and right and left cranial diagonals, and good intra- and interrater reliability in maximal cranial circumference measurement.

A low complex peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems using a two‐dimensional interleaving strategy

SummaryOne of the effective peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) reduction methods in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is the partial transmit sequence (PTS) method in which the input data stream is divided into disjoint subblocks and the subcarriers in each subblock multiplied by predefined phase factors. Consecutive data symbols corresponding to a source/user are often more correlated, so when the corresponding subcarriers are weighted by the same phase factor, a sufficient reduction in PAPR cannot be attained by the PTS algorithm in common subblocks. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a new systematic PAPR reduction method based on a two‐dimensional subcarrier mapping. Specifically, we scramble/interleave each OFDM symbol based on T‐transform to obtain a new set of subblocks which will be multiplied by predefined phase factors. In the proposed method, each one‐dimensional symbol sequence is converted to a two‐dimensional matrix, and the partitions are formed starting from the main diagonal diameters in the matrix. We present the permutation matrix and reformulate the T‐transform technique based on the permutation matrix. Through numerical experimentations, it is shown that the proposed PAPR reduction technique outperforms the previous counterparts. Also, we analyzed our proposed results by aperiodic autocorrelation function (ACF); reducing of ACF side lobes shows that our proposed method cause considerable PAPR parameter reduction respected to other methods.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Age-Related Orbital and Midfacial Bone Remodeling in Asians.

Facial bony changes vary among races, yet few studies have been conducted in Asians. To analyze the aging of orbital and midfacial bones in Asians. Based on the two-dimensional data obtained from the computed tomography scanner of imaging department, 3D reconstructions were conducted to take measurements (orbital diagonal diameter, orbital width, orbital area, maxillary angle, midfacial height, pyriform angle, pyriform width, and pyriform area). In this retrospective study of 261 subjects, a significant decrease in the orbital diagonal diameter, orbital width, and midfacial height was found in men, whereas women displayed a significant increase in the pyriform width and a significant decrease in maxillary angle and midfacial height by three-dimensional analysis. This study verifies the minor female changes in the orbital region and less dramatic male changes in the midfacial region compared with that in Caucasians. Individualized treatment should be performed according to different genders and races. Further exploration of facial bone metabolism may have valuable implications for Asians.

The evaluation on shock absorption performance of buffer layer around the cross section of tunnel lining

The buffer layer around the cross section of lining structure would be the most simple and effective shock absorption measure, which can cut off the transferring paths of adverse effects from surrounding rock to lining structures. Meanwhile, it can reduce the seismic action intensity and minimize the extra pressure from surrounding rock by changing seismic acting patterns. This paper presents outcomes by investigating the interaction between lining structure and surrounding rock during excitation as well as deriving influencing parameters with regard to shock absorption performances of buffer layer. Afterwards, series numerical calculations are systematically carried out with attention given to the seismic-induced deformation responses of rock-layer-lining system. Finally, an elaborated evaluation method for assessing shock absorption performance of buffer layer with an evaluation expression is proposed, which is validated by series shaking table model tests and numerical simulations. This evaluation expression would be able to guide the selection and construction of buffer layer according to the geological conditions and construction circumstances by changing geometric and material parameters. The evaluation result would have uniqueness once all the parameters are confirmed. From this expression and its derivation process, the following findings can be drawn: (1) The cross section of tunnel has the identical particular deformation pattern in each constructing phase during excitation regardless of the existence of lining structure and buffer layer, that is, the two orthogonal diagonal diameters of cross section alternatively expand and contract. (2) The geometric and material parameters simultaneously determine the shock absorption performances of buffer layer, which grows in direct proportion to geometric variables but decreases in inversely proportion to material variables. (3) When the ratio of lining inside radius to buried depth is equal to 0.2 (i.e. r0/H = 0.2), the buried depth of tunnel engineering should be the ideal position for adopting buffer layer. Meanwhile, when the ratio of buffer layer thickness to lining inside radius is equal to 0.2 (i.e. tb/r0 = 0.2), it can be confirmed the optimal thickness of buffer layer. (4) The evaluation expression of shock absorption performance is independent of seismic waveforms but involved in the excitation intensities and the destruction states of lining structure.

The orthogonal measurements approach in estimating spleen size on CT images.

To find out which single measurement and/or linear regression model correlates well with splenic volume using the orthogonal measurements approach. The study relied on retrospective analysis of 205 contrast-enhanced abdominal CT examinations carried out in adult patients using a 320-detector CT system. CT volumetry was conducted by a semi-automated, model and threshold based segmentation algorithm that enables voxel-based volume calculation of abdominal organs. The orthogonal measurements were carried out in axial sections by measuring the maximum diameters of spleen projected in sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. In addition, we calculated the diagonal diameter of spleen, which is a derivative of orthogonal measurements. Statistical analysis included calculation of interobserver agreement on orthogonal measurements, followed by model building using linear regression analysis of the measurements. The interobserver agreement between two radiologists was very strong for all orthogonal measurements (r ≥ 0.971). The highest model performance was detected with the diagonal diameter (r2 = 0.956), followed by the superoinferior diameter (r2 = 0.857). Agreement statistics revealed that the regression formula derived from the diagonal diameter outperformed that of superoinferior diameter. The diagonal diameter appears to be the best parameter which correlates with splenic volume, whereas the superoinferior diameter can be an alternative in daily CT reporting practice. The orthogonal measurements approach not only provides a high interobserver agreement, but also the diagonal diameter can be translated into ultrasound studies.

One-Piece Fronto-orbital Distraction With Midline Splitting But Without Bandeau for Metopic Craniosynostosis: Craniometric, Volumetric, and Morphologic Evaluation.

Distraction osteogenesis has gained popularity in the treatment of different types of craniosynostosis. We aimed to present the technique of 1-piece fronto-orbital distraction with midline splitting osteotomy but without bandeau for the treatment of metopic craniosynostosis, and the protocol of outcome evaluation using craniometric, volumetric, and morphologic parameters based on 3-dimensional computer simulation. This retrospective study included 9 patients with isolated metopic craniosynostosis who underwent surgical correction with distraction osteogenesis between December 2015 and February 2018. The osteotomy was designed in the form of 1-piece fronto-orbital distraction without separation of the orbital bandeau accompanied by midline splitting osteotomy. This was followed by the application of 2 pairs of cranial distractors to produce anterolateral expansion. The 3-dimensional files from preoperative and postdistraction computed tomographic data were used for the measurement of craniometric, volumetric, and morphologic parameters. The postdistraction craniometric measurement revealed a 12.52% increase in the interfrontal angle. Moreover, there were increases in the bifrontal diameter, diagonal diameters, and interorbital distance. Volumetric measurements revealed an increase in the total cranial volume by 228.1 ± 110.19 cm. The anterior compartmental volume increased by 33.24%. Morphologic evaluation in the form of curvature analysis showed shrinkage of the surface area of abnormal curvature from 29.5 ± 6.71 cm preoperatively to 3.85 ± 3.66 cm after distraction. The technique of 1-piece fronto-orbital distraction with midline splitting osteotomy but without bandeau is an effective surgical option for the treatment of metopic craniosynostosis. The postdistraction outcomes demonstrated the correction of various forms of dysmorphology in metopic craniosynostosis.

FV3-like ranavirus infection outbreak in black-spotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata) in China

In April 2016, an outbreak emerged in a cultured population of black-spotted pond frog tadpoles in Shuangliu County, China, whereas tadpoles were suffering from substantial mortality (90%). Principal clinical signs of diseased tadpoles were comprised haemorrhage on their body surface, swollen abdomen with yellow ascites, congestion and swelling of the liver. The diseased tadpole's homogenates tissue were inoculated into epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells at 25 °C for 4 days which caused typical cytopathic effect, and the viral titer TCID50 reached 107/0.1 mL. In pathogenicity tests, tadpoles were immersed in 2‰ virus fluid for 8 h, the clinical signs were observed similar to those recognized in naturally infected tadpoles and mortality rate were reached up to 80%, which affirms that the virus was the main cause for this disease. In addition, transmission electron microscopy of EPC cells infected with isolated virus reflected that the virus was in a regular hexagon way (shape) with capsule like structure. The diagonal diameter was recorded 135 ± 8 nm, wherever virus particles were arrayed in crystalline manner in the cytoplasm. The electrophoresis of MCP gene PCR-product showed that the samples of diseased tadpoles, aquaculture water source and isolated virus were all positive. The sequence of the isolate revealed more than 99% similarities to ranavirus based on homology and genetic evolution analysis of the whole MCP gene, and the isolate belongs to FV3-like virus group. This study confirmed that ranavirus was the causative agent of this outbreak, and named the virus as Rana nigromaculata ranavirus (RNRV).

Pelvimetry in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri scireus Linnaeus, 1758)

ABSTRACT: Saimiri sciureus is a neotropical primate widely used in research. However, there are still difficulties regarding their reproduction in vivaria due to the high incidence of dystocia. Dystocia in primates can be caused by cephalopelvic disproportion and in Squirrel Monkeys, pregnancy of large fetuses were reported. This paper describes pelvimetry data of adult females and subadults in specimens of Squirrel Monkeys, from a research colony of Para, Brazil. Pelvic radiographs were obtained in ventrodorsal projections and the following measurements were taken: superior bi-iliac diameter (SBID); inferior bi-iliac diameter (IBID); bi-iliac average diameter (BIAD); right diagonal diameter (RDD); left diagonal diameter (LDD); sacro-pubic diameter (SPD); Based on the obtained diameters, the entrance area of the pelvis (EAP) was also calculated. The average values of the pelvic diameters and EAP in adult females were SBID 1.714cm, BIAD 1.957cm, IBID 1.686cm, RDD 2.771cm, LDD 2.764cm, SPD 2.543cm and EAP 3.9056cm2; and subadult females: 1.588cm SBID, 1.850cm BIAD, 1.625cm IBID, 2.50cm RDD, LDD 2.474cm, 1.95cm SPD and 2.8293 cm2 EAP. Saimiri sciureus pelvis is characterized as dolichopelvic. There was statistical significance between the values for adult females and subadults to SBID, BIAD, RDD, LDD, SPD and EAP. The values of SBID and IBID were lower when compared to the published data for the same species. The result found on this paper will serve as a basis for future studies using pelvic measurements and dystocia prediction of neotropical primates and comparison between different vivaria.

TOMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SUBAXIAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE IN CHILDREN BETWEEN 0 AND 12 YEARS

ABSTRACT Objective: Tomographic and anatomic analysis of cervical vertebrae in children from 0 to 12 years of age to verify the possibility of utilization of lateral mass screws. Methods: Twenty-five cervical spine tomographies of children between 0 and 12 years of age, admitted to the emergency room of Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo were retrospectively analyzed. The following distances were measured: width and length of the lateral masses in the axial section; width and height in the coronal section; height, length and diagonal diameter in the sagittal section. The variables studied were correlated with age and sex and submitted to statistical analysis. Results: The analysis of tomographic measurements of 20 patients showed a correlation between age and dimensions of the lateral mass, which were higher after 6 years of age. In relation to sex, greater measures were observed in males in all axes. With regard to the passage of the screws, we only had 22 masses (11%) that prevented their use. However, when stratified by age, we noticed that no patients had restrictions on the use of the lateral mass screw after the age of 6. Conclusion: This study analyzed the measurements of 200 lateral masses, making it possible to infer that there is an increase of dimensions with age and in males. Through the data, it was possible to affirm that in this sample, considering the implants available in the market, the lateral mass screws could be used in 89% of the lateral masses.

Anterior slip phenomenon of the vertebrae after corpectomy surgery and its clinical significance

To investigate the anterior slip phenomenon of the vertebrae after corpectomy surgery and its clinical significance. The clinical data of 164 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated from January 2010 to April 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 88 males and 76 females, aged from 38 to 74 years old with the mean of 56.2 years. Among them, 31 cases for C₄ corpectomy, 87 cases for C₅ corpectomy, 46 cases for C₆ corpectomy. Preoperative and postoperative distance of posterior wall of vertebral canal to the line of adjacent upper vertebral bodies anterosuperior border and lower vertebral bodies anteroinferior border was measured by CT in cervical sagittal middle layer scanning as the center, anterior slip degree of the vertebrae after operation was evaluated. The fast clustering method was used, the vertebral shift distance as variable, according to the size of the forward distance, 90 cases classified as group 1(forward greatly group), and the 74 cases classified as group 2(forwad short group). The relationships on the anterior slip of the vertebrae and cervical curvature, surgical segment were analyzed. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and its improvement rate were observed before and after operation, and the relationships on the anterior slip of the vertebrae and sagittal plane diagonal diameter of spinal canal, clinical effect were analyzed. All the patients were followed up from 12 to 48 months with an average of 29.5 months. All operative vertebrae occurred anterior slip with different degree after corpectomy surgery, the maximum was 3.52 mm and minimum was 1.12 mm, with an average of (2.14±1.02) mm. According to the clustering method, the anterior slip distance with (3.07±0.21) mm classified as forward greatly group(90 cases, 54.9%) and the anterior slip distance with (1.55±0.32) mm classified as forwad short group(74 cases, 45.1%). There was no significant difference between anterior slip distance and operation segments(χ²=0.01, P=0.996). Cervical curvature index and anterior slip distance of operated vertebra had a positive correlation (r=0.724). The incidence of reduction of the diagonal diameter of cervical spinal canal in forward greatly group was higher than that of forwad short group(χ²=4.45, P=0.035). The patients with unsatisfactory efficacy appeared obvious anterior slip of the vertebrae after corpectomy than the patients with satisfactory efficacy(P<0.05). Corpectomy of the cervical spine can result in vertebral forward displacement trend, and obvious displacement may cause the secondary compression of the spinal cord.

X-ray pelvimetry in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus - LINNAEUS, 1758)

ABSTRACT The common marmoset is an important Neotropical primate for biomedical research. With the intention of providing pelvimetric values that allow the selection of animals with better characteristics for reproduction, we studied the X-ray of the pelvis, in ventro-dorsal projection of 12 adult animals, six males and six females, belonging to the National Center of Primates - CENP. The measurements were made to right diagonal diameters (RDD), left diagonal diameter (LDD), bi-iliac middle diameter (BIMD), bi-iliac upper diameter (BIUD), bi-iliac lower diameter (BILD), sacrum-pubic diameter (SPD), and the input area of the pelvis (IAP), which were compared in relation to sex and bodily correlated with the biometrics. The results of the means and standard deviations regarding pelvimetry (cm) were: for the RDD in males of 1.91±0.14 and in the females of 2.05±0.08; LDD in males of 1.85±0.16 and in females of 2.03± 0.08; BIMD in males of 1.46±0.12 and in the females of 1.5±0; BIUD showed in males 1.3±0.1 and in females of 1.3±0.06; BILD in males of 1.35±0.15 and in females of 1.25±0.08; SPD in males of 1.68±0.09 and in females of 1.93±0.13; IAP in males of 1.9±0.26 and in the females of 2.23±0.13. It was concluded that the pelvis of Callithrix jacchus could be classified as dolicopelvic type, there is sexual dimorphism in relation to the pelvis of adult animals and that the bodily measurements have low positive correlation with pelvic measurements.

Sexual dimorphism in Iranian population using diagonal distances on the facial and occlusal surfaces of mandibular first molar

Background: Measurements of diagonal distances of teeth were one of the major tools in assessment of sexual dimorphism in various populations. Various research and studies were aimed at achieving the perfect results in forensic context. Aims: The study was aimed to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular molar of Iranians using diagonal diameters. Objectives: To evaluate the applicability of diagonal measurements in sex determination. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 30 Iranians students of age group between 15 to 25 years that included 15 male samples and 15 female samples ie of 1: 1 ratio. Diagonal distances on the occlusal surfaces and diagonal dimensions on the facial surface were considered. Calculations were done using manual Vernier calliper recorded dimensions were larger in males than in females. Results: The mean values and standard deviation of all recorded dimensions were larger in males than in females. Conclusion of Study: The results showed that occlusal and facial diagonal diameters of molars can be used for sex determination as they present a high degree of sexual dimorphism.